scholarly journals Determining the association between regionalisation of cortical morphology and cognition in 10,145 children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C E Palmer ◽  
W Zhao ◽  
R Loughnan ◽  
J Zou ◽  
C C Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Global Brain ◽  
Cortical Morphology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cortical Architecture

ABSTRACTIndividuals undergo protracted changes in cortical morphology during childhood and adolescence, coinciding with cognitive development. Studies quantifying the association between brain structure and cognition do not always assess regional cortical morphology relative to global brain measures and typically rely on mass univariate statistics or ROI-based analyses. After controlling for global brain measures, it is possible to detect a residual regionalisation pattern indicating the size or thickness of different regions relative to the total cortical surface area or mean thickness. Individual variability in regionalisation may be important for understanding and predicting between subject variability in cognitive performance. Here we sought to determine whether the relative configuration of cortical architecture across the whole cortex was associated with cognition using a novel multivariate omnibus statistical test (MOSTest) in 10,145 children aged 9-10 years from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. MOSTest is better powered to detect associations that are widely distributed across the cortex compared to methods that assume sparse associations. We then quantified the magnitude of the association between vertex-wise cortical morphology and cognitive performance using a linear weighted sum across vertices, based on the estimated vertex-wise effect sizes. We show that the relative pattern of cortical architecture, after removing the effects of global brain measures, predicted unique variance associated with cognition across different imaging modalities and cognitive domains.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis paper demonstrates a significant advance in our understanding of the relationship between cortical morphology and individual variability in cognition. There is increasing evidence that brain-behaviour associations are distributed across the cortex. Using the unprecedented sample from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and a novel application of a multivariate statistical approach (MOSTest), we have discovered specific distributed regionalization patterns across the cortex associated with cognition across multiple cognitive domains. This furthers our understanding of the relationship between brain structure and cognition, namely that these associations are not sparse and localized as assumed with traditional neuroimaging analyses. This multivariate method is extremely versatile and can be used in several different applications.

scholarly journals Fluid and crystallised intelligence are associated with distinct regionalisation patterns of cortical morphology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C E Palmer ◽  
W Zhao ◽  
R Loughnan ◽  
J Zou ◽  
C C Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Apparent Thickness ◽  
Cortical Morphology

ABSTRACTCognitive performance in children is predictive of academic and social outcomes; therefore, understanding neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition during development may be important for improving quality of life. Some theories of intelligence argue that a single latent, psychological construct with a specific neural substrate underlies many cognitive processes. Here we show that a distributed configuration of cortical surface area and apparent thickness, when controlling for global imaging measures, is associated with cognitive performance in a large sample (N=10,145) of nine and ten year old children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) study. Measures of fluid and crystallised intelligence were associated with strikingly distinct regionalisation patterns of cortical areal expansion and apparent thickness. The minimal overlap in these associations has important implications for competing theories about developing intellectual functions. Importantly, not controlling for sociodemographic factors increased the similarity between these regionalisation patterns altering the inferences that would be made. This highlights the importance of understanding the shared variance between sociodemographic factors, cognition and brain structure particularly with a population-based sample such as with ABCD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA lack of statistical power in studies with small sample sizes has hindered research exploring associations between cognitive performance and cortical regionalisation patterns (when controlling for global imaging measures). Using the unprecedented ABCD study® sample, this paper demonstrates that individual variability in the regionalisation of the cortex relates to cognitive function and, importantly, distinct patterns of cortical morphology predict individual differences across different domains of cognitive performance. This heterogeneity highlights that the biology underlying “intelligence” is multifaceted. Moreover, we demonstrate that the sociodemographic diversity within ABCD impacts the association between cortical morphology and cognition similarly across cognitive domains highlighting the importance of understanding how these confounding factors can modify our conclusions regarding the association between brain structure and cognition.

scholarly journals Theory of Mind and Linguistic Acquisition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arab World English Journal ◽  
Ronnie Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Mental States ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Literal Interpretation ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Theory of Mind (ToM) is a conceptual theory that is credited with enabling individuals to anticipate the mental states of others, including their beliefs, desires, emotions, intentions, and additional emotive circumstances (Flavell, 2004). Linguistic acquisition is a natural development that begins to develop in children from birth and enables communication. The cognitive domains necessary to comprehend language is also required in order for the formation of ToM to develop. The interpretations made through ToM presumptions can contain the discernment of another’s false belief. In this context, the individual must be aware that the literal interpretation could be an inaccurate symbol or manufactured belief. This understanding requires a certain level of cognitive development in the child since the intention may be to signify something else and the child must be able to correctly process idiomatic expressions in order to accurately make ToM determinations (Caillies & Le Sourn-Bissaoui, 2008). This paper explores the relationship between ToM and linguistic acquisition in normally developing children, as well as those with various disabilities to ascertain the degree of cognitive development necessary in order to make ToM determinations. Exploration of this relationship reveals that linguistic and cognitive development are both essential in the construct of ToM perceptions in early childhood.

scholarly journals M67. UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL COGNITION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA THROUGH THE LENS OF SCHIZOTYPY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S160-S161
Author(s):  
Sara-Ann Lee ◽  
Keane Lim ◽  
Max Lam ◽  
Jimmy Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Cognitive Deficits ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Domain Scores

Abstract Background Social cognitive deficits are common, detectable across a wide range of tasks and appear to play a key role in influencing poor functioning in schizophrenia. Despite its importance as a treatment target, the factors that underlie social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia remains elusive. Schizotypy appears to be one such factor that can explain the variability in social cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. The study’s primary aim was to provide a more comprehensive understanding of social cognitive functioning and its relationship to schizotypy. Methods 108 patients and 70 healthy controls completed nine tasks across 4 social cognitive domains based on the SCOPE study. In addition, all participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Clinical symptoms were also rated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Results Theory of Mind, social perception, emotion processing and attribution bias were measured in patients with schizophrenia (n = 108) and healthy controls (n = 70). A social cognition composite score was calculated using principal components analysis. Cluster analysis on the derived factor scores revealed 3 clusters. Multiple univariate ANOVAS with Bonferroni correction were used to examine differences between the 3 clusters on each of the 4 social cognition domain scores, which indicated that higher social cognitive performance was related to lower schizotypy. In addition, results indicated that despite differences in the social cognitive performance among patients in the 3 clusters, they did not differ in clinical outcome measures. Discussion The primary aim of the study was to address gaps in the current literature by examining the relationship between social cognition and schizotypy. This study built upon past studies which had the tendency to focus on single, discrete domains by comparing the social cognitive performance of patients and controls using an extensive battery of tests, indexing four social cognitive domains. The significant differences on total SPQ score and the SPQ domain scores between the various clusters, coupled with the significant correlations between schizotypy and social cognition, reinforces the utility of schizotypy in refining our understanding of the variation in the degree of social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In conclusion, this study substantiates the importance of understanding the relationship between social cognition and schizotypy. This could support and pave the way for the development and implementation of targeted social cognitive interventions catered to the patients’ level of deficit.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Intellectual Functioning and Cognitive Performance to Brain Structure in Schizophrenia

2016 ◽  
pp. sbw090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Sanguinetti Czepielewski ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Clarissa S. Gama ◽  
Deanna M. Barch
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Cognitive and language development in preschoolers is related to maternal cognitive performance: A study of young mothers in an urban area of a city in Southern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Fernanda Teixeira Coelho ◽  
Jéssica Puchalski Trettim ◽  
Rochele Dias Castelli ◽  
Mariana Carret Soares ◽  
Natália da Costa Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Development Data ◽  
The Relationship

To evaluate the relationship between maternal cognitive performance and language and cognitive development of children between 24 and 36 months old of mothers who became pregnant in adolescence, in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort study with adolescent mothers who received prenatal care in the city’s public health system. To assess maternal cognitive performance, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used and Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III) are used to assess children's language and cognition development. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 22.0) software. Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA and linear regression were performed. We evaluated 496 mother-child dyads. In the adjusted analysis, we found that children's language remained associated with maternal cognitive performance (p = .027, CI [0.0, 0.6]) and child’s gender (p < .001, CI [−7.2, −2.4]). Besides that children cognitive development remained associated with maternal cognitive performance (p = .008, CI [0.1, 0.6]) and child’s gender (p = .030, CI [−4.5, −0.2]). Our results suggest that poor maternal cognitive performance is associated with lower levels of children's language and cognitive development. The results contributing to early identification and intervention in children of mothers with poor cognitive performance at higher risk of negative developmental outcomes.

The impact of cognitive reserve, cognition and clinical symptoms on psychosocial functioning in first-episode psychoses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Amoretti ◽  
Adriane R Rosa ◽  
Gisela Mezquida ◽  
Bibiana Cabrera ◽  
María Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Functional impairment is a defining feature of psychotic disorders. A range of factors has been shown to influence functioning, including negative symptoms, cognitive performance and cognitive reserve (CR). However, it is not clear how these variables may affect functioning in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. This 2-year follow-up study aimed to explore the possible mediating effects of CR on the relationship between cognitive performance or specific clinical symptoms and functional outcome. Methods A prospective study of non-affective FEP patients was performed (211 at baseline and 139 at follow-up). CR was entered in a path analysis model as potential mediators between cognitive domains or clinical symptoms and functioning. Results At baseline, the relationship between clinical variables or cognitive performance and functioning was not mediated by CR. At follow-up, the effect of attention (p = 0.003) and negative symptoms (p = 0.012) assessed at baseline on functioning was partially mediated by CR (p = 0.032 and 0.016), whereas the relationship between verbal memory (p = 0.057) and functioning was mediated by CR (p = 0.014). Verbal memory and positive and total subscales of PANSS assessed at follow-up were partially mediated by CR and the effect of working memory on functioning was totally mediated by CR. Conclusions Our results showed the influence of CR in mediating the relationship between cognitive domains or clinical symptoms and functioning in FEP. In particular, CR partially mediated the relationship between some cognitive domains or clinical symptoms and functioning at follow-up. Therefore, CR could improve our understanding of the long-term functioning of patients with a non-affective FEP.

scholarly journals Risk of lead exposure, subcortical brain structure, and cognition in a large cohort of 9- to 10-year-old children

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258469
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Marshall ◽  
Rob McConnell ◽  
Bruce P. Lanphear ◽  
Wesley K. Thompson ◽  
Megan M. Herting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Subcortical Brain ◽  
Subcortical Brain Structure ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Background Lead, a toxic metal, affects cognitive development at the lowest measurable concentrations found in children, but little is known about its direct impact on brain development. Recently, we reported widespread decreases in cortical surface area and volume with increased risks of lead exposure, primarily in children of low-income families. Methods and findings We examined associations of neighborhood-level risk of lead exposure with cognitive test performance and subcortical brain volumes. We also examined whether subcortical structure mediated associations between lead risk and cognitive performance. Our analyses employed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the observational Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The multi-center ABCD Study used school-based enrollment to recruit a demographically diverse cohort of almost 11,900 9- and 10-year-old children from an initial 22 study sites. The analyzed sample included data from 8,524 typically developing child participants and their parents or caregivers. The primary outcomes and measures were subcortical brain structure, cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox, and geocoded risk of lead exposure. Children who lived in neighborhoods with greater risks of environmental lead exposure exhibited smaller volumes of the mid-anterior (partial correlation coefficient [rp] = -0.040), central (rp = -0.038), and mid-posterior corpus callosum (rp = -0.035). Smaller volumes of these three callosal regions were associated with poorer performance on cognitive tests measuring language and processing speed. The association of lead exposure risk with cognitive performance was partially mediated through callosal volume, particularly the mid-posterior corpus callosum. In contrast, neighborhood-level indicators of disadvantage were not associated with smaller volumes of these brain structures. Conclusions Environmental factors related to the risk of lead exposure may be associated with certain aspects of cognitive functioning via diminished subcortical brain structure, including the anterior splenium (i.e., mid-posterior corpus callosum).

A-33 Pediatric Intraindividual Variability: Examining Dispersion across Cognitive Domains

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1074-1074
Author(s):  
Claire Friedhoff ◽  
Alexandra Kirsch
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Visual Motor

Abstract Objective Intraindividual variability (IIV), defined as variability in performance across different cognitive domains within an individual, has been studied in adults and found to be linked to sex, age, and mean cognitive performance, and associated with developmental disorders (e.g., ADHD), focal disorders, and cognitive decline. In contrast, IIV in children is thought to be related to cognitive development rather than impairment, but has not been well studied with relation to differences across sex, age, diagnoses, or mean cognitive performance. Method Participants included 426 children/young adults (ages 3–25; M = 11.75, SD = 4.01; 62.3% male) referred for neuropsychological evaluation at a hospital-based outpatient clinic. A battery of tests was administered measuring several domains, including intelligence, academics, attention, executive functions, language, memory, visual motor integration, and fine motor skills. Intraindividual standard deviation (ISD) and maximum deviation (MD) were used as measures of IIV. Results Sex was not related to ISD or MD, ts(423) = −1.15 – -0.09, ps = 0.251–0.930. Age, measured categorically, was not related to ISD, F(3) = 0.07, p = 0.974, but was related to MD, F(3) = 3.45, p = 0.017 with children age 3–5 having lower MD. ADHD diagnosis was not related to ISD or MD, ts(417) = −1.25 – −1.19, ps = 0.211–0.234. An inverse relationship was observed between mean cognitive performance and ISD, F(1) = 36.43, p &lt; 0.001, and MD, F(1) = 25.92, p &lt; 0.001. Conclusions The current study did not replicate differences in IIV based on sex or diagnosis of ADHD in children. However, differences based on age and mean cognitive performance are consistent with previous literature, suggesting that IIV may reflect differences in cognitive development, secondary to both skill and age, in children.

scholarly journals Obesity Measures in Relation to Cognition in the Northern Manhattan Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1653-1660
Author(s):  
Hannah Gardener ◽  
Michelle Caunca ◽  
Chuanhui Dong ◽  
Ying Kuen Cheung ◽  
Tatjana Rundek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Background: Mid-life obesity is associated with cognitive impairment, though the relationship for late-life obesity is equivocal, and may depend on the anthropometric measure. Objective: We examined the relationship between adiposity and cognition across age categories, cognitive domains, and by measures of obesity in a multi-ethnic population-based cohort. Methods: The study included 1,179 Northern Manhattan Study participants with obesity measures at baseline (44% overweight, 30% obese), an initial neuropsychological assessment conducted within 7 years (mean age = 70), and a second cognitive assessment conducted on average 6 years later. Z-scores were derived for cognitive domains (episodic and semantic memory, executive function, processing speed) and averaged to calculate global cognition. Body mass index (BMI) and waist:hip ratio (WHR) were examined in relation to cognitive performance and change over time, stratified by age, using linear regression models adjusting for vascular risk factors. Results: Among those age<65 years at baseline, greater WHR was associated with worse global cognitive performance at initial assessment and directly associated with decline in performance between assessments. The association with initial performance was strongest for non-Hispanic Whites (beta = –0.155/standard deviation, p = 0.04), followed by non-Hispanic Black/African Americans (beta = –0.079/standard deviation, p = 0.07), and Hispanics (beta = –0.055/standard deviation, p = 0.03). The associations were most apparent for the domains of processing speed and executive function. There was no association for BMI among those <65 years. Among those age ≥65, there was no association for BMI or WHR with cognitive performance at initial assessment nor decline over time. Conclusion: Our results support the detrimental effect of mid-life rather than later life obesity, particularly abdominal adiposity, on cognitive impairment and decline.

The Relation Between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hao Wang ◽  
Chun-Ming Shih ◽  
Chia-Liang Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
P3 Amplitude ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. This study aimed to assess whether brain potentials have significant influences on the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition. Behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data was collected from 48 young adults when performing a Posner task. Higher aerobic fitness is related to faster reaction times (RTs) along with greater P3 amplitude and shorter P3 latency in the valid trials, after controlling for age and body mass index. Moreover, RTs were selectively related to P3 amplitude rather than P3 latency. Specifically, the bootstrap-based mediation model indicates that P3 amplitude mediates the relationship between fitness level and attention performance. Possible explanations regarding the relationships among aerobic fitness, cognitive performance, and brain potentials are discussed.

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