scholarly journals Comparison of coherence-area measurement techniques for bright entangled twin beams

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Hayden Nunley ◽  
Alberto M. Marino
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Coherence Area

Lead removal from aqueous solutions by natural Greek bentonites

Clay Minerals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bourliva ◽  
K. Michailidis ◽  
C. Sikalidis ◽  
A. Filippidis ◽  
M. Betsiou
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Lead Removal ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion ◽  
Order Kinetic Model

AbstractThree bentonite samples (B1, B2, B3) from Milos Island, Greece, were investigated by XRD, AAS, DTA-TG, FTIR and specific surface area measurement techniques. A laboratory batch study has been performed to investigate the adsorption characteristics of lead ions (Pb2+) onto natural bentonite samples. The effect of various physicochemical factors that influence adsorption, such as solution pH (2–6), adsorbent dosage (1–10 g L–1), contact time (20–360 min), and initial metal ion concentration (5–150 mg L–1) was studied. A number of available models like the Lagergren pseudo first-order kinetic model, the pseudo second-order kinetic model and intra-particle diffusion were utilized to evaluate the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption of Pb2+ was modelled with the Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R isotherms. The maximum Pb2+ adsorption capacities for B1, B2 and B3 were 85.47 mg g–1, 73.42 mg g–1 and 48.66 mg g–1, respectively.

scholarly journals Cross‐Sectional Area Measurement Techniques of Soft Tissue: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1547-1566
Author(s):  
Xiao‐jing Ge ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Gang Xiang ◽  
Yong‐cheng Hu ◽  
Deng‐xing Lun
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals Non-destructive Estimation of Spinach Leaf Area: Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network Based Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 146-153
Author(s):  
Naveen Kumar Mahanti ◽  
Upendar Konga ◽  
Subir Kumar Chakraborty ◽  
V. Bhushana Babu
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Spinach Leaf ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Better Than

Leaf area (LA) measurement provides valuable key information in understanding the growth and physiology of a plant. Simple, accurate and non-destructive methods are inevitable for leaf area estimation. These methods are important for physiological and agronomic studies. However, the major limitations of existing leaf area measurement techniques are destructive in nature and time consuming. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to develop ANN and linear regression models along with image processing techniques to estimate spinach leaf area making use of leaf width (LW) and length (LL) and comparison of developed models performance based on the statistical parameters. The spinach leaves were grown under different nitrogen fertilizer doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 kg N/ha). The morphological parameters length (LL), width (LW) and area (LA) of leaves were measured using an image-processing software. The performance LA= -0.66+0.64 (LL × LW) (R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 3.25 cm2) equation was better than the other linear models. The performance of the ANN model (R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 3.10 cm2) was better than all other linear models. Therefore, developed models along with image processing techniques can be used as a non-destructive technique for estimation of spinach leaf area.

Non-Contact Area Measurement Techniques for Cross Sectional Properties of Soft Tissues

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipan Bose ◽  
Jason R. Kerrigan ◽  
Johan Ivarsson ◽  
N. Jane Madeley ◽  
Steve A. Millington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knee Ligaments ◽  
Human Knee ◽  
Sectional Shape

In this study, a non-contact optical three-dimensional digitization technique is described to account for area measurement problems related to soft tissue. The technique is used to generate digitized models of human knee ligaments (collateral and cruciate ligament bundles). Cross-sectional area of knee ligaments is determined by applying Green’s theorem on data obtained from the digitized models. The surface concavity features of different ligaments shown in this study signify the extent of approximation done by projection based methods. The study also reports the variation in cross-sectional shape of a ligament along its long axis, indicating the importance of deciding the appropriate cross section for stress calculation measurements.

Quantifying Ligament Cross-Sectional Area via Molding and Casting

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly H. Schmidt ◽  
William R. Ledoux
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ankle Ligaments ◽  
The Cross

Ligament cross-sectional areas are difficult to determine because ligaments are soft tissues, can be very short, and may be deep between bones. However, accurate measurements are required for determining the material properties from mechanical testing. Many techniques have been tried, but most suffer from one or more of the following: tissue deformation, tissue destruction, submersion of the tissue in saline, the need for a clear line of site, the inability to detect concavities, or poorly defined cross-sectional perimeters. Molding techniques have been used but have been limited by material issues such as large shrinkages, the inability to capture small detail, or the need to destroy the mold to remove the ligament. In this study, we developed a suitable molding and casting technique without systematic shrinkage that could accurately capture the odd shapes and concavities of foot and ankle ligaments with small clearances between bones. Metal rods of 1.62 mm, 2.90 mm, 3.18 mm, and 9.43 mm in diameter were molded using a liquid silicone rubber and cast with polyurethane. The effect of cutting the mold for specimen removal was investigated, and similar tests were done in the presence of saline. Image analysis software was used to determine the cross-sectional areas from photographs of cut castings. In addition, four different ligaments (each n=5) were dissected, molded, and cast. The cross-sectional area of each ligament was obtained. The maximum difference in area for all cases was 2.00%, with the majority being less than 1.00%; the overall root mean square error was 0.334 mm2 or 0.97%. Neither cutting the mold for specimen removal nor the presence of saline affected the cross-sectional area of the castings. Various representative foot and ankle ligaments were also molded and cast to capture fine detail of the ligament midsubstance including concavities. We have developed a method of measuring ligament cross-sectional area that can overcome the limitations of other area measurement techniques, while accounting for the complicated anatomy of the bones of the foot. The method was validated using metal rods of known diameters, and a representative set foot ligaments (N=20) was analyzed.

scholarly journals Area Assessment of a Pedestrian Wind Environment Using Point Wind Speed Measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Jan Kepka
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Wind Environment ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Development Site ◽  
In Series ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Impact

<p>This research has successfully produced a means of creating a reliable area measurement of a pedestrian level wind environment from a reasonable number of point wind speed measurements. To complete this aim a contouring script was developed through MATLAB. The script has the ability to read in series of point wind speed measurements coupled with cartesian co-ordinates and generate a reliable contour diagram. The foundation for this research is a resource of over 150 wind tunnel tests conducted for code compliance in Wellington City. The District Plan in Wellington requires any building over 18.6m in height to have a wind tunnel analysis conducted to assess the changes in wind speed with respect to pedestrian safety. Wellington compliance criteria require two forms of measurement to be conducted. Point measurements are taken to quantify wind speeds accurately, but are unable to efficiently assess large areas. Area measurement techniques are used to assess the comparative windiness of zones around the development site. Through examination of 3000 measured data points it has been demonstrated that the correlation between these two measurement techniques is relatively low. Until now, neither test alone has been sufficient to accurately quantify the impact of a new development on the pedestrian level wind environment as a whole. Interpolation methods were used to generate pseudo measurements between points at which wind speeds were measured. A series of three building configurations were assessed using the MATLAB script to visualise the effect of increasing building height on pedestrian level winds. The building configurations assessed were: a uniformly distributed grid of 25 half cubes (60m x 60m x 30m), central full cube (60m x 60m x 60m), and, a central tall tower (60m x 60m x 240m). Each building configuration was simulated through the contouring script and the resultant contours were assessed to ensure a realistic depiction of easily predictable wind flow patterns such as downwash and the corner effect. The resolution of the output contours in any case is directly related to the number of point wind speed measurements used. It has been found that measurement points should be more densely located (15m in scale) around the site in question, and more sparsely located (30m in scale) around the outer regions of the desired testing area. This is the most efficient method of generating contours for use in commercial pedestrian level wind laboratories. Mathematically generated contours have the potential to provide a more reliable output than those produced through current methods of area testing.</p>

scholarly journals COMPARATION OF MASTOID TRIANGLE AREA MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES USING VOLUME RENDERING POST PROCESSING AND MULTI PLANAR REFORMATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Anggi Tiur Maduma ◽  
Anggraini Dwi Sensusiati ◽  
Amillia Kartika Sari
Keyword(s):  
Volume Rendering ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Mastoid Process ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
3D Slicer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measurement Results

Background: Identification in the anthropology of the forensic world using radiographic methods can be evaluated from variations in the human skeleton. The skull is the most dimorphic part of the skeleton, precisely in the temporal bone, namely the mastoid process. The use of advanced radiological technology in the evaluation of the mastoid process in humans can be done using the CT scan modality. Purpose: To determine the measurement results of the total area of the mastoid triangle using post processing volume rendering and multi planar reformation. Method: This type of research is an analytic observational study with a retrospective approach. The number of samples used were 152 raw data of patients with criteria aged 26-65 years and without any pathological changes in the mastoid process area. This research uses simple random sampling technique. Measurements were carried out 10 times by using 2 gauges, and using 3D slicer software on volume rendering and multi planar reformation reconstruction data. Data were analyzed using the free sample T test. Result: Measurer A produces total area of mastoid triangle using volume rendering is 1165.72 ± 1.2506 and multi planar reformation is 1145.84 ± 1.46512, with a significance value of 0.204 (p > 0.05). Similar results were obtained by measuring B. Measurer A produced a total area of mastoid triangle using volume rendering is 1159.91 ±  1.29691 and an multi planar reformation is 1146.56 ± 1.4606, with a significance value of 0.400 (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the results of measuring the total area of mastoid triangle using post processing volume rendering and multi planar reformation.

Evaluation of Syndesmosis Reduction on CT Scan

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elghazy Abdelaziz ◽  
Noortje Hagemeijer ◽  
Daniel Guss ◽  
Ahmed El-Hawary ◽  
Hani El-Mowafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Intraobserver Reliability ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Radiological Measurement ◽  
Tibial Plafond

Background: Computed tomography (CT) imaging has traditionally been considered the gold standard for evaluation of syndesmostic reduction, but there is no uniformly accepted method to assess reduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra- and interobserver reliability of published measurement techniques for evaluation of syndesmotic reduction on weightbearing CT scan (WBCT) in hopes of determining which method is best. Methods: Medical records were reviewed to identify patients who underwent operative stabilization of unilateral syndesmotic injuries. Exclusion criteria included patients younger than 18 years, ipsilateral fractures extending to the tibial plafond, any contralateral ankle fracture or syndesmotic injury, and body mass index greater than 40 kg/m2. Twenty eligible patients underwent WBCT evaluation of both ankles at an average of 3 years after syndesmotic fixation. The anatomic accuracy of syndesmotic reduction was evaluated by 2 observers using axial CT images at a level 1 cm proximal to the tibial plafond using 9 previously published radiological measurement techniques. Inter- and intraobserver reliability were assessed for each evaluation method. Results: The syndesmotic area calculation showed the highest interobserver reliability (0.96), the highest intraobserver reliability for observer 2 (0.97), and the second highest intraobserver reliability for observer 1 (0.92). Fibular rotation had the second highest interobserver reliability in our results (0.84), with intraobserver reliability of 0.91 and 0.8 for first and second observers, respectively. The intraobserver reliability of the side-by-side method was 0.49 and 0.24 for the first and second observers, respectively, and the interobserver reliability was 0.26. Conclusion: Qualitatively assessing syndesmotic reduction via side-by-side comparison with the uninjured ankle had the least intra- and interobserver reliability and should not be relied on to determine syndesmotic reduction quality. In contradistinction, syndesmotic area calculation demonstrated the highest reliability when evaluating syndesmotic reduction, followed by fibular rotation. Given that syndesmotic area measurement techniques are not readily available on standard image viewers, technologically updating image viewers to allow such calculation would make this approach more accessible in clinical practice. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.

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