scholarly journals High-spatial-resolution mapping of superhydrophobic cicada wing surface chemistry using infrared microspectroscopy and infrared imaging at two synchrotron beamlines

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Tobin ◽  
Ljiljana Puskar ◽  
Jafar Hasan ◽  
Hayden K. Webb ◽  
Carol J. Hirschmugl ◽  
...  

The wings of some insects, such as cicadae, have been reported to possess a number of interesting and unusual qualities such as superhydrophobicity, anisotropic wetting and antibacterial properties. Here, the chemical composition of the wings of the Clanger cicada (Psaltoda claripennis) were characterized using infrared (IR) microspectroscopy. In addition, the data generated from two separate synchrotron IR facilities, the Australian Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy beamline (AS-IRM) and the Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, IRENI beamline, were analysed and compared. Characteristic peaks in the IR spectra of the wings were assigned primarily to aliphatic hydrocarbon and amide functionalities, which were considered to be an indication of the presence of waxy and proteinaceous components, respectively, in good agreement with the literature. Chemical distribution maps showed that, while the protein component was homogeneously distributed, a significant degree of heterogeneity was observed in the distribution of the waxy component, which may contribute to the self-cleaning and aerodynamic properties of the cicada wing. When comparing the data generated from the two beamlines, it was determined that the SRC IRENI beamline was capable of producing higher-spatial-resolution distribution images in a shorter time than was achievable at the AS-IRM beamline, but that spectral noise levels per pixel were considerably lower on the AS-IRM beamline, resulting in more favourable data where the detection of weak absorbances is required. The data generated by the two complementary synchrotron IR methods on the chemical composition of cicada wings will be immensely useful in understanding their unusual properties with a view to reproducing their characteristics in, for example, industry applications.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Feng ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Peiqiang Yu

Abstract Background: Synchrotron radiation-based infrared microspectroscopy (SR-IMS) is a non-destructive bioanalytical technique with a high signal to noise ratio and high ultra-spatial resolution (3-10µm). It is capable to explore the microstructures of plant tissues in a chemical sense and provide information on the composition, structure, and distribution of chemical compounds/ functional groups. The objective of this study was to illustrate how the SR-IMS can be used to image the internal microstructures of chickpea seed tissue on a cellular level.Methods: Chickpea seeds (CDC Cory) were collected from the Crop Development Center (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK). The seed samples were frozen at -20ºC on the object disks in a cryostatic microtome and then were cut into thin cross sections (ca. 8 μm thick). The experiment was carried out on the Mid-Infrared beamline (01B1-1) at the Canadian Light Source (Saskatoon, SK). Results: We obtained the ultra-spatial images of chickpea tissue with pixel-sized increments of imaging steps. The results showed that with the extremely bright synchrotron light, spectra with high signal to noise ratios can be obtained from area as small as 3.3 µm allowing us to observe the seed tissue within a cellular level. Chemical distribution of chickpea such as lipids, protein, and carbohydrates could be mapped, revealing the chemical information of chickpea internal microstructure.Conclusions: In conclusion, SR-IMS can rapidly characterize molecular structure of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids at ultra-spatial resolution.


Author(s):  
Azadeh Foroughi ◽  
Pouya Pournaghi ◽  
Fariba Najafi ◽  
Akram Zangeneh ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Zangeneh ◽  
...  

Medicinal plants are considered modern resources for producing agents that could act as alternatives to antibiotics in demeanor of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antibacterial activities of essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (FV) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was done to specify chemical composion. As a screen test to detect antibacterial properties of the essential oil, agar disk and agar well diffusion methods were employed. Macrobroth tube test was performed to determinate MIC. The results indicated that the most substance found in FV essential oil was Trans-anethole (47.41 %), also the essential oil of FV with 0.007 g/ml concentration has prevented P. aeruginosa and with 0.002 g/ml concentration has prevented B. subtilis from the growth. Thus, the research represents the antibacterial effects of the medical herb on test P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. We believe that the article provide support to the antibacterial properties of the essential oil. The results indicate the fact that the essential oil from the plant can be useful as medicinal or preservatives composition.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Jakob ◽  
Le Wang ◽  
Haomin Wang ◽  
Xiaoji Xu

<p>In situ measurements of the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of kerogen help understand the formation, transformation, and utilization of organic matter in the oil shale at the nanoscale. However, the optical diffraction limit prevents attainment of nanoscale resolution using conventional spectroscopy and microscopy. Here, we utilize peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy for multimodal characterization of kerogen in oil shale. The PFIR provides correlative infrared imaging, mechanical mapping, and broadband infrared spectroscopy capability with 6 nm spatial resolution. We observed nanoscale heterogeneity in the chemical composition, aromaticity, and maturity of the kerogens from oil shales from Eagle Ford shale play in Texas. The kerogen aromaticity positively correlates with the local mechanical moduli of the surrounding inorganic matrix, manifesting the Le Chatelier’s principle. In situ spectro-mechanical characterization of oil shale will yield valuable insight for geochemical and geomechanical modeling on the origin and transformation of kerogen in the oil shale.</p>


2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (S02) ◽  
pp. 1116-1117
Author(s):  
G.L. Carr ◽  
G.D. Smith ◽  
L.M. Miller

Author(s):  
Leslie M. Phinney ◽  
Wei-Yang Lu ◽  
Justin R. Serrano

This paper reports and compares Raman and infrared thermometry measurements along the legs and on the shuttle of a SOI (silicon on insulator) bent-beam thermal microactuator. Raman thermometry offers micron spatial resolution and measurement uncertainties of ±10 K. Typical data collection times are a minute per location leading to measurement times on the order of hours for a complete temperature profile. Infrared thermometry obtains a full-field measurement so the data collection time is on the order of a minute. The spatial resolution is determined by the pixel size, 25 μm by 25 μm for the system used, and infrared thermometry also has uncertainties of ±10 K after calibration with a nonpackaged sample. The Raman and infrared measured temperatures agreed both qualitatively and quantitatively. For example, when the thermal microactuator was operated at 7 V, the peak temperature on an interior leg is 437 K ± 10 K and 433 K ± 10 K from Raman and infrared thermometry, respectively. The two techniques are complementary for microsystems characterization when infrared imaging obtains a full-field temperature measurement and Raman thermometry interrogates regions for which higher spatial resolution is required.


2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 027011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Tamošaitytė ◽  
Vaiva Hendrixson ◽  
Arūnas Želvys ◽  
Ramūnas Tyla ◽  
Zita A. Kučinskienė ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2982
Author(s):  
Richard Dworak ◽  
Yinghui Liu ◽  
Jeffrey Key ◽  
Walter N. Meier

An effective blended Sea-Ice Concentration (SIC) product has been developed that utilizes ice concentrations from passive microwave and visible/infrared satellite instruments, specifically the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The blending takes advantage of the all-sky capability of the AMSR2 sensor and the high spatial resolution of VIIRS, though it utilizes only the clear sky characteristics of VIIRS. After both VIIRS and AMSR2 images are remapped to a 1 km EASE-Grid version 2, a Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) method is used to combine the AMSR2 and VIIRS SIC for a blended product at 1 km resolution under clear-sky conditions. Under cloudy-sky conditions the AMSR2 SIC with bias correction is used. For validation, high spatial resolution Landsat data are collocated with VIIRS and AMSR2 from 1 February 2017 to 31 October 2019. Bias, standard deviation, and root mean squared errors are calculated for the SICs of VIIRS, AMSR2, and the blended field. The blended SIC outperforms the individual VIIRS and AMSR2 SICs. The higher spatial resolution VIIRS data provide beneficial information to improve upon AMSR2 SIC under clear-sky conditions, especially during the summer melt season, as the AMSR2 SIC has a consistent negative bias near and above the melting point.


1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1633-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Sommer ◽  
J. E. Katon

Model experiments were conducted in an effort to quantitatively assess the extent of stray light, resulting from diffraction, in an FT-IR microscope system. The effects of stray light were studied under conditions employing different aperturing modes, aperture sizes, and wavelengths of light. Results and consequences of the findings are discussed with respect to the spatial resolution and quantitative integrity of the data obtainable in mapping analyses of multilayer polymer laminates.


2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Thi Binh ◽  
Tran Thi Bao Tram ◽  
Do Ngoc Dai ◽  
Vuong Thuy Tien ◽  
Le Minh Tam ◽  
...  

In the present study, chemical composition and antibacterial properties of essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of the Melicope pteleifolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T.G Hartley in Dalat were evaluated. Essential oil was isolated through hydro-distillation. Twenty-nine constituents comprising 100% of the essential oil were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The major compounds in the essential oil were (+)-Sabinene (34.73%), Cis-α-bergamotene (13.15%), Z-α-trans-bergamotol (5.28%), β-mycrene (4.98%), and 1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-(4.71%). Antibacterial activities of Melicope pteleifolia essential oil were investigated against Gram-positive and-negative bacteria. Results showed significant activities against Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli using an agar well diffusion method. The application of this essential oil in preventing and eliminating bacteria could be useful in fields as medicine and cosmetics. 


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Joiner ◽  
Zachary Fasnacht ◽  
Bo-Cai Gao ◽  
Wenhan Qin

Satellite-based visible and near-infrared imaging of the Earth's surface is generally not performed in moderate to highly cloudy conditions; images that look visibly cloud covered to the human eye are typically discarded. Here, we expand upon previous work that employed machine learning (ML) to estimate underlying land surface reflectances at red, green, and blue (RGB) wavelengths in cloud contaminated spectra using a low spatial resolution satellite spectrometer. Specifically, we apply the ML methodology to a case study at much higher spatial resolution with the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) that flew on the International Space Station (ISS). HICO spatial sampling is of the order of 90 m. The purpose of our case study is to test whether high spatial resolution features can be captured using multi-spectral imaging in lightly cloudy and overcast conditions. We selected one clear and one cloudy image over a portion ofthe panhandle coastline of Florida to demonstrate that land features are partially recoverable in overcast conditions. Many high contrast features are well recovered in the presence of optically thin clouds. However, some of the low contrast features, such as narrow roads, are smeared out in the heavily clouded part of the reconstructed image. This case study demonstrates that our approach may be useful for many science and applications that are being developed for current and upcoming satellite missions including precision agriculture and natural vegetation analysis, water quality assessment as well as disturbance, change, hazard, and disaster detection.


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