Deep X-ray lithography with a tunable wavelength shifter at CAMD

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1095-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Khan Malek ◽  
V. Saile ◽  
H. Manohara ◽  
B. Craft
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Critical Energy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wavelength Shifter ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Insertion Device ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Photon Spectra ◽  
Very High

An additional X-ray lithography facility is under construction at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices. It will receive radiation from a 7.5 T superconducting three-pole wavelength shifter. The critical energy of the insertion device is tunable up to a maximum value of 11.2 keV, allowing for optimization of photon spectra to resist thickness. In particular, this hard X-ray source will allow investigation of X-ray lithography at very high energies for devices with thicknesses in excess of 1 mm, and study of low-cost mass-production concepts, using simultaneously exposed stacks of resist layers.

scholarly journals Assessing the possibility of solidification and stabilization of pyrite cinder by using quicklime and fly ash

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Đurđa Kerkez ◽  
Dragana Tomašević Pilipović ◽  
Milena Bečelić‐Tomin ◽  
Nataša Slijepčević ◽  
Dunja Rađenović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pyrite Cinder ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Leaching Behavior ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Very High

The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using two low-cost binders,quicklime and fly ash for the solidification/stabilization (S/S) of pyrite cinder.Pyrite cinder, used in this study, represents a remnant from sulfuric acid productionin fertilizer factory IHP “Prahovo” A.D. (Serbia), and has a very high toxicmetal content. High contents and leachability of copper, lead and zinc make thiswaste material hazardous, representing an extraordinary risk to the environment.In order to determine the leaching behavior of the S/S mixtures, four single-stepleaching tests were performed, each one having a different sort of leaching fluid(deionized water, inorganic and organic acidic solutions). X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDS)were implemented to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for immobilization ofCu, Pb and Zn. Overall, the test results indicated that S/S treatment using bothquicklime and fly ash was effective in immobilizing these metals, especially whenthere is a higher share of binder present. Treated waste can be safe for disposal andeven considered for “controlled utilization”. Furthermore, the use of fly ash for S/Streatment of pyrite cinder solves the disposal problems of two waste types, as it alsorepresents a secondary industrial product.

Recent findings regarding calcium and phytase in poultry nutrition

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2311 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bedford ◽  
X. Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Mild Deficiency ◽  
High Doses ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Very High

Calcium (Ca) is an essential element for poultry and even a mild deficiency can lead to significant welfare and performance issues. As a result, it is often fed at levels in excess of requirement, partly as an insurance policy and, to some degree, because of its relatively low cost compared with other feed ingredients. However, when diets meet but do not exceed the phosphorus (P) requirements of the bird, a marginal Ca excess can interfere with P digestibility. This problem is exacerbated when phytases are used to provide some of the required P because Ca decreases the efficiency of phytate (IP6) hydrolysis in a dose-dependent manner. More recently, phytases have been used at very high doses (1500 FyTase units (FTU); ‘superdosing’) in commercial diets, to improve bird performance by removing as much of the dietary IP6 and lower esters of phytate (IP5, IP4, IP3 and IP2) as possible, all of which are considered anti-nutrients, and concomitantly producing as much inositol, a nutrient, as possible. In such a regimen, the ability of the phytase to degrade the lower phytate esters, namely IP4, IP3 and IP2, takes on greater importance than does simply releasing phytate P. Calcium has recently been shown to reduce the efficacy of hydrolysis of the lower phytate esters to a greater degree than the extent to which it decreases IP6 hydrolysis. As a result, Ca concentrations in the diet should be monitored frequently if the maximum value of a phytase is to be realised.

M 87 — TEN YEARS OF TEV GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (06) ◽  
pp. 849-857
Author(s):  
MATTHIAS BEILICKE
Keyword(s):  
Active Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Radio Galaxy ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Plasma Jet ◽  
Radio Galaxies ◽  
Jet Physics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Very High

The giant radio galaxy M 87 is located 16.7 Mpc away and harbours a supermassive black hole in its center. Structures of its relativistic plasma jet are resolved at radio, optical and X–ray energies. M 87 belongs to the class of active galactic nuclei and is one of only a few radio galaxies detected at very-high energies (E > 100 GeV ). This makes it a unique laboratory to study jet physics and the corresponding emission processes. The results obtained from TeV gamma-ray observations during the last decade are discussed.

An insertion device for the soft X-ray photochemistry beamline at SPring-8

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Tanaka ◽  
Xavier-Marie Maréchal ◽  
Toru Hara ◽  
Toshiya Tanabe ◽  
Hideo Kitamura
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Undulator Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Insertion Device ◽  
Linearly Polarized ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Polarized Photons

A figure-8 undulator is an insertion device (ID) proposed at SPring-8 to reduce the heat-load problems encountered with ordinary linear undulators. This device is useful when the K value is high in order to obtain low-energy photons as the fundamental of the undulator radiation. It has therefore been adopted as the ID for the soft X-ray photochemistry beamline (BL27SU) at SPring-8 because linearly polarized photons between 100 and 2000 eV are necessary for the experiments on this beamline. The figure-8 undulator for BL27SU is now under construction and, in the first phase of operation, is expected to cover the energy range down to 500 eV. In the second and third phases, the lowest energy may be reduced to 170 and 100 eV, respectively.

Low Cost Chemical Synthesis of Ammonia Borane Complex for Hydrogen Storage

2012 ◽  
Vol 519 ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Feng Cao ◽  
Zhen Yu Fang ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
Qiang Shen ◽  
Si Qing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ammonia Borane ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Standard Index ◽  
Very High

Ammonia borane (AB) hydrides have been employed as disposable hydrogen (H2) sources for fuel cell applications, due to their high hydrogen capacity. In this paper, ammonia borane (AB) complex with high purity was synthesized by chemical method, using the low cost raw materials of NaBH4, CO2, and NH3. The thermal dynamic for the synthesis process is analyzed. The phase composition for the obtained ammonia borane (AB) complex powders was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. The results suggest that, very high purity ammonia borane (AB) complex powders were obtained, which was quite in agreement with the standard index of ammonia borane.

Thick Epitaxial Layers Growth by Chlorine Addition

2009 ◽  
Vol 615-617 ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco La Via ◽  
Gaetano Izzo ◽  
Massimo Camarda ◽  
Giuseppe Abbondanza ◽  
Danilo Crippa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Schottky Diodes ◽  
Epitaxial Layers ◽  
Power Devices ◽  
Particle Detectors ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Very High

The growth rate of 4H-SiC epi layers has been increased up to 100 µm/h by chlorine addition. The epitaxial layers grown with this process have been characterized by electrical, optical and structural characterization methods. Very thick (> 100 µm) epitaxial layer has been grown and the Schottky diodes realized on these layers have good yield (> 87%) with a low defect density (10/cm2). This process gives the opportunity to realize very high power devices with breakdown voltages in the range of 10 kV or X-Ray and particle detectors with a low cost epitaxy process.

Twin helical undulator beamline for soft X-ray spectroscopy at SPring-8

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Saitoh ◽  
T. Nakatani ◽  
T. Matsushita ◽  
T. Miyahara ◽  
M. Fujisawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Energy Region ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Circularly Polarized Light ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Line Spacing ◽  
Fundamental Radiation ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Very High

A very high resolution soft X-ray beamline, BL25SU, has been designed and is under construction at SPring-8. Completely right or left circularly polarized light is supplied on a common axis of a newly designed twin helical undulator. A helicity modulation up to 10 Hz can be performed using five kicker magnets. The fundamental radiation covers the region 0.5–3 keV. Higher-order radiation is rather weak on the axis. A monochromator with varied-line-spacing plane gratings is installed to cover the region below 1.5 keV. A very high resolution beyond 104 is expected for the whole energy region.

X-Ray Scattering above 100KeV

1988 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Hastings
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Synchrotron Source ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Energies ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Very High ◽  
Ray Scattering

Conventional x-ray scattering studies have been limited to photon energies (wavelengths) in the 5 to 20 KeV (approx. 2A to 0..5A) regime. With these energies absorption lengths limit the volume of illumination to the first tens of microns of samples. If it were possible to use x-rays of very high energies, true bulk (tens of millimeters) samples could be studied. The availability, intensity and resolution possible with high energies will be discussed and their role in the expanding field of x-ray scattering presented. Preliminary studies at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) will form the basis of these discussions.

scholarly journals Photopumping of XUV lasers by XFEL radiation

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
KE LAN ◽  
ERNST FILL ◽  
JÜRGEN MEYER-TER-VEHN
Keyword(s):  
High Gain ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
Pump Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cold Electrons ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Shell Ionization ◽  
Very High ◽  
Body Recombination

Within the next few years X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) now under construction are expected to generate highly collimated XUV pulses with 1013photons and a duration of 100 fs. Focusing this radiation to a spot some 10 μm in diameter generates intensities of up to 1016W/cm2. Such pump intensities make feasible the investigation of photopumped XUV lasers using this radiation. We present simulations taking into account two different mechanisms generating the gain: (1) photoionization with subsequent three-body recombination, which takes advantage of the monochromaticity of the pump radiation to generate very cold electrons; (2) inner-shell ionization in which transient inversion is obtained by generating a hole in an otherwise completely filled shell. The simulations show that under appropriate conditions both mechanisms generate very high gain. However, a number of further issues must be considered, such as the propagation of the pump pulse in the medium to be pumped.

Decomposition of the metastable beta titanium alloy Ti-15-3

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 264-265
Author(s):  
Y. L. Chen ◽  
S. Fujlshiro
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Alpha Phase ◽  
Thick Sheet ◽  
Omega Phase ◽  
Beta Titanium Alloy ◽  
Beta Titanium ◽  
Beta Matrix ◽  
Metastable Beta ◽  
Very High

Metastable beta titanium alloys have been known to have numerous advantages such as cold formability, high strength, good fracture resistance, deep hardenability, and cost effectiveness. Very high strength is obtainable by precipitation of the hexagonal alpha phase in a bcc beta matrix in these alloys. Precipitation hardening in the metastable beta alloys may also result from the formation of transition phases such as omega phase. Ti-15-3 (Ti-15V- 3Cr-3Al-3Sn) has been developed recently by TIMET and USAF for low cost sheet metal applications. The purpose of the present study was to examine the aging characteristics in this alloy.The composition of the as-received material is: 14.7 V, 3.14 Cr, 3.05 Al, 2.26 Sn, and 0.145 Fe. The beta transus temperature as determined by optical metallographic method was about 770°C. Specimen coupons were prepared from a mill-annealed 1.2 mm thick sheet, and solution treated at 827°C for 2 hr in argon, then water quenched. Aging was also done in argon at temperatures ranging from 316 to 616°C for various times.

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