The sexual orientation wage gap in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1846-1855
Author(s):  
Rachel Sayers ◽  
John Levendis ◽  
Mehmet Dicle
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Labor Force Attachment

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the nature of the wage gap between genders and sexual orientation. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses OLS on pooled repeated cross-sections. Findings The differences in wages between gay/straight men and women mirror what would be expected from labor force attachment more so than direct heterosexism. Research limitations/implications The authors use a functional definition of sexual preference that reflects whether the respondent had sex with someone of the same gender in the same year. It does not ask whether the person identifies publicly as gay/lesbian/bisexual. Originality/value The authors verify and extend earlier findings on the sexual orientation and gendered wage gap.

Disclosure of sexual orientation in the USA and its consequences in the workplace

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1115-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Bonaventura ◽  
Alessio Emanuele Biondo
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Utility Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Firm Profit

Purpose Discrimination and hostility in the workplace prevents homosexual workers from performing their core functions on the job. Moreover, it introduces unnecessary costs by increasing absenteeism, lowering productivity, and fostering a less motivated, less entrepreneurial, and less committed workforce. By means of an agent-based model, the authors simulated the effects on unemployment rates of an increasing of sexual orientation (SO) disclosure in the workplaces. The authors tested the effects on workers’ utility, level of job satisfaction and segregation. The results show a complessive improvement of the firms’ performances and a better job satisfaction for undeclared and homosexual workers and employers. With a homosexual employer, the authors can observe an increasing homosexual utility and firm profit, with a low decrease in undeclared utility. Instead, with an undeclared employer, the firm’s profit decreases but the total effect is positive. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach An agent-based model applied. Findings Effects of sexual disclosure on unemployment rates, job satisfaction, and job segregation. Originality/value The economic literature on SO and job satisfaction is very meager.

Is a lender environmentally liable for the simple act of lending money?

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-364
Author(s):  
Tareq Nail Al-Tawil
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Lender Liability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Self Protection

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate whether or not lenders are environmentally liable by the simple act of lending money. The concept of “lender liability” is one of the more critical issues which seems to be ready to upset the “apple cart” of environmental calm, which the English law enjoyed until recently. Why should banks be held liable for pollution and clean-up costs? The banks’ responsibility should end when it has granted the loan to the borrower to carry out its commercial activities. It is argued that a lender who becomes involved in the borrower’s financial management is unlikely to incur a clean-up liability, but it will become liable to clean it up if it forecloses or takes possession of the land. Can the bank be regarded as the “owner” of the land? In some English statutes, there is no definition of the word “owner”. Does a mortgagee in possession entitle him to ownership of the property to hold him responsible for liabilities for environmental harm? Design/methodology/approach The development of domestic environmental liability and the Trans-Atlantic position with the USA will be examined. The “owner” concept will also be critically reviewed to see whether banks and mortgagees can be regarded as owners on possession of the property. The dilemma of the English courts with regards to lender issues and lender self-protection will also be examined. This will all be analysed and criticised in this paper. Findings This paper aims to demonstrate whether or not lenders are environmentally liable by the simple act of lending money. It will also discuss “owner” concept to see whether banks and mortgagees can be regarded as owners on possession of the property. Originality/value In this paper, the “owner” concept will be critically reviewed to see whether banks and mortgagees can be regarded as owners on possession of the property. The dilemma of the English courts with regards to lender issues and lender self-protection will also be critically analysed and compared with different legal systems.

Lesson learned from the pandemic: the need for sustainable employment

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-730
Author(s):  
John Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Sustainable Employment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a definition of sustainable employment (SE), the conditions that undermine SE, the need for SE and how the additional costs of SE can be covered through a re-imagined business. The paper is specific to industry policies and government laws in the USA. However, the concept of SE is a global issue, and this paper’s discussion has global implications. Design/methodology/approach This is a viewpoint paper based on the author’s knowledge and opinion supported by references. Findings SE is key for the hospitality industry's success with the additional costs of its introduction being possibly covered through a reimagined business. This will lead to a committed and stable workforce. Originality/value This paper introduces the concept of SE. The pandemic exposed the need for a committed and stable workforce in the hospitality industry. This paper supports this need, explains the benefits of SE and gives insight into how to fund SE.

Age and the new lesbian earnings penalty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Martell
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Earnings Differential ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Economic Experience ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Bisexual

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to observe how the cohabiting lesbian earnings differential in the USA has changed since the early 2000s, a time period during which the lesbian, gay and bisexual rights movement has been very successful. Design/methodology/approach The author analyzes the 2012–2017 American Community Survey using Mincer-style income regressions. Findings The author finds that cohabiting lesbians earn approximately 11 percent less than married heterosexual women. The earnings penalty has emerged as a result of the disproportionately large penalty young lesbians’ experience. While older lesbians (over 45) do not experience an earnings penalty, younger lesbians appear doubly disadvantaged. They now face a lesbian wage gap of approximately 24 percent in addition to the previously documented gender wage gap. Research limitations/implications The paper shows that cohabiting lesbians earn approximately 11 percent less than married heterosexual women. The earnings penalty has emerged as a result of the disproportionately large penalty young cohabiting lesbians experience. While older cohabiting lesbians (over 45) do not experience an earnings penalty, younger cohabiting lesbians face a wage gap of approximately 24 percent. Originality/value The study finds, contrary to most previous research, a cohabiting lesbian earnings penalty instead of premium. The findings highlight that there is considerable heterogeneity in the economic experience of cohabiting lesbians, and that young cohabiting lesbians comprise a particularly vulnerable population.

The end of democracy as we knew it

foresight ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Hamm
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
American Population ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Deep State ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Definition Of

Purpose – This paper aims to summarize the major theoretical elements in the definition of a global ruling class. It then examines how neoconservatives in the USA took power and used regime change to install US-friendly governments in other regions. A strategy of tension is used to press the American population into conformity. But the real revolution is to what extent factual politics escape any attempt to democratic control. Design/methodology/approach – The research relies on case studies of material already published and provides a synthesis. Findings – Three case studies show how far the Deep State already goes. Democracy is on the brink of survival. Originality/value – This paper is an original hypothesis of the potential end of democracy as we know it, supported by empirical data.

Do information technology (IT) capabilities affect hotel competitiveness?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-460
Author(s):  
Nan Hua
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
It Systems ◽  
Study Results ◽  
It Capabilities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Direct Measures

Purpose This paper aims to examine the impacts of IT capabilities on hotel competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach This study adapts and extends Hua et al. (2015) and O’Neill et al. (2008) by incorporating the specific measures of IT expenditures as proxies for the relevant IT capabilities to explore the impacts of IT capabilities on hotel competitiveness. Findings This study finds that expenditures on IT Labor, IT Systems and IT Websites exert different impacts on hotel competitiveness. In addition, IT capabilities exert both contemporary and lagged effects on hotel competitiveness. Originality/value This study is the first that uses financial data to capture direct measures of individual IT capabilities and tests the individual impacts of IT capabilities on hotel competitiveness from both contemporaneous and lagged perspectives. It uses a large same store sample of hotels in the USA from 2011 to 2017; as a result, the study results can be reasonably representative of the hotel population in the USA.

scholarly journals Variations in American marketing practices of early 19th-century ceramic importers and dealers, reflecting culture and identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-375
Author(s):  
Neil Ewins
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advertising Strategy ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose This paper explores the advertising strategy of crockery importers and dealers in relationship to their origins and backgrounds. This is a departure from earlier ceramic-history literature which tended to focus on the Staffordshire producers, with limited awareness on how the identity of importers and dealers influenced what products were sold, and their individual approaches to marketing. Design/methodology/approach Within a context of historical marketing research, this paper analyses newspaper advertising and commentary. It combines an examination of marketing practices with a wider consideration of the cultural identities of ceramic importers and dealers. The digitalization of historical records, combined with sophisticated search engines, makes it more feasible to examine a broader range of sources. Thus, modern research methods can enhance our understanding of production and demand and reveal how marketing strategy was diverse. Findings Awareness on how advertising was influenced by the backgrounds and socio-political views of importers and dealers demonstrates ways in which Anglo-American ceramic trade could be far more market-led. More significantly, marketing approaches were not necessarily responding to American demand, but rather that importers could engage in commissioning goods which reflected their own views on politics, religion or slavery. Originality/value Examining the advertising of importers demonstrates the complex relationship between production and ceramic demand. This paper opens up debates as to how far the advertising of other merchandise in the USA shows evidence of taking a more individual approach by the 19th century.

They did not start the fire: reviewing and resolving the issue of physician stress and burnout

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Christine Babyar
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Organizational Strategies ◽  
Physician Burnout ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Research Accountability ◽  
Physician Stress

Purpose Physician stress and burnout is a serious and common concern in healthcare, with over half of physicians in the USA meeting at least one criterion for burnout. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A review on current state of physician stress and burnout research, from 2008 to 2016, was undertaken. A subsequent perspective paper was shaped around these reviews. Findings Findings reveal research strength in prevalence and incidence with opportunities for stronger intervention studies. While descriptive studies on causes and consequences of physician burnout are available, studies on interventions and prevention of physician burnout are lacking. Future research on physician stress and burnout should incorporate intervention studies and take care to avoid limitations found in current research. Accountability and prevention of physician burnout is the responsibility of the healthcare industry as a whole, and organizational strategies must be emphasized in future research. Originality/value The value of this research comes in the original comprehensive review, international inclusion and succinct summary of physician burnout research and strategies.

The operational efficiency of passenger aircraft

2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald McLean
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transport Economics ◽  
Load Factors ◽  
Consistent Assessment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Passenger Aircraft ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeTo provide for the use of airlines and other civil aviation organizations a practical definition of operational efficiency and to show how it can be determined.Design/methodology/approachA brief account of air transport economics is used to demonstrate how bom load factors and aircraft utilization need to be considered in assessing operational efficiency. Then other efficiencies are treated briefly before an example is given of how the better of two fictitious aircraft can be chosen for a particular route. A second example involving the calculation of the operational efficiency achieved by an imaginary airline is also given to show that the typical value is lower than might be expected, particularly in view of the relatively high load factors involved.FindingsProvides performance values and economic figures which are typical of current airline operations.Practical implicationsUse of the proposed definition will allow the consistent assessment of the economic performance of airlines.Originality/valueAt present there is no definition of operational efficiency in general use although it is greatly needed by airlines. The definition proposed in this paper is practical and easy to use.

A model for the elaboration of fair divisional projects in inheritance disputes

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-202
Author(s):  
Francesco Tajani ◽  
Pierluigi Morano
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
Mathematical Algorithms ◽  
Complex Inheritance ◽  
Fundamental Value ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Calculation Software ◽  
Legal Right

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a method to support the definition of efficient and fair divisional projects in particularly complex cases concerning inheritance disputes. Design/methodology/approach First, the approach involves an appraisal of the market value of the assets, along with an analysis of the respective conditions of concrete divisibility; then, two mathematical models have been developed for the assignment of the assets to the subjects involved in the divisional projects. The logic underlying of both models has been translated into mathematical algorithms that allow for the minimization of the monetary compensations resulting from the differences between the legal right shares and the actual portions to be attributed to them. Findings Both models have been developed through mathematical formulas that can be easily implemented by using an appropriate calculation software. They can be used in particularly complex inheritance divisions, in which the deceased’s assets are numerous and there are several heirs with similar or different legal right shares. Originality/value The methodology is useful in the disputes that could arise in hereditary successions. The fundamental value is that the models could support the definition of the best solution in particularly complex situations, characterized by a large number of assets to be assigned and/or the existence of “preferential” constraints for the assignment of the assets.

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