Future and technical considerations of gold wirebonding in semiconductor packaging – a technical review

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Leong Gan ◽  
Francis Classe ◽  
Bak Lee Chan ◽  
Uda Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Microelectronics Packaging ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technical Review ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
Reliability Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Semiconductor Packaging ◽  
Technical Considerations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review on technical findings and discuss the feasibility and future of gold (Au) wirebonding in microelectronics packaging. It also aims to study and compare the cost, quality and wear-out reliability performance of Au wirebonding with respect to other wire alloys such as copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) wirebonding. This paper discusses the influence of wire type on the long-term reliability tests. Design/methodology/approach – Literature reviews are conducted based on cost and wire selections of Au, Cu or Ag wirebonding. Detailed wear-out failure findings and wire selection with cost considerations are presented in this review paper. The future and the status of Au wirebonding in microelectronics packaging are discussed in this paper. Findings – This paper briefly reviews selected aspects of the Au ball and other alternative bonding options, focusing on reliability performance, and discusses the future of Au wirebonding in the near future in semiconductor packaging. Practical implications – The paper reveals the technical considerations when choosing the wire types for future microelectronics packaging. Originality/value – The in-depth technical review and strategies of the selection of wire types (Au, Cu or the latest Ag alloy) in microelectronics packaging are discussed in this paper based on previous literature studies.

This thing of social media! Going business or socialisation? Solving the great dilemma

foresight ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-350
Author(s):  
Akwesi Assensoh-Kodua
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Continuance Intention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
Actual Usage ◽  
The Future ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Near Future

Purpose Social media has become a “thing” not just for its historical purpose of socialisation, but a multi-faceted platform of unpredictable possibilities. With the current high levels of actual usage, business on the platform has assumed different styles and has become one of the competing activities on this platform, creating a dilemma for the future. However, as social beings, we can manage such capricious adventure by means of research, to predict the possible destination before we are taken by surprise. One of such medium of studies is through the philosophies of the continuance intention theories. To this end, the purpose of this paper was to investigated some antecedents of social media that are capable of predicting the direction of this platform to test this theory of continuance intention, and the results from the predictive Smart PLS3 shows that the continuance intention for business on this platform will overtake socialisation to offer the biggest market among the elitist class in the near future, and not China, Nigeria or the NYSE. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses Predictive Smart PLS3 to analyse the continuance intention of social media platforms. Findings Predictive Smart PLS3 shows that the continuance intention for business on social media platform will overtake socialisation to offer the biggest market. Research limitations/implications The questions asked in this study focussed on buyers and not platform managers. As the continuance intention depends on the latter as well, it would have been better if their opinions were also sought to determine what will make them continue to provide social media. Originality/value This paper is among the first to do such a study.

The future of national tourism organisations marketing functions – there is no future?

2019 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hay
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Friendship Groups ◽  
The Future ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Marketing Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Future

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of two micro trends on the future marketing functions of national tourism organisations (NTOs): the increasing power of individuals and the irreverence of NTO’s current marketing functions. Design/methodology/approach Through a discussion of the literature driving the two identified micro-trends, a number of supportive sub-micro trends were also identified and explored. Findings The paper concludes that NTO’s have failed to recognise the growing distrust of monolithic organisations. NTO’s seem to be more concerned about their own survival, rather than providing a service to both their citizens and tourists. Also NTO’s have failed to acknowledge that tourists are much more confident in making their own decisions, based on marketing information from their own trusted “closed friendship groups”, rather than relying on NTO’s. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on a discussion of issues from only two micro-trends, but tourist decision-making processes may be more complex than suggested. Practical implications The paper concludes that in the near future there will be an increasing rejection of NTO’s marketing information, and in the longer term this may result in the demise of NTO’s. However, if NTO’s are to survive, it suggests two actions they could take to ensure their future relevance to both its citizens and tourists. Social implications Questioning whether national/state organisations always act in the best interests of its citizens, challenges the trust in NTO’s. The paper suggests that NTO’s recognise that their power relationships are more strongly linked to ideals of nationhood and endorsement by their international peers, rather than providing services to tourists. Originality/value This paper questions the implicate assumption that NTO’s should be a trusted source of marketing information. It suggests that NTO’s have failed to recognise the changing methods tourist use to help in their decision making.

My home is your castle: forecasting the future of accommodation sharing

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari-Estelle Gassmann ◽  
Robin Nunkoo ◽  
Victor Tiberius ◽  
Sascha Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Delphi Study ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Future Scenario ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industry Regulation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to formulate the most probable future scenario for the accommodation sharing sector within the next five to ten years. It addresses the following six thematic aspects: relevance, different forms of accommodation sharing, users, hosts, platforms, and finally, industry regulation. Design/methodology/approach This study identifies the most likely holistic future scenario by conducting a two-stage Delphi study involving 59 expert panelists. It addresses 33 projections for six thematic sections of the accommodation sharing industry: relevance, different forms of accommodation sharing, users, hosts, platforms, and finally, industry regulation. Findings The results indicate that the number of shared accommodations and users of home-sharing will increase. Moreover, the cost advantage is the predominant driver for users to engage in the accommodation sharing segment, and for the hosts, the generation of an extra income is the primary incentive. Finally, the regulation within this industry is expected to be more effective in the foreseeable future. Practical implications The results are critical, not only to advance our theoretical understanding and stimulate critical discussions on the long-term development of accommodation sharing but also to assist governments and policymakers who have an interest in developing and regulating this sector and developers seeking business opportunities. Originality/value While there is ample knowledge about the past and current development of accommodation sharing in tourism, little is understood about its potential future development and implications for consumers, the economy, and society. To date, no scientific research is available that develops scenarios about the future of accommodation sharing.

The Future of Teaching and Learning Technologies

2011 ◽  
pp. 954-959
Author(s):  
Howard Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Computing ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Global Positioning Systems ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Intelligent Devices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future

The evolution of a few critical technologies has the potential to change the way teaching and learning is done is the near future. Among those technologies are biometrics, global positioning systems and real mobile computing. Previously unthinkable paradigms for education are now—or soon will be—affordable, as Moore’s Law slashes the cost of intelligent devices. This chapter presents some challenging ideas about how learning might be done in the future and what the future of colleges, classes and courses —if they still exist —might be.

A study of the application of the physical hydronomics methodology to assess environmental costs of European rivers

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Uche ◽  
Amaya Martínez ◽  
Beatriz Carrasquer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Information Tools ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to check out the status of collected data in European water-related information tools, with the final aim of analyzing the cost to reach the good environmental status in European rivers, from recorded physical and chemical data, within the second law of thermodynamics. Design/methodology/approach – The study is especially focussed in an economical assessment to account for the environmental costs of water bodies according to the Water Framework Directive. The Catchments and Rivers Network System, the most important information tool in Europe nowadays, constitutes the support of this work. This study shows a methodology to estimate the cost to restore water bodies in energy terms with the help of an aggregated indicator, from physical and chemical characteristics of rivers. More over, energy results are converted later into an economic value. This work presents diverse case studies, starting from Garonne, Rhone, Rhine, Danube, Ebro and Seine rivers. Findings – Figures show that total environmental costs in rivers with higher flows are more important due to the more quantity of water to be restored. Making a contrast among years with different hydrological behavior, total environmental costs are higher in wet years due to the more availability of water to be supplied that consequently implies higher withdrawals. However, rivers with higher total environmental cost are not necessarily the most polluted ones. Regarding to the availability of data, although European monitoring and reporting is in progress, homogeneity of data and consensus in the management of basins are needed. Originality/value – Authors make an estimation of costs to reach the good status of European rivers. This work proposes the Exergy as an aggregate indicator to assess cost for water restoration in monetary values. This paper gives a reference of environmental cost as an important instrument to establish costs recovery prices, to be used in the management of water resources as a complement of other kind of indicators.

Are your feet on the ground or is your head in the clouds?

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Mark McKergow
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Future ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – Highlights the importance of looking at both the near and distant future. Design/methodology/approach – Observes that different kinds of people treat and use the future differently and considers how to use the more useful elements of the future. Findings – Charts the approaches taken towards the future by the dreamer, the realist, the business planner and the host and outlines the advantages of leading like a host. Practical implications – Considers how host views the horizon, the area just before the horizon, the future and the very near future. Social implications – Accepts that we do not fully know what is going to happen in the future, but that does not mean people should focus only on the near (and therefore most “knowable”) future. Originality/value – Advances the view that having a good idea of the first signs of progress can be particularly useful in cases where the next steps are not obvious or seem tough or uncertain – rapid feedback will be useful in letting us know that what we are doing.

Turkish UAV capabilities as a new competitor in the market

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinem Kahvecioglu ◽  
Hakan Oktal
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the main Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) projects proceeded by Turkey and to reveal the future targets and the status of Turkey among the countries securing enhanced UAV experience. Design/methodology/approach – The historical development and the future of the UAV systems are analyzed by using the roadmaps, and reports about the UAV market. Findings – It is found that the development and the production of indigineous UAV systems/subsystems will reduce the costs, and enable Turkey to be independent with respect to when, where, and how to use its own UAV systems. Originality/value – This study provides historical context for recent developments in UAV sector in Turkey and presents some proposals for the future of the market.

scholarly journals The future past of travel: adventure tourism supporting humans living on the edge of existence

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel William Mackenzie Wright
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adventure Travel ◽  
Hard Skills ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Future ◽  
Survival Skills ◽  
Near Future

PurposeBy drawing on current reports, this paper positions that Homo sapiens could in the near future be faced with an increasingly uninhabitable planet. It emphasises the importance of adventure tourism and its associated activities as a means of supporting individuals to develop more outdoor survival skills.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies a scenario narrative approach in exploring and presenting potential future ideas. The significance of narratives lies at the essential examination of current trends and drivers that could be shaping future scenarios. This paper, through the exploration of past and current trends supports the researcher in presenting future views. The scenario narratives in this research are established via desk-based research and inspection of academic journals, industry reports, ideas and knowledge.FindingsIf society is pushed to the brink of extinction due to a catastrophic event(s), people will require survival skills, similar to those shared by our hunter-gather nomad ancestor. Thus, this paper highlights the value and importance of the industry in encouraging soft and hard outdoor adventure in the coming years. It recognises how different adventure travel activities can support people in rekindling with our more basic instincts and ultimately, surviving in different natural environments.Originality/valueThis paper offers original theoretical knowledge within the adventure tourism literature. Offering original consideration to the value of exploring the past as a method of understanding the future, the paper presents an original spectrum of soft and hard skills-based adventure tourism activities.

scholarly journals Estimating worldwide costs of premature mortalities caused by COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Panagiotis Tsigaris
Keyword(s):  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an estimate of the costs of premature mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachUsing COVID-19 pandemic-derived mortality data for November 9, 2020 (globally 1,303,215 deaths) and applying a country-based value of statistical life (VSL), the worldwide cost of premature mortality was assessed. The cost was assessed based on income groups until November 9, 2020 and projected into the future until March 1, 2021 using three scenarios from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME).FindingsThe global cost of premature mortality is currently estimated at Int$5.9 trillion. For the high-income group, the current estimated cost is Int$ $4.4 trillion or $3,700 per person. Using IHME projections until March 1, 2021, global premature mortality costs will increase to Int$13.7 trillion and reach Int$22.1 trillion if policies are relaxed, while the cost with 95% universal masks is Int$10.9 trillion. The richest nations will bear the largest burden of these costs, reaching $15,500 per person by March 1, 2021 if policies are relaxed.Originality/valueThe cost of human lives lost due to the pandemic is unprecedented. Preparedness in the future is the best policy to avoid many premature deaths and severe recessions in order to combat pandemics.

The United Nations in West Irian: A Critique

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. van der Veur
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Severe Handicaps ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Cost

UNTEA served the important function of buffer between contending forces and in general accomplished a remarkably smooth transfer. In this regard the United Nations operation was a major success. The smooth transfer was achieved, however, at the cost of rights specifically guaranteed in the agreement—the rights of free speech and assembly. Furthermore, the United Nations preparatory task and responsibility in the future “act of self-determination” was minimized.It may be argued that UNTEA policy in West Irian merely reflects the weakness of the United Nations in a nation-state world. Lack of UNTEA power certainly was an important aspect. The explanation, however, is more complex. It is significant to recall that the United Nations assumed its task under severe handicaps: It was given no time for adequate recruitment and preparation; from the start it was confronted with the legitimized presence of Indonesian troops; the status of the “Papuan flag” was never mentioned in the agreement; and general Papuan primitivity along with political naïveté and schisms among the small and newly created Papuan élite influenced UNTEA's approach.UNTEA also met continuous Indonesian pressure aimed at shortening the period of its administration and weakening its authority in general. Statements by Indonesian officials cast doubt on Indonesia's willingness to adhere to the wording of the agreement. In trying to interpret Indonesian feelings it might be conceded that most Dutch-Indonesian agreements have imposed conditions which could be considered obnoxious to Indonesia. The rights of self-determination for the Papuan inhabitants—stipulated in the August 15 agreement—fall into this category.

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