Migration Directions and Policy in Malaysia

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Asan Ali Golam Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Dependency Ratio

The discussion in this article will attempt to establish the general pattern of demographic structural change in Peninsular Malaysia and its constituent regions, and to examine the extent to which government policy (restructuring population and decreasing poverty) has influenced the pattern of regional inequalities in Peninsular Malaysia. Although rural-to-urban migration has contributed to decreasing poverty and income distribution, it has also had side effects for the urban and rural population. In the urban areas, these include urban poverty, housing problems and a high influx of foreign workers; in the rural areas, they include an increased dependency ratio, greater gender inequality, increased poverty and abandoned housing.

Development and Rural–Urban Migration

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Philip Martin
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Marginal Productivity ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Demand Pull ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Wages

Economic development is associated with rural–urban migration. Low rural wages provide a supply push to move to urban areas, while higher urban wages act as a demand pull attraction. Lewis believed that the marginal productivity of many workers employed in agriculture was near zero, so that workers could leave agriculture and hold down urban wages while the remaining farmers maintained the supply of food, justifying government neglect of agriculture in favor of industry. Todaro emphasized that high urban wages encouraged rural residents to move to cities without guaranteed jobs. Schultz argued that the best government policy was to improve education and health care in rural areas to ensure that rural residents are productive whether they stay in rural areas or move to cities. Most countries agricultural systems obey 80–20 rules: 80 % of farms are small and account for 20% of farm output, while 20% of farms are large and account for 80 % of farm output.

RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION AND CHILD SURVIVAL IN URBAN BANGLADESH: ARE THE URBAN MIGRANTS AND POOR DISADVANTAGED?

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MAZHARUL ISLAM ◽  
KAZI MD ABUL KALAM AZAD
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Urban Rural

SummaryThis paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children’s survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999–2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural–urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant–native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural–urban migrants seem to be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor–non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant’s children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors of Rural Families’ Migration to Urban Area: The Case of Kabul, Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdul Ahad Hakim ◽  
Ismet Boz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Manuscript Preparation ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Aims: This study aimed to determine factors influencing rural families’ migration to urban areas in Kabul, Afghanistan. Place and Duration of Study: Data were collected in different neighbourhoods of Kabul, Afghanistan during the July-September period of 2019. Data analyses and manuscript preparation were completed in the October-December period of 2019. Methodology: First, the most populated neighbourhoods of Kabul, particularly those areas where the majority of families migrated from rural areas were determined. The data of the study were collected from 400 rural-urban migrants in Kabul city. The questionnaires were filled during face to face informal meetings with households. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and means. The questionnaire included socio-economic characteristics of rural-urban migrants, pushing and pulling factors which affected rural migration, reasons for insecurity in rural areas, and satisfaction and reintegration of migrants in Kabul city. Results: The results show that unemployment with 9.53 and fear of terror with 9.15 are the most effective pushing factors for rural families to migrate. However, the most important pulling factors which make Kabul city attractive for rural families are the issues regarding rights (women rights with 8.82, having right to vote with 8.73 and human rights with 8.71). Conclusion: In the last five years Afghanistan had huge number immigration internally (1.1 million person) and internationally (1.7 million people) Results of this study suggest that to slower rural-urban migration in Afghanistan, rural development programs should be implemented, and the priority of these programs should be given to the creation of employment opportunities and eliminating gender inequalities in rural areas. Otherwise, either rural-urban migration or dissatisfaction of being in Kabul and preferring not reintegrating back to their villages will make rural-urban migrants seek international migration.

scholarly journals RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND WOMEN IN URBAN SLUMS OF KARACHI

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Shagufta Nasreen ◽  
Asma Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Questionnaire Method

Poverty creates many problems. Out of which one major problem is an increase in migration rate. In Pakistan, the rate of inter province and rural urban migration has increased in the last few years resulting in an expansion in urban population. The objective of this study was to explore the experience of women who have migrated from rural to urban areas with their families and are living in urban slums. Moreover, the study aims to explore the reasons of migration from rural to urban areas, the change occurred in their living conditions and their level of satisfaction. Total 100 women from selected katchi abadis (urban slums) of Karachi and were in-depth interviewed through questionnaire method. To have an in depth analysis of the situation, both open and closed ended questions were included. Results show that most of these women have migrated with their families due to poverty. The need is to take decisions that promote equity and social justice. The distribution of resources and development planning need to focus on the need of urban and rural areas on equal bases because just moving towards metropolitan city does not change their living rather it is deteriorating the situation.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria, Implication on the Development of the Society: Anambra State as the Focus of the Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Anselem C. Nweke
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Mode Analysis ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
The Government

This paper examines the implication of rural- urban migration on Nigeria Society using Anambra state as focus of the study. Cities have been growing both through natural increase and through stampede from rural areas in Nigeria. People migrate to urban areas based on the prevailing conditions they fund themselves and the reasons for the migration vary from one individual to another depending on the situation that informs the decision to migrate. In most rural areas, the effect of rural-urban migration was a rapid deterioration of the rural economy leading to poverty and food scarcity. The cause of the phenomenon has been described as the push factors in the rural areas and the pull factors in the urban areas. The objective of this paper is to identify the implication of rural-urban migration on Nigeria society. It is a survey research. Thus, 1200 questionnaire were distributed among the selected local governments in Anambra State. The analysis was run using Runs test and mode analysis. The result of the analysis found the effect of people migrating from rural areas to urban centres on the society to include: increase in prostitution in the urban centres; increase in squalor settlement in the urban centres; and people are doing all sorts of odd jobs in order to survive in urban centres. The paper therefore recommends that the government should make and implement a policy on provision of functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water etc. in the rural areas. Good schools and qualified teachers should be made available in the rural areas and establishment of industries in both rural and urban areas that will to an extent accommodate unemployed youths.

scholarly journals Kemiskinan dan Migrasi: Analisis Data SAKERTI 2000 dan 2007

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulia Nabila ◽  
Elda L. Pardede
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Migration ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Logistic Regressions

AbstractThis paper aims to analyze the effect of poverty on migration by using the IFLS 2000 and 2007 data. The results of binary and multinomial logistic regressions on all adults, adults in urban areas, and adults in rural areas show that the poor are less likely to migrate than the non-poorexcept for the case of urban to urban migration, where the poor are more likely to migrate than the non-poor. The results for other economic characteristics such as total value of assets and land ownership for farming consistently show that better economic conditions lower the probability to migrate.Keywords: Poverty, Migration, Urban Migration, Rural Migration, IFLS AbstrakStudi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kemiskinan terhadap migrasi dengan menggunakan sampel individu 15 tahun ke atas dari data Survei Aspek Kehidupan Rumah Tangga Indonesia (SAKERTI) tahun 2000 dan 2007. Hasil regresi logistik biner dan multinomial menunjukkan bahwa untuk semua individu, baik individu di perkotaan maupun di perdesaan, peluang orang miskin untuk bermigrasi lebih kecil daripada yang tidak miskin. Namun, untuk individu di perkotaan, ditemukan bahwa peluang orang miskin untuk bermigrasi dari perkotaan ke perkotaan lebih besar dibanding yang tidak miskin. Hasil regresi untuk karakteristik ekonomi lainnya seperti total nilai aset dan kepemilikan lahan pertanian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi ekonomi yang lebih baik menurunkan probabilitas bermigrasi.Kata kunci: Kemiskinan, Migrasi, Migrasi Perkotaan, Migrasi Perdesaan, SAKERTI

MIGRATION, TRANSLOCAL NETWORKS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION IN NAMIBIA

Africa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Stratification ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Price Differences

ABSTRACTRural–urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural–urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase.

Ethnic Patterns of Urbanization in Peninsular Malaysia, 1947-1970

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Charles Hirschman ◽  
Yeoh Suan-Pow
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Public Protest ◽  
The Government

AbstractNotwithstanding the popular nostalgia for the good life in small towns and rural villages, there is a sound rational base for the secular drift from country to town during the last century throughout the world, in countries large and small, rich and poor. In almost every situation, it is clear that those in urban areas have greater access to educational institutions, are exposed to more diverse employment opportunities, and receive higher incomes than rural residents. These differences in economic opportunities and rewards are generally apparent to all. And so inherent in the process of urbanization and the consequent widening of rural-urban disparities is the potential for increased tension with the prevailing distribution system. Rural people, traditionally distrustful of cities, often interpret the growing socioeconomic gap as exploitative in character and pressure political and economic institutions for redress. Yet, most urbanites do not feel advantaged as they compare their plight to more successful urban residents, not to the disadvantaged rural population. In spite of these tensions rural-urban divisions only rarely become the dominant political groupings in a society. Rural to urban migration provides an individual alternative to collective political organization, and governments are often successful in using symbolic politics to allay rural discontent. Yet when rural-urban inequities reinforce other societal divisions such as ethnic groups, the potential for public protest and governmental initiatives is heightened. Such is the case in the plural society of Peninsular Malaysia where the largely rural Malay community is disadvantaged relative to the more urbanized Chinese and Indian minorities. And since the political base of the government is heavily dependent upon rural Malay support, recent public policies are intended to minimize socioeconomic disparities across ethnic communities. One strategy is to increase the proportional representation of Malays in towns and cities. In this paper we review the empirical trends in ethnic patterns of urbanization from 1947 to 1970, prior to advent of explicit public policies to eliminate ethnic inequalities in residence and in socioeconomic rewards.' These trends are interpreted in light of the intent of current government policies.

scholarly journals The causes and results of internal migration from rural areas: case of Eastern Anatolia

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Peker
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Widespread Agreement ◽  
Negative Effect

Migration from rural has been an important problem in Turkey for the last four decades. This issue has been investigated with regard to its different aspects since the late 1970’s. Research studies focused on its impacts on urban areas. Although the studies on migration in urban areas are more extensive, unfortunately, the studies of migration in rural Turkey are very poor and the effects of this phenomenon on the farms have been untouched. Migration from rural areas starting in the 1950’s was supported, since it was regarded as the locomotive for the rapid urbanization, industrial improvement and development until the late 1970’s. The conventional wisdom in the 1970’s concluded that the best way to eliminate lower incomes was helping farmers to move to urban jobs but nowadays there is widespread agreement that incentive for migration to urban areas does not solve the problem of rural or urban poverty in Turkey. For that reason, Turkish Government spends millions of dollars annually on agricultural policies, and additional funds on rural development to hold people in the rural. In this study, causes and result of migration from the rural was investigated with regard to the mobility of the resources and the success of the farms in a city of Eastern Turkey, Erzurum. The results of the study showed that some causes of migration such as economical, social, and cultural from rural in Turkey are different than the causes in other countries. As a result, it can be concluded that migration from rural areas has not reached the point at which migration has a negative effect on the success of agribusiness.

scholarly journals Human Capital and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China

2019 ◽  
pp. 475-513
Author(s):  
Chunbing Xing
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Capital Development

This chapter explores the relationship between human capital development and urbanization in the People’s Republic of China, highlighting the Hukou system and decentralized fiscal system. Educated workers disproportionately reside in urban areas and in large cities, and the returns to education are higher in urban areas relative to those in rural areas, and in large, educated cities relative to small, less educated cities. In addition, the external returns to education in urban areas are at least comparable to the magnitude of private returns. Rural areas are the major reservoir for urban population growth, and the more educated have a higher chance of moving to cities and obtaining urban Hukou. As for health, rural–urban migration is selective in that healthy rural residents choose to migrate. However, occupational choices and living conditions are detrimental to migrants’ health. While migration has a positive effect on migrant children, its effect on ‘left-behind’ children is unclear.

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