How victim credibility and cooperation influence investigative decision-making: examining DOJ's gender bias principles for investigating domestic and sexual violence

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Growette Bostaph ◽  
Laura L. King ◽  
Patrick Q. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Officer Training ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Western Us ◽  
The Us ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Stability

PurposeThe purpose of this exploratory study is to examine if and how victim credibility affects investigative decision-making and case outcomes in domestic violence and sexual assault reports through the use of the US Department of Justice's Gender Bias Principles (GBPs).Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a content analysis of 370 DVSA police reports from one agency in the western US. Multivariate regression models were estimated to examine the relationships among victim credibility and investigative activities, victim cooperation and case clearance.FindingsVictim credibility significantly predicts specific investigative actions and case clearance, but not victim cooperation. Multiple aspects of DVSA investigations significantly impact victim cooperation as well as case clearance, regardless of victim credibility issues. The GBPs are an effective framework for disaggregating investigative activities and identifying specific areas for improvement in policing response to DVSA.Research limitations/implicationsFurther study is needed to determine the temporal ordering of officer assessment of victim credibility and investigative activities, the stability of such assessments during investigations, and if credibility problems noted in police reports are valid indicators of myth acceptance among officers or represent a downstream orientation of information requested by prosecutors. Victim service referral as a part of policing response is vastly under-researched given referral's strong effects on victim cooperation and case clearance. Crime-specific differences exist in many cases, yet not in others, suggesting separate and combined DVSA analyses are warranted.Practical implicationsA more complex analysis of investigative actions offers a targeted approach to officer training and administrative rule-making that may be more efficient and effective than current generalized approaches.Originality/valueThe study is the first to empirically test the utility of the GBP framework, as well as individual aspects of DVSA investigations, and from a gender-based crime rather than crime-specific approach.

US sanctions pressure on Russia will not let up

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Eu

Significance One bill would prohibit the US government from ever recognising the 2014 annexation of Crimea. Two others instruct the Director of National Intelligence to report on President Vladimir Putin's wealth and on Russian efforts to spread disinformation and undermine the stability of European allies. The fourth is a resolution condemning Putin and subordinates for the 2015 killing of opposition politician Boris Nemtsov. These measures come as larger sanction packages are under discussion. Impacts A proposed US boycott of the St Petersburg International Economic Forum in June will mark a further downward turn in relations. The EU will retain existing sanctions but new measures mirroring US actions are unlikely. Moscow will focus on replacing Western technological imports with Chinese alternatives and domestic manufacture.

How diversity (that is included) can fuel innovation and engagement – and how sameness can be lethal

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Frost
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Human Resource Managers ◽  
Inclusive Leadership ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Or Team

Purpose Conventional wisdom says that diverse organisations perform better. However, this is not always the case. Diverse teams that are not inclusive are unable to leverage their diversity, and thus will not reap its benefits. The purpose of this paper is to show that organisations that exhibit inclusive behaviour and inclusive leadership can leverage diversity to reap its multiple positive benefits. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on various examples from different sectors, including Kodak, the US Armed Forces and NASA, to analyse the effects of sameness on teams. It also draws on the author’s own experience and the most recent peer-reviewed research to look at the effects of inclusive management, not just diversity. Findings This paper shows that there is ample evidence that diverse teams often perform better, and that they only perform better when led inclusively. The combination of diverse teams and inclusive management can lead to increased innovation and productivity and better decision-making. Originality/value This important reframing of the value of inclusion and not just diversity is insightful for the CEO and C-suite leaders, as well as essential for human resource managers or anyone who makes decisions about hiring, promotions or team composition.

Put on the spot

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-278
Author(s):  
Chad Plenge ◽  
Jordon Swain ◽  
James Cornwell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Military Academy ◽  
Leadership And Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Best Fit

Research methodology The case was created via an interview of the protagonist in 2018 at the US Military Academy by the authors. Case overview/synopsis The case describes the dilemma First Lieutenant Williams faces when his platoon sergeant unexpectedly leaves. Organizational norms and accepted practices suggest Lieutenant Williams should choose the most senior squad leader, Staff Sergeant Boyer. The departing Platoon Sergeant even recommended Staff Sergeant Boyer. However, based on recent observations, Lieutenant Williams felt Staff Sergeant Boyer may not be the best fit. Instead, the lieutenant considered choosing the newest squad leader, Staff Sergeant Harrison, who seemed to be highly proficient, but had yet to prove himself. Before the lieutenant could fully weight his options, Staff Sergeant Boyer confronted him about a decision. Complexity academic level This case is designed for use in undergraduate courses on leadership and management. The case was not only designed primarily for teaching a lesson on organizational justice, but can also be used to integrate lessons on communication, power and influence, and decision making. Each of these elements is present in the case. The instructor can choose to incorporate them into the lesson for a more wholly encompassing lesson or choose to focus on only the organizational justice aspects at play in the case.

A review of policy, practices, and players governing and involved in the United States vaccine and immunization enterprise

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-151
Author(s):  
Angela K. Shen ◽  
Alice Y. Tsai ◽  
Guthrie S. Birkhead
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
State And Local

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the organization and governance of the US vaccine and immunization enterprise. It describes the major components of the US system including the various relationships between major federal government entities, stakeholders, and advisory committees that inform government policymaking at various points in the system. Design/methodology/approach The authors describe the complex interdependent network of partners that engage in a wide range of activities such as disease surveillance, research, vaccine development, regulatory licensure, practice recommendations, financing, service delivery, communications, and post-licensure monitoring. Findings The US system of governance is highly participatory and focuses on a transparent and open engagement, with input from a wide range of partners to inform decision-making. This collaborative framework allows many inputs to be heard and helps support the US vaccine and immunization system as it evolves to meet the continued public health needs in the USA through the optimal use of safe and effective vaccines. Originality/value This is an invited article on the US vaccine and immunization enterprise. The development and availability of vaccines in the USA has had profound impact on mortality and morbidity and public health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). The success of this enterprise is a result of a blended public and private sector system with partnerships at the federal, state, and local levels of government to optimize the use of safe and effective vaccines. Governance structures have been established to support the interaction and decision-making among the federal and non-federal actors toward the common goal of controlling and preventing infectious diseases.

Gender gap in technology will take decades to trim

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Participatory Approaches ◽  
Accountability Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
Education And Employment

Subject Tech gender gap. Significance The US tech sector has more than 500,000 unfilled positions but women make up just one-quarter of the tech workforce and less than 20% of computer science students. Western Europe and Japan show a similar trend in education and employment, as do developing countries with sufficiently detailed data. Attitudes unintentionally reinforce the structural and cultural obstacles faced by women at the country level. Impacts Curricula helping to convey gender-sensitive and participatory approaches in technology will be developed and integrated into education. Monitoring, reporting and accountability systems will aim to cut gender bias in the workplace. Performance and results-based scorecards assessing gender balance gains will grow in sophistication, and women will help to design them. Studies find that many roles and tasks that women disproportionately work in will be especially vulnerable to disruption from tech advances.

The efficacy of gender-based federal procurement policies in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Orser ◽  
Allan Riding ◽  
Julie Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Procurement Contracts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Federal Procurement ◽  
Theoretical Paradigms

Purpose Because procurement policies are one of the means of redressing discrimination and economic exclusion, the US Government has targeted 23 per cent of its annual half-trillion dollar spend to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and 5 per cent of its spend to women-owned businesses. Design/methodology/approach The research framework is informed by two theoretical paradigms, feminist empiricism and entrepreneurial feminism, and uses a secondary analysis of survey data of active federal contractors. Findings Empirical findings inform the extent to which certifications are associated with bid frequency and bid success. The results indicate that none of the various certifications increase either bid frequency or bid success. The findings are consistent with entrepreneurial feminism and call for federal accountability in contracting with women-owned supplier firms. Research limitations/implications The findings are consistent with entrepreneurial feminism and call for federal accountability in contracting with women-owned supplier firms. Practical implications Recommendations include the need to review the impact of consolidated tenders on designated (as certified) SME vendors and to train procurement personnel about the economic contributions of women-owned businesses. Originality/value This research studies the efficacy of various certifications, with particular reference to that of women-owned, on the frequency with which SMEs bid on, and succeed in obtaining, US federal procurement contracts.

Interlinked diversification strategies: evidence from the US farm business households

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya R. Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Us ◽  
Diversification Strategies ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
Structural Diversification

PurposeThe agricultural sector in the USA has experienced significant structural changes. For accommodating farm business, households have diversified their operations adopting various strategies—agricultural, structural, environmental, and income strategies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing farmer’s diversification strategies while taking into account the simultaneous decision-making process.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a nation-wide farm household data from the US. The diversification decisions are analyzed using multivariate probit regressions.FindingsThe study suggests that agricultural, structural, environmental, and income diversification strategies are interlinked. Specifically, results indicate that, on one hand, environmental and income diversification strategies are positively interlinked. On the other hand, agricultural and structural diversification strategies are positively interlinked. Additionally, the factors representing location, farm, and farmer characteristics, farm type, and financial condition of the farm are major determinants in the choice of farm diversification strategies.Research limitations/implicationsIn this paper, diversification activities are broadly classified under four strategies: agricultural, structural, environmental, and income. Depending on the context and country, the definition and strategy set may need revision.Practical implicationsStrong complementary between diversification strategies suggests that studies analyzing farm household decisions and strategies need to account for the simultaneous decision-making process. As decisions are interlinked, separately analyzing one specific strategy may lead to biased estimates. Farm business households need to develop multiple skills and flexible capacities to tackle farming-related issues, including structural changes, risk management, and income enhancing activities. Improving employment opportunities for the rural farming population can stimulate structural diversification.Originality/ValueThis paper contributes to limited literature about diversification by analyzing factors influencing different diversification decisions and finds interlinkage between decisions.

Leading learning organizations through transformational change

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Boone
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Blended Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Education System ◽  
Transformational Change ◽  
American Education ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Decision Making Tool

Purpose – There are two conditions that threaten to derail the American education system as we know it: the poor state of the US economy in America and the less than effective structure of the American education system. Researchers and practitioners are searching to identify tools and strategies that can help to restore confidence in the soundness of the US education system. One such strategy is blended learning delivery formats. The purpose of this paper is to examine implications of and recommend blended learning strategies. Design/methodology/approach – This writing presents a description of the problem, an abridged review of related literature, a discussion of the possibilities for blended learning in academic organizations, and the associated transformational change implications. It is presented as a decision-making tool for administrators to consider including blended learning formats in their strategies to address the effects of the questionable outlook of the US economy and the outdated structure of the US education system. Findings – The writing concludes with recommendations for leading the change to blended learning formats in learning organizations. Originality/value – The information in the paper is presented as a decision-making tool for educational administrators in considering blended learning strategies for their organizations.

The dynamic decision in risk-averse complementary product manufacturers with corporate social responsibility

Kybernetes ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yimin Huang ◽  
Liang Liu ◽  
Ershi Qi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Game Model ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Nash Game ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complementary Product ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Corporate Social

Purpose – The problem of manufacturer-customer relationships is becoming the key factor of enterprise development, and the contradiction between manufacturer’s objective and customer’s satisfaction still exists. Customers claim for product safety from manufacturers, so manufacturers should take corporate social responsibility (CSR) into their company philosophy or even enhance the degree of CSR during their production. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influences of parameters on the stability of risk-averse complementary product manufacturers. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, three dynamic game models are developed: manufacturer 1 – leader Stackelberg game model, manufacturer 2 – leader Stackelberg game model and Nash game model. Using bifurcation diagrams, the largest Lyapunov exponent, 0-1 test for chaos and parameter basin plots, the influences of parameters on the complex behaviors of the three models are analyzed. Findings – The authors demonstrate that the system exists in deterministic chaos when the parameter exceeds a certain value. The lead manufacturer will not be a beneficiary in chaotic state, and when two manufacturers have the same status the stability of the system weakens, which renders it easily chaotic. Research limitations/implications – In this paper, the authors make some assumptions, which when applied broadly could lead to some findings. Practical implications – The authors find that the lead manufacturer will derive the greatest profit and will exert the least effort compared with the follower manufacturer, but that both manufacturers will exert greater effort in the Nash game. The two manufacturers should be cautious while selecting the parameter ' s value so that the stability of the system is maintained. Social implications – The research will serve as a guide for the two complementary manufacturers in their decision-making process. Originality/value – The originality and value of the research rest on the use of dynamic thinking in ensuring stability in the quality of complementary products considering the firms’ market powers. The research will serve as a guide for the two complementary manufacturers in their decision-making process.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

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