Effect of rinse cycle softener treatment on the low-stress mechanical properties of cotton-woven fabric

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
R. Rathinamoorthy ◽  
K. Gayathri Shree ◽  
R. Vaijayanthi ◽  
M. Brindha ◽  
A. Narmatha
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Bending Rigidity ◽  
Final Thickness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rinse Cycle

Purpose The application of rinse cycle softener after the household laundry process has become more common in recent times. This study aims to understand the effect of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the mechanical and frictional properties of the cotton fabric. Design/methodology/approach Cotton-woven fabric is treated with commercial rinse cycle softener repeatedly for 15 times. After treatment, the fabric was evaluated for the changes in mechanical properties using the Kawabata evaluation system. Findings The results of this study revealed that the softener treatment reduces the tensile properties (41.25%) and increases the overall extensibility of the fabric up to 20.89%. The shear (34.57%) and bending rigidity of the treated fabric are reduced considerably than the untreated fabric (58.02%). The increment in the fabric softness and fluffiness was confirmed with the increment in the compression and the difference between the initial and final thickness at maximum pressure. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) is noted only in the case of bending and surface friction properties (dynamic friction). Originality/value The usage of rinse cycle softeners in the household laundry has a significant influence on the comfort characteristics of the cotton-woven fabric. Repeated usage of rinse cycle softener increased the fabric softness and fluffiness of the fabric and also reduced the tensile properties significantly.

Influence of structure and finishing of woven fabrics on their formability

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-459
Author(s):  
Iwona Frydrych ◽  
Małgorzata Matusiak
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Bending Rigidity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Given

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the formability of cotton and cotton/polyester woven fabrics and their selected properties: weft density, weave and a way of finishing. It shows how the mentioned properties influence fabric formability and analyze a statistical significance of investigated relationships. Design/methodology/approach – In paper two groups of cotton and cotton/polyester woven fabrics of different structure and a way of finishing have been measured in the range of their basic structural properties as well as bending rigidity and initial Young’s modulus. Formability of investigated fabrics has been calculated on the basis of bending rigidity and initial Young’s modulus. Next, ANOVA has been performed in order to analyze the relationships between the weft density, weave and a way of finishing of woven fabrics and their formability. Findings – The paper shows that all selected properties of woven fabrics significantly influence their formability as well as that there is statistically significant interaction between mentioned independent factors. It provides empirical results confirming that the influence of raw material composition of investigated cotton and cotton/polyester woven fabrics on the formability of fabrics is statistically insignificant. Research limitations/implications – Results of investigations can be applied for cotton and cotton-like woven fabrics. Practical implications – The paper includes implications for woven fabric engineering from the point of view of achieving the expected fabric formability. Social implications – The results enables the choice of appropriate fabric for the given clothing. Originality/value – This paper fulfills an identified need to study how the formability of woven fabrics can be shaped by an appropriate selection of their structure and a way of finishing.

Mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of PLA and PLA/wood composites prepared by 3D printing and injection moulding

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Valentin Ecker ◽  
Andreas Haider ◽  
Ivana Burzic ◽  
Axel Huber ◽  
Gerhard Eder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Injection Moulding ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Wood Composites ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose This papers aims to study the influence of water absorption on the mechanical properties of poly lactic acid (PLA) and PLA/Wood composites. Virgin PLA and PLA/Wood double-bone-shaped specimens were prepared by two methods: injection moulding and 3D printing. The results were compared to each other and showed the influence of the production method on the properties of the produced parts. Design/methodology/approach Morphology studies were done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from fracture surfaces of tensile and notched impact specimens of all samples. Tensile properties were analysed by the production and testing of dog-bone-shaped samples. Heat deflection temperature (HDT) was tested, as also was the crystallinity of the tested samples by differential scanning calorimetry. Findings The values for notched impact strength were higher upon water uptake in the case of injection-moulded specimens, which was not the case with 3D-printed specimens. Tensile properties of the specimens produced by both methods were reduced after water absorption tests. Values of the HDT were also lower after water absorption tests studied for both processing methods. Originality/value Morphology studies were done by SEM from fracture surfaces of tensile as well as notched impact specimens of injection-moulded and 3D-printed samples. The effect of water storage on various samples was tested. The two different production technologies were compared to each other owing to their influence of water storage. This study also dealt with NFC compounds and produced NFC composites and the influence of water storage on these samples.

Effect of silicone based softener on fabric handle properties made by ring, rotor and MVS yarns

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wardah Anam ◽  
Khurram Shehzad Akhtar ◽  
Faheem Ahmad ◽  
Abher Rasheed ◽  
Abher Rasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Bending Rigidity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rotor Spinning ◽  
Dyeing Process ◽  
Fabric Handle ◽  
Spun Yarn ◽  
Ring Spun Yarn

Purpose The purpose of this study was to produce yarns from three different spinning techniques, i.e.Murata Vortex Spinning (MVS) ring spinning and rotor spinning. Those yarns were then used to produce fabrics. Then, the effect of silicone softener on tactile comfort of fabric was investigated. Design/methodology/approach Three different yarns, i.e. Ring, Rotor and MVS yarns, were used to make fabrics using CCI sample loom which were then subjected to post treatments like desizing, scouring and bleaching. After the completion of the dyeing process, silicone-based softener was used to improve the hand feel of fabrics. The structures of three yarns were evaluated using Scanning electron microscopy. The fabrics were evaluated against compression, bending and surface properties using Kawabata evaluation system. Findings The fabric made of MVS yarn depicted more geometrical roughness, coefficient of friction and bending rigidity but less compressibility as compared to fabrics made with other yarns. It was observed that softener concentration has a direct relationship with thickness and bending rigidity of the fabric, and inverse relationship with coefficient of friction and geometrical roughness of the fabric. Originality/value MVS yarn has some superior properties over rotor and ring spun yarn like high production rates, high resistance to pilling, clear appearance and stability against deformation but has disadvantage that it has less compressibility. Therefore, softener is applied on the fabric, to address this issue, so that it could also be used for apparels application.

Virtual try-on technologies in the clothing industry: basic block pattern modification

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnė Lagė ◽  
Kristina Ancutienė
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Basic Block ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Block Pattern ◽  
Ease Allowance ◽  
2D And 3D

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate basic block pattern modification according to fabric used and the mismatch between 2D and 3D measure lines at bust, waist and hip girths when ease allowance is changed uniformly. Design/methodology/approach For the investigation, virtual try-on software Modaris 3D Fit (CAD Lectra) was used. The straight shape dress fitting was done using seven cotton and cotton blended plain weave fabrics. After virtual try-on, the mismatch d (dbust, dwaist, dhip) between 2D and 3D measure lines was measured in order to determine base pattern adjustments using different fabrics. Findings It was found that the position and length of 3D measure lines at bust, waist and hip girths does not match the position and length of corresponding lines in 2D base patterns after virtual try-on due to fabrics deformation, which is related to mechanical properties. It was proved that derived linear equations presenting a relation between mismatch and ease allowance values could be used for basic block pattern modification that 3D and 2D measure lines would coincide during clothing try-on. Research limitations/implications This research is limited to cotton/cotton blended woven fabrics and straight dress; therefore, other fabric types and other clothing could be investigated in the future to expand data basis. Practical implications The main practical point of the proposed method is that in order to obtain particular 3D ease value in a garment, it can be calculated from 2D ease allowance value and the fabric’s tensile properties using linear equations. The basic block patterns could be modified using this method not only for tested fabrics but also for other fabrics with similar composition, structural and mechanical properties. 3D ease values in garment can be easily checked by using virtual try-on technology without production of real prototypes. The method is applicable for making ready-to-wear or individually tailored clothing. Originality/value The proposed method in this paper presented opportunity to modify the basic block patterns of the dress according to the fabric’s tensile properties and 2D ease allowance. The basic block patterns could be modified according to presented linear functions for each tested fabric. The application of this method can fully ensure the interaction between the garment 2D patterns to 3D garment so that a desired 3D garment fitting effect to the body can easily be satisfied by the adjustment of particular fabric characteristics. It offers further possibilities, especially with developing virtual try-on technologies.

Properties of direct-quenched aircraft forged component made of ultrahigh-strength steel 300M

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Skubisz ◽  
Jan Sinczak
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ultrahigh Strength ◽  
Ultrahigh Strength Steel ◽  
Warm Forging

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the possibilities and determination of hot and warm forging of ultrahigh-strength steel 300M and subsequent quenching with accelerated air. Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of forged steel 300M focused on investigation of the effect of processing conditions on final properties, such as strength, impact strength and hardness, taking into consideration temperature gradients and within-part strain nonuniformity occurring in forging and direct cooling of aircraft landing gear. Design/methodology/approach The research involved semi-industrial physical modeling of hot deformation and direct cooling, aided with numerical analysis of both deformation and kinetics of phase transformations on cooling, with process conditions determined on the basis of numerical simulation of industrial process. Examination of forged and quench-tempered samples involved testing mechanical properties (tensile properties, hardness and impact strength) and microstructure. Findings Three major findings were arrived at: first, assessment of the effects of energy-saving method of cooling conducted directly after forging. Second, tensile properties, hardness and impact strength, were analyzed on the background of microstructure evolution during hot-forging and direct cooling; hence, applied temperature and cooling rates refer to actual condition of the material including varied deformation history. Third, the accelerated air cooling tests were carried out directly after forging with accurately measured and described cooling efficiency, which enabled the acquisition of data for heat treatment simulation with use of untypical cooling media. Research limitations/implications The conclusions formulated on the strenght of studies carried out in semi-industrial conditions with the use of model samples, despite strain and strain rate similarity, wait for full-scale verification in industrial conditions. The direct cooling tests carried out in semi-industrial conveyor Quenchtube are of cognitive value. Industrial realization of the process for the analyzed part calls for special construction of the cooling line and provision of higher cooling rate for heavy sections. Practical implications The results present microstructure properties’ relations for good-hardenability grade of steel, which is representative of several similar grades used in aircraft industry, which can support design of heat treatment (HT) cycles for similar parts, regardless of whether direct or conventional quenching is used. As they illustrate as-forged and direct-cooled microstructure and resultant mechanical properties, the studies concerning processing the steel of areas of lower temperature are transferable to warm forging processes of medium-carbon alloy steels. The geometry of the part analyzed in the case study is typical of landing gear of many aircrafts; hence, there is the high utility of the results and conclusions. Social implications The direct heat treatment technologies based on utilization of the heat attained in the part after forging allow significant energy savings, which besides cost-effectiveness go along with ecological considerations, especially in the light of CO2 emission reduction, improving economical balance and competitiveness. The presented results may encourage forgers to use direct cooling, making use of the heat attained in metal after hot forging, for applications to promote environmentally friendly heat treatment-related technologies. Originality/value Direct heat treatment typically seems to be reserved for micro alloyed steel grades and sections small enough for sufficient cooling rates. In this light, taking advantage of the heat attained in forged part for energy-saving method of cooling based on direct quenching as an alternative to traditional Q&T treatment used with application to relatively heavy sections is not common. Moreover, in case the warm-work range is reached in any portion of the forged part, effect of direct cooling on warm-forged material is addressed, which is a unique issue to be found in the related studies, whereas in addition to warm forging processes, the results can be transferable to coining, sizing or shot peening operations, where gradient of properties is expected.

The effect of plasma treatment and tightness factor on the low-stress mechanical properties of single jersey knitted wool fabrics

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shaikhzadeh Najar ◽  
Xungai Wang ◽  
Maryam Naebe
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
P Value ◽  
Shear Rigidity ◽  
Bending Rigidity ◽  
Wool Fabrics ◽  
Low Stress Mechanical Properties

The effects of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment and the tightness factor on the low-stress mechanical properties of weft-knitted wool fabrics were evaluated using the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). The statistical analysis showed that the plasma treatment and the tightness factor had significant effects on the fabric low-stress mechanical properties ( p-value < 0.05). Plasma-treated fabrics showed significantly higher bending and shear rigidity and hysteresis, compression energy, thickness, compressibility, surface friction and lower compression resilience and geometrical roughness values compared with untreated fabrics. An increase in the fabric tightness factor significantly increased fabric thickness, bending and shear rigidity and hysteresis, and decreased tensile extensibility and geometrical roughness. The relationship between primary handle attributes evaluated by Wool HandleMeter and KES-F mechanical properties was also investigated. The results confirmed a highly linear correlation between these two sets of data, where rough/smooth and hard/soft attributes evaluated by the Wool HandleMeter had the highest correlation with bending rigidity, shear properties and bending hysteresis, as measured by the KES-F.

Effect of friction stir welding tool profiles on mechanical properties of dissimilar welded aluminum alloy plates

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanodaya Kiran Babu Nadikudi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Friction Stir Welding ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Weld Zone ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Tool Pin

PurposeThe main purpose of the present work is to study the effect of tool pin profiles on mechanical properties of welded plates made with two different aluminium alloy plates.Design/methodology/approachThe welded plates were fabricated with the three different kinds of pin profiled tools such as taper cylindrical, taper threaded cylindrical and stepped cylindrical pin profiles. Tensile properties of welded plates were evaluated using tensile testing machine at room temperature. Microstructures studies were carried out using scanning electron microscope.FindingsTensile properties were improved with the use of taper threaded cylindrical pin tool in friction stir welding process when compared with taper cylindrical and stepped cylindrical pin tools. This is due to refinement of grains and mixing of plasticized material occurred with generation of sufficient heat with the taper threaded pin tool. Through these studies, it was confirmed that friction stir welding can be used to weld Al6061 and Al2014 aluminium alloy plates.Research limitations/implicationsIn the present study, the friction stir welding is performed with constant process parameters such as tool rotational speed of 900 rpm, transverse speed of 24 mm/min and tilt angle of 1°.Practical implicationsAluminium alloys are widely using in automotive and aerospace industries due to holding a high strength to weight property. These aluminium alloy blanks can be developed with friction stir welding method with better properties.Originality/valueVery limited work had been carried out on friction stir welding of aluminium alloys of Al 6061 and Al2014 with different tool pin profiles. Furthermore, this work analyzed with tensile properties of welded plates correlated with weld zone microstructures.

Investigation of ABS-rice straw composite feedstock filament for FDM

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ali Osman ◽  
Mostafa R.A. Atia
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Raster Angle

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the development of a cost-effective acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-rice straw (RS) composite filament for use in fused deposition modelling (FDM) and the effect of RS content on the mechanical properties of the developed filament.Design/methodology/approachRS and ABS were processed and mixed at varying fibre content (5-15 per cent). Filament using each mixture was produced using a single screw extruder. Tensile, flexural and water absorption specimens were prepared using a FDM machine. The mechanical properties were then tested following ASTM standards. Scanning electron microscope images of the specimens were also taken.FindingsTensile properties decreased as the RS content increased. However, specimens with a 0° raster angle showed better tensile properties than the 45° raster angle specimens, indicating that tensile properties of FDM parts are anisotropic. Flexural properties decreased as fibre content increased but increased at 15 per cent fibre content. Water absorption of the composite increased as the fibre content increased.Originality/valueThis paper highlights a new method of disposing of rice straw waste, by producing an ABS-RS filament for FDM. The resultant filament is cost-effective and can be used to produce cheap prototypes. This paper is the first that studies ABS-RS composites in FDM.

Influence of repeated household fabric softener treatment on the comfort characteristics of cotton and polyester fabrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rathinamoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Fabric Softener ◽  
Polyester Fabrics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rinse Cycle

Purpose The utilisation of softener after laundering of textile became one of the mandatory activities among the consumers. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the comfort characteristics of cotton and polyester woven fabric. Design/methodology/approach The selected cotton and polyester fabrics were treated using three different softeners types and three different numbers of rinsing times, namely 5, 10 and 15. The impact of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the comfort characteristics like absorbency, air permeability, wicking, thermal conductivity and flammability was analysed and the changes in the properties were confirmed using two-way ANOVA. Findings The number of rinse cycle softener treatment has a significant impact on the absorbency, air permeability and wicking ability of the cotton and polyester fabrics. The thermal conductivity and flammability characteristics of the fabrics mostly altered based on the type of fabric softener used. For all the type of fabric, the burning time reduced after the softener treatment. Social implications The consumer expects the softness and fragrance smell developed by the rinse cycle softener and they intend to use it more frequently after every laundry process to achieve that feel. This repeated the application of softener causes a negative impact on the fabric performances. This research result provides an evidence for the changes in physiological comfort aspects of textiles. Originality/value This analysis enlightens the negative impact of the repeated use of commercial fabric softener and their types on the common fabrics used in apparel endues.

Theoretical and experimental investigations on the effects of friction, bending rigidity, extensibility, and Poisson's ratio on fabric tensile properties

2020 ◽  
pp. 004051752094945
Author(s):  
Yi Sun ◽  
Dongming Zheng ◽  
Gui Liu ◽  
Zhaoqun Du ◽  
Zou Haochen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Radius Ratio ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Bending Rigidity ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Runge Kutta Method

A three-point tensile model that consists of a noncontact model and a modified capstan model of contact sections, including coupling effects of factors, is established in this study. The tension ratio calculated using the Runge–Kutta method increases along with the extensibility, surface friction coefficient, and radius ratio and is inhibited by the power-law friction ([Formula: see text]). Moreover, the theoretical model in a case with all the factors and frictional modification shows high accuracy with the actual test of the quick-intelligent handling evaluation system, and the Poisson's effect can be negligible, especially with the power-law friction. It has been confirmed that greater surface roughness and thickness (lower radius ratio) with worse extensibility result in tighter fabric tensile properties. Therefore, this work can provide theoretical guidance for the measurement of fabric tensile properties and the evaluation of practical application of fabrics.

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