A Method to Optimize the PTN Ring Formation Rate by Calculating the Accounting Income of Network Elements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha Guan ◽  
Wendong Zhang ◽  
Chunzhi Wang ◽  
Yucheng Zhang ◽  
Xianjing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Formation Rate ◽  
Ring Formation

scholarly journals Serial Combination Optimization Method of Packet Transport Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chunzhi Wang ◽  
Zaoning Wang ◽  
Xing Li ◽  
Sha Guan ◽  
Ruoxi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Combination Optimization

Packet transport network (PTN) has problems such as waste of resources and low network stability due to the excessive complexity of the existing network or improper network architecture design. The optimization of the transport networks can not only make the network structure more reasonable but also reduce all kinds of unexpected scenarios in the network operation, improving the network efficiency and reducing the failure rate. This research will be optimized from three aspects. (1) In order to solve the problem of the same active and standby routing in the existing network, an optimization algorithm for the same active and standby routing of LSP is proposed. The essence of the optimization algorithm is to search the existing routing using the K -shortest path (KSP) between two network nodes as protection routing for LSP protection. (2) Aiming at the link with a high CIR bandwidth occupancy rate, a method is completed without adding optical fibers and other physical resources; an optimization method for the committed information rate bandwidth occupancy rate based on the KSP algorithm is proposed. (3) When the PTN ring formation rate is low, the security of the PTN is seriously reduced. In order to solve the problem of low ring formation rate in the network, this paper proposes a ring formation rate optimization scheme for PTN access layer equipment based on network elements accounting income. Through the experimental verification on the mobile PTN in one city, Hubei Province, the combination optimization method can improve the network LSP protection rate by 24%, the CIR bandwidth occupancy rate is reduced by 13.82%, and the nonring forming rate was reduced by 17.9%. This method improved network stability, reducing the risk of failure in service transportation effectively.

scholarly journals Interannual and seasonal asymmetries in Gulf Stream Ring Formations from 1980 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne Silver ◽  
Avijit Gangopadhyay ◽  
Glen Gawarkiewicz ◽  
E. Nishchitha S. Silva ◽  
Jenifer Clark
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
The North ◽  
Warm Core ◽  
Formation Behavior ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cold Core

AbstractAs the Gulf Stream separates from the coast, it sheds both Warm and Cold Core Rings between $$75^\circ$$ 75 ∘ and $$55^\circ \,\hbox {W}$$ 55 ∘ W . We present evidence that this ring formation behavior has been asymmetric over both interannual and seasonal time-scales. After a previously reported regime-shift in 2000, 15 more Warm Core Rings have been forming yearly compared to 1980–1999. In contrast, there have been no changes in the annual formation rate of the Cold Core Rings. This increase in Warm Core Ring production leads to an excess heat transfer of 0.10 PW to the Slope Sea, amounting to 7.7–12.4% of the total Gulf Stream heat transport, or 5.4–7.3% of the global oceanic heat budget at $$30^\circ \,\hbox {N}$$ 30 ∘ N . Seasonally, more Cold Core Rings are produced in the winter and spring and more Warm Core Rings are produced in the summer and fall leading to more summertime heat transfer to the north of the Stream. The seasonal cycle of relative ring formation numbers is strongly correlated (r = 0.82) with that of the difference in upper layer temperatures between the Sargasso and Slope seas. This quantification motivates future efforts to understand the recent increasing influence of the Gulf Stream on the circulation and ecosystem in the western North Atlantic.

Dietary Calcium Supplementation Suppresses Bone Formation in Magnesium-Deficient Rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Matsuzaki ◽  
Misao Miwa
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Mineral Apposition Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Bone Formation Rate ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) supplementation on bone metabolism of magnesium (Mg)-deficient rats. Male Wistar rats were randomized by weight into three groups, and fed a control diet (control group), a Mg-deficient diet (Mg- group) or a Mg-deficient diet having twice the control Ca concentrations (Mg-2Ca group) for 14 days. Trabecular bone volume was significantly lower in the Mg - and Mg-2Ca groups than in the control group. Trabecular number was also significantly lower in the Mg - and Mg-2Ca groups than in the control group. Mineralizing bone surface, mineral apposition rate (MAR), and surface referent bone formation rate (BFR/BS) were significantly lower in the Mg - and Mg-2Ca groups than in the control group. Furthermore, MAR and BFR/BS were significantly lower in the Mg-2Ca group than in the Mg - group. These results suggest that dietary Ca supplementation suppresses bone formation in Mg-deficient rats.

Butenolide ring formation in cardenolide biosynthesis: Spontaneous cyclization of pregnane-21-O-malonyl hemiesters

Planta Medica ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Pádua ◽  
R Waibel ◽  
SP Kuate ◽  
PK Riedl ◽  
P Gmeiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring Formation

Bioactivity of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Strawberry against Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baydaa Hussein ◽  
Zainab A. Aldhaher ◽  
Shahrazad Najem Abdu-Allah ◽  
Adel Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phenolic Contents

Background: Biofilm is a bacterial way of life prevalent in the world of microbes; in addition to that it is a source of alarm in the field of health concern. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium responsible for all opportunistic infections such as chronic and severe. Aim of this study: This paper aims to provide an overview of the promotion of isolates to produce a biofilm in vitro under special circumstances, to expose certain antibiotics to produce phenotypic evaluation of biofilm bacteria. Methods and Materials: Three diverse ways were used to inhibited biofilm formation of P.aeruginosa by effect of phenolic compounds extracts from strawberries. Isolates produced biofilm on agar MacConkey under certain circumstances. Results: The results showed that all isolates were resistant to antibiotics except sensitive to azithromycin (AZM, 15μg), and in this study was conducted on three ways to detect the biofilm produced, has been detected by the biofilm like Tissue culture plate (TCP), Tube method (TM), Congo Red Agar (CRA). These methods gave a clear result of these isolates under study. Active compounds were analyzed in both extracts by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry which indicate High molecular weight compound with a long hydrocarbon chain. Conclusion: Phenolic compounds could behave as bioactive material and can be useful to be used in pharmaceutical synthesis. Phenolic contents which found in leaves and fruits extracts of strawberries shows antibacterial activity against all strains tested by the ability to reduce the production of biofilm formation rate.

Improving the biological stability of drinking water by ion exchange

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grefte ◽  
M. Dignum ◽  
S. A. Baghoth ◽  
E. R. Cornelissen ◽  
L. C. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Biological Stability ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Pre Treatment

To guarantee a good water quality at the consumer’s tap, natural organic matter (NOM) should be (partly) removed during drinking water treatment. The objective of this research is to measure the effect of NOM removal by ion exchange on the biological stability of drinking water. Experiments were performed in two lanes of the pilot plant of Weesperkarspel in the Netherlands. The lanes consisted of ozonation, softening, biological activated carbon filtration and slow sand filtration. Ion exchange in fluidized form was used as pre-treatment in one lane and removed 50% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC); the other lane was used as reference. Compared to the reference lane, the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) concentration of the finished water in the lane pretreated by ion exchange was 61% lower. The biofilm formation rate of the finished water was decreased with 70% to 2.0 pg ATP/cm2.day. The achieved concentration of AOC and the values of the biofilm formation rate with ion exchange pre-treatment showed that the biological stability of drinking water can be improved by extending a treatment plant with ion exchange, especially when ozonation is involved as disinfection and oxidation step.

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