A Critical Evaluation of Spectrum-Based Fault Localization Techniques on a Large-Scale Software System

Herbal drugs have been used as remedies for the treatment of large number of humans, ailments since ancient times as the traditional medicine system; India has a glorious past, having first documented record of fully developed medical science known as Ayurveda written by several ancient Rishi’s. Major groups of indigenous system of medicine are based on herbal drugs. A survey made by WHO indicated that about 80% of the world population relies on herbal drugs. Herbal drugs are becoming more popularized and important even in the developednations with hope of their non-toxicity and may play a role of substitute to overcome the problems of multi drug resistant pathogens. Cultivation of drug plants has been started in large scale without considering the land quality and in certain cases irrigation with waste water. Application of different fungicides, pesticides in that specific field or in neighboring fields may be directly deposited superficially or may be absorbed by the plant system. Therefore in the present situation possibilities of the Asian herbal drugs, contaminated with large number of toxic components cannot be ignored which may severely hurt human life in place of healing or curing.These contaminants may be either alone or in combination and may be originated intrinsically, extrinsically and deliberately. Certain contaminants may be highly toxic and may cause severe adverse effect in the human system. Some of the important contaminants are the heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, copper and pesticides. Adulteration of modern drugs to enhance drug potency and heterogenous microbial population including human pathogens may contaminate both raw and powdered herbal drugs. Among these contaminants, microbial contamination seems more severe and may be due to their dual action on the drug i.e. utilization of medicinally important chemical components as nutrients and in certain cases by producing certain mycotoxins, which may be even carcinogenic under certain conditions . Critical evaluation of both raw and powdered herbal drugs for contaminants is the urgent need of the time in order to provide safety measures in herbal health care medicine.

Download Full-text

Requirements Engineering for Software Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

PROGRAMMNAYA INGENERIA ◽

10.17587/prin.12.339-349 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 339-349

Author(s):

A. A. Kodubets ◽

◽

I. L. Artemieva ◽

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Requirements Engineering ◽

Language Processing ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Large Scale ◽

Development Process ◽

Research Question ◽

Software Systems ◽

Software System ◽

Requirements Development

This article contains a systematic literature review of requirements engineering for software systems. The literature published within last 5 years was included into the review. A research question was defined as requirements development process of large scale software system (with thousands of requirements) and an interaction problem during this process (communication, coordination and control). The problem is caused by the fact that large-scale software system requirements process is a cross-disciplinary task and it involves multiple parties — stakeholders, domain experts, and suppliers with own goals and constrains, and thus, the interaction between them seriously slows down the overall requirements development process than writing the requirements specification itself. The research papers were classified by several research directions: Natural Language Processing for Requirements Engineering (NLP4RE), Requirement Prioritization, Requirements Traceability, Quality of Software Requirements, Non-functional Requirements and Requirements Elicitation. Motivation and intensity of each direction was described. Each direction was structured and represented with the key references. A contribution of each research direction into the research question was analyzed and summarized including potential further steps. It was identified that some researchers had met a part of the described problem in different forms during their researches. At the end, other researches were described additionally in a short overview. To approach the research question further potential direction was described.

Download Full-text

Using Genetic Algorithms to Search for Key Stakeholders in Large-Scale Software Projects

Aligning Enterprise, System, and Software Architectures ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-2199-2.ch007 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 118-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Soo Ling Lim ◽

Mark Harman ◽

Angelo Susi

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithms ◽

Real World ◽

Large Scale ◽

Requirements Elicitation ◽

Software Project ◽

Software System ◽

Software Projects ◽

Key Stakeholders ◽

Large Software ◽

Stakeholder Needs

Large software projects have many stakeholders. In order for the resulting software system and architecture to be aligned with the enterprise and stakeholder needs, key stakeholders must be adequately consulted and involved in the project. This work proposes the use of genetic algorithms to identify key stakeholders and their actual influence in requirements elicitation, given the stakeholders’ requirements and the actual set of requirements implemented in the project. The proposed method is applied to a large real-world software project. Results show that search is able to identify key stakeholders accurately. Results also indicate that many different good solutions exist. This implies that a stakeholder has the potential to play a key role in requirements elicitation, depending on which other stakeholders are already involved. This work demonstrates the true complexity of requirements elicitation – all stakeholders should be consulted, but not all of them should be treated as key stakeholders, even if they appear to be significant based on their role in the domain.

Download Full-text

Empirical Studies on the Functional Complexity of Software in Large-Scale Software Systems

International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence ◽

10.4018/ijssci.2011070103 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 23-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yingxu Wang ◽

Vincent Chiew

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Complexity ◽

Large Scale ◽

Complexity Analysis ◽

Software Systems ◽

Development Effort ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Software System ◽

Time Space ◽

Functional Complexity ◽

Scope Problem

Functional complexity is one of the most fundamental properties of software because almost all other software attributes and properties such as functional size, development effort, costs, quality, and project duration are highly dependent on it. The functional complexity of software is a macro-scope problem concerning the semantic properties of software and human cognitive complexity towards a given software system; while the computational complexity is a micro-scope problem concerning algorithmic analyses towards machine throughput and time/space efficiency. This paper presents an empirical study on the functional complexity of software known as cognitive complexity based on large-scale samples using a Software Cognitive Complexity Analysis Tool (SCCAT). Empirical data are obtained with SCCAT on 7,531 programs and five formally specified software systems. The theoretical foundation of software functional complexity is introduced and the metric of software cognitive complexity is formally modeled. The functional complexities of a large-scale software system and the air traffic control systems (ATCS) are rigorously analyzed. A novel approach to represent software functional complexities and their distributions in software systems is developed. The nature of functional complexity of software in software engineering is rigorously explained. The relationship between the symbolic and functional complexities of software is quantitatively analyzed.

Download Full-text

Model-based fault localization in large-scale computing systems

2008 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing ◽

10.1109/ipdps.2008.4536310 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Naoya Maruyama ◽

Satoshi Matsuoka

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Fault Localization ◽

Computing Systems ◽

Model Based ◽

Large Scale Computing

Download Full-text

A critical evaluation of results from genome-wide association studies of micronutrient status and their utility in the practice of precision nutrition

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519001119 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 122 (2) ◽

pp. 121-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marie-Joe Dib ◽

Ruan Elliott ◽

Kourosh R. Ahmadi

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Association Studies ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Genome Wide Association ◽

Genome Wide Association Studies ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Micronutrient Status ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Fat Soluble Vitamins

AbstractRapid advances in ‘omics’ technologies have paved the way forward to an era where more ‘precise’ approaches – ‘precision’ nutrition – which leverage data on genetic variability alongside the traditional indices, have been put forth as the state-of-the-art solution to redress the effects of malnutrition across the life course. We purport that this inference is premature and that it is imperative to first review and critique the existing evidence from large-scale epidemiological findings. We set out to provide a critical evaluation of findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in the roadmap to precision nutrition, focusing on GWAS of micronutrient disposition. We found that a large number of loci associated with biomarkers of micronutrient status have been identified. Mean estimates of heritability of micronutrient status ranged between 20 and 35 % for minerals, 56–59 % for water-soluble and 30–70 % for fat-soluble vitamins. With some exceptions, the majority of the identified genetic variants explained little of the overall variance in status for each micronutrient, ranging between 1·3 and 8 % (minerals), <0·1–12 % (water-soluble) and 1·7–2·3 % for (fat-soluble) vitamins. However, GWAS have provided some novel insight into mechanisms that underpin variability in micronutrient status. Our findings highlight obvious gaps that need to be addressed if the full scope of precision nutrition is ever to be realised, including research aimed at (i) dissecting the genetic basis of micronutrient deficiencies or ‘response’ to intake/supplementation (ii) identifying trans-ethnic and ethnic-specific effects (iii) identifying gene–nutrient interactions for the purpose of unravelling molecular ‘behaviour’ in a range of environmental contexts.

Download Full-text