Autophagy in skin barrier and immune‐related skin diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Liu ◽  
Lei Gu ◽  
Jie Ding ◽  
Qianchao Meng ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier

scholarly journals The Efficacy and Safety of Dual-Frequency Ultrasound for Improving Skin Hydration and Erythema in Patients with Rosacea and Acne

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 834
Author(s):  
Young Jae Kim ◽  
Ik Jun Moon ◽  
Hae Woong Lee ◽  
Chong Hyun Won ◽  
Sung Eun Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Hydration ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Facial Erythema ◽  
Frequency Ultrasound

Inflammatory skin diseases, such as rosacea and acne, are major causes of facial erythema and accompanying skin barrier dysfunction. Several methods to restore the impaired skin barrier and improve facial erythema, such as medication, radiofrequency, laser, and ultrasound therapy were attempted. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of dual-frequency ultrasound with impulse mode, for improving skin hydration and erythema in Asian subjects with rosacea and acne. Twenty-six subjects with facial erythema received an ultrasound treatment once per week, for 4 weeks, over both cheeks. The erythema index and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured at each visit. Clinicians assessed the erythema improvement and patients evaluated their satisfaction level. The average decrease in TEWL and erythema index at 6 weeks was 5.37 ± 13.22 g·h−1·m−2 (p = 0.020) and 39.73 ± 44.21 (p = 0.010), respectively. The clinician’s erythema assessment and the subject satisfaction questionnaire score significantly improved at final follow-up (p < 0.001; p = 0.003, respectively). No serious adverse effects were observed during the treatment and follow-up periods. The dual-frequency ultrasound with impulse mode appears to be effective and safe for improving skin hydration and erythema in patients with rosacea and acne.

Elegant flexible vesicular nanocarriers for the efficient skin delivery of topically applied drugs-

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Albalawi ◽  
Surur Alharbi ◽  
Fahad Alanazi ◽  
Hameed Alahmadi ◽  
Mothib Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Therapeutic Outcome ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Delivery ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Vesicular Carriers

Background: Skin diseases represent a major health concern worldwide and negatively impact patients’ quality of life. Despite the availability of various efficacious drugs, their therapeutic outcome is often limited due to shortcomings related to the formidable skin barrier and unfavorable physicochemical properties of drugs. Flexible nano-vesicles have shown tremendous potential to overcome these hurdles and improve the local therapeutic effect of these drugs. Objective: This review article is aimed to shed light on flexible nano-vesicular carriers as a means to combat skin diseases. Methods: The literature was reviewed using PubMed database using various keywords such as liposomes, flexible (deformable liposomes) (transferosomes), ethosomes, transethosomes, niosomes, and spanlastics. Results: Liposomes and niosomes were found effective for the loading and release of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. However, their limited skin penetration led to drug delivery to the outermost layers of skin only. This necessitates the search for innovative vesicular carriers, including liposomes, flexible (deformable liposomes), ethosomes, transethosomes, and spanlastics. These flexible nano-vesicular carriers showed enhanced drug delivery and deposition across various skin layers, which was better than their corresponding conventional vesicles. This resulted in superior drug efficacy against various skin diseases such as skin cancer, inflammatory skin diseases, superficial fungal infections, etc. Conclusion: Flexible nano-vesicular carriers have proven themselves as efficient drug delivery systems that are able to deliver their cargo into the deep skin layers and thus, improve the therapeutic outcome of various skin diseases. However, there remain some challenges that need to be addressed before these nanocarriers can be translated from the lab to clinics.

scholarly journals Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) Activation as Therapeutic Targets in Skin Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Akihiro Aioi
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Nuclear Hormone Receptor ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Cytokine Network ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are fatty acid activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family. They are initially known as transcriptional regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism, although further evidence has also been accumulated for other functions. Due to the nature of all PPAR isotypes which are expressed and exert effects by regulating the functions of cell types residing and infiltrating in the skin, PPARs represent a major research target for the understanding and treatment of many skin diseases. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing disease characterized by skin barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation. Skin barrier disturbance is one of the exacerbation factors of AD, due to facile penetration of molecules such as antigens. From the aspect of immune dysregulation, innate and acquired immunity including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cytokine network are involved in the pathogenesis. In this review, the role of PPAR in AD and the possibility of its agonist for the treatment of AD are discussed.

scholarly journals Skin Barriers in Dermal Drug Delivery: Which Barriers Have to Be Overcome and How Can We Measure Them?

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Gorzelanny ◽  
Christian Mess ◽  
Stefan W. Schneider ◽  
Volker Huck ◽  
Johanna M. Brandner
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Multiphoton Microscopy ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Hair Follicles

Although, drugs are required in the various skin compartments such as viable epidermis, dermis, or hair follicles, to efficiently treat skin diseases, drug delivery into and across the skin is still challenging. An improved understanding of skin barrier physiology is mandatory to optimize drug penetration and permeation. The various barriers of the skin have to be known in detail, which means methods are needed to measure their functionality and outside-in or inside-out passage of molecules through the various barriers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about mechanical barriers, i.e., stratum corneum and tight junctions, in interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and glands. Furthermore, we discuss the barrier properties of the basement membrane and dermal blood vessels. Barrier alterations found in skin of patients with atopic dermatitis are described. Finally, we critically compare the up-to-date applicability of several physical, biochemical and microscopic methods such as transepidermal water loss, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, immunohistochemical stainings, optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to distinctly address the different barriers and to measure permeation through these barriers in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Expression of Skin Barrier Protein Filaggrin in Skin Diseases without Atopic Dermatitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Chen Tu ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Shengxiang Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier

scholarly journals Design and fabrication of human skin by threedimensional bioprinti

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Rabia Sannam Khan ◽  
Qudoos Yousuf
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Skin Permeability ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Skin Physiology ◽  
Animal Skin

Skin has an essential role in preserving homeostasis and in maintaining the safety of the human body from outside environment by playing its role as the largest body part of human. The stratified, categorized and complex arrangement of skin gives a physical protection to the body by maintaining and regulate the transportation of metabolites and water off the body. The injuries that can originate after any chemical or physical trauma can cause impairment of skin barrier and its physiological functions.1 In skin injuries, considerable amount of skin can be lost, and it develops extremely critical to replace injury caused impaired skin. Transplants in order to protect the lots of water from body and to save the body from opportunistic pathogens can replace the impaired skin. Skin grafts can also expedite the wound recovery procedure and support and restore the barrier and can maintain the regulatory functions on the site of wound.2,3 Apart from grafts tissue engineered skin plays an exceptionally beneficial role and in vitro stage for the evaluation of skin permeability and adverse inflammation response. The tissue-engineered skin has several advantages in comparison to animal skin by having the major significance by mimicking the skin physiology and easing the ethical concerns of animal use. Additionally, tissue engineered skin models also give the significant insights into the causes of skin diseases, hence, explicate the pathophysiological mechanisms in order to see the progression, and can help in the treatment of skin disease.4,5 It has been seen that numerous tools have become accessible for the tissue engineering and are adopting different novel approaches and technologies, and amongst these 3D bioprinting offers many significant advantages Since it is possible of dispensing live cells, phase changing hydrogels, insoluble factors and maintaining high cell viability in a desired pattern.6

scholarly journals Controlling the Growth of the Skin Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis Using D-Alanine Auxotrophy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dodds ◽  
Jeffrey L. Bose ◽  
Ming-De Deng ◽  
Gilles Dubé ◽  
Trudy Grossman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Cutaneous Immunity ◽  
Human Skin Models

ABSTRACTUsing live microbes as therapeutic candidates is a strategy that has gained traction across multiple therapeutic areas. In the skin, commensal microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining skin barrier function, homeostasis, and cutaneous immunity. Alterations of the homeostatic skin microbiome are associated with a number of skin diseases. Here, we present the design of an engineered commensal organism, Staphylococcus epidermidis, for use as a live biotherapeutic product (LBP) candidate for skin diseases. The development of novel bacterial strains whose growth can be controlled without the use of antibiotics, or genetic elements conferring antibiotic resistance, enables modulation of therapeutic exposure and improves safety. We therefore constructed an auxotrophic strain of S. epidermidis that requires exogenously supplied D-alanine. The S. epidermidis strain, NRRL B-4268 Δalr1Δalr2Δdat (SEΔΔΔ) contains deletions of three biosynthetic genes: two alanine racemase genes, alr1 and alr2 (SE1674 and SE1079), and the D-alanine aminotransferase gene, dat (SE1423). These three deletions restricted growth in D-alanine deficient media, pooled human blood, and skin. In the presence of D-alanine, SEΔΔΔ colonized and increased expression of human β-defensin 2 in cultured human skin models in vitro. SEΔΔΔ, showed a low propensity to revert to D-alanine prototrophy, and did not form biofilms on plastic in vitro. These studies support the potential safety and utility of SEΔΔΔ as a live biotherapeutic strain whose growth can be controlled by D-alanine.

scholarly journals SKIN SURFACE CHEMISTRY AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR SKIN DISEASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqaa Samir Esmail
Keyword(s):  
Optical Imaging ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Sense Organ ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Face

The skin is the biggest sense organ in the body, with a surface area of 1.7m2 in adults. Because standard histological procedures influence skin components, several dermatological research has had little effectiveness in showing skin function. The structure of each skin layer may now be visualised non-invasively thanks to recent advances in non-invasive optical imaging. Individual skin components, on the other hand, remain difficult to identify. Understanding skin's chemical and physical features helps the cosmetics sector create deodorant, lipstick, and moisturizers. In addition, PH regulates the activation of proteases linked to the formation of chronic wounds and impacts skin barrier functions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive optical imaging innovation that creates high-resolution photos of the face and cross-areas of the skin. While OCT has a lot of potentials, many dermatologists are unfamiliar with it. This article aims to give professional dermatologists a basic grasp of skin OCT concepts and clinical applications.

Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization In Atopic Dermatitis Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Nora Harfouch ◽  
Fouz Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Nasal Colonization ◽  
Cutaneous Infections ◽  
Barrier Defect ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Disorder ◽  
Colonization Rates

Background:Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that induces several symptoms including pruritus and dryness, and is often associated with secondary cutaneous infections. AD is considered to be one of the most prevalent and studied skin diseases yet poorly understood, and its pathophysiology remains obscure. Even though other skin diseases (such as psoriasis) share the same pathologic factor -skin barrier defect - with atopic dermatitis, patients diagnosed with those diseases don't suffer infectious exacerbations like atopic patients do. Aim: Although many international researches have already discussed the relationship between staphylococcus aureus and AD, no studies about this subject in the Arabic region was documented. The aim of our study is to compare staphylococcus aureus colonization rates and densities between atopic dermatitis patients and non-atopic subjects, and to relate the colonization to the severity and duration of the disease. Materials and methods: This observational analytic study included 200 participants (99 diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and 101 control subjects without atopic dermatitis); nasal and skin swabs (lesional and non-lesional) were collected from patients, while nasal and only normal skin swabs were collected from controls. Positive swabs were assessed to determine the density of colonization. Results: 57.6% of patients had nasal colonization, 56.6% had lesional colonization and 30.3% had normal skin colonization. Nasal colonization rates and densities were higher in the patients group. We detected a correlation between colonization and severity of eczema, but no correlation between colonization and duration of the disease was detected. Conclusion: The high rates and densities of staphylococcus aureus colonization in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients point out the role of these organisms in the pathophysiology of the disease, put antibiotics on the treatment list of atopic dermatitis and explain infectious features in AD exacerbations.

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