Elegant flexible vesicular nanocarriers for the efficient skin delivery of topically applied drugs-

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Albalawi ◽  
Surur Alharbi ◽  
Fahad Alanazi ◽  
Hameed Alahmadi ◽  
Mothib Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Therapeutic Outcome ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Delivery ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Vesicular Carriers

Background: Skin diseases represent a major health concern worldwide and negatively impact patients’ quality of life. Despite the availability of various efficacious drugs, their therapeutic outcome is often limited due to shortcomings related to the formidable skin barrier and unfavorable physicochemical properties of drugs. Flexible nano-vesicles have shown tremendous potential to overcome these hurdles and improve the local therapeutic effect of these drugs. Objective: This review article is aimed to shed light on flexible nano-vesicular carriers as a means to combat skin diseases. Methods: The literature was reviewed using PubMed database using various keywords such as liposomes, flexible (deformable liposomes) (transferosomes), ethosomes, transethosomes, niosomes, and spanlastics. Results: Liposomes and niosomes were found effective for the loading and release of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. However, their limited skin penetration led to drug delivery to the outermost layers of skin only. This necessitates the search for innovative vesicular carriers, including liposomes, flexible (deformable liposomes), ethosomes, transethosomes, and spanlastics. These flexible nano-vesicular carriers showed enhanced drug delivery and deposition across various skin layers, which was better than their corresponding conventional vesicles. This resulted in superior drug efficacy against various skin diseases such as skin cancer, inflammatory skin diseases, superficial fungal infections, etc. Conclusion: Flexible nano-vesicular carriers have proven themselves as efficient drug delivery systems that are able to deliver their cargo into the deep skin layers and thus, improve the therapeutic outcome of various skin diseases. However, there remain some challenges that need to be addressed before these nanocarriers can be translated from the lab to clinics.

scholarly journals The Efficacy and Safety of Dual-Frequency Ultrasound for Improving Skin Hydration and Erythema in Patients with Rosacea and Acne

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 834
Author(s):  
Young Jae Kim ◽  
Ik Jun Moon ◽  
Hae Woong Lee ◽  
Chong Hyun Won ◽  
Sung Eun Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Hydration ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Facial Erythema ◽  
Frequency Ultrasound

Inflammatory skin diseases, such as rosacea and acne, are major causes of facial erythema and accompanying skin barrier dysfunction. Several methods to restore the impaired skin barrier and improve facial erythema, such as medication, radiofrequency, laser, and ultrasound therapy were attempted. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of dual-frequency ultrasound with impulse mode, for improving skin hydration and erythema in Asian subjects with rosacea and acne. Twenty-six subjects with facial erythema received an ultrasound treatment once per week, for 4 weeks, over both cheeks. The erythema index and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured at each visit. Clinicians assessed the erythema improvement and patients evaluated their satisfaction level. The average decrease in TEWL and erythema index at 6 weeks was 5.37 ± 13.22 g·h−1·m−2 (p = 0.020) and 39.73 ± 44.21 (p = 0.010), respectively. The clinician’s erythema assessment and the subject satisfaction questionnaire score significantly improved at final follow-up (p < 0.001; p = 0.003, respectively). No serious adverse effects were observed during the treatment and follow-up periods. The dual-frequency ultrasound with impulse mode appears to be effective and safe for improving skin hydration and erythema in patients with rosacea and acne.

scholarly journals Skin Barriers in Dermal Drug Delivery: Which Barriers Have to Be Overcome and How Can We Measure Them?

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Gorzelanny ◽  
Christian Mess ◽  
Stefan W. Schneider ◽  
Volker Huck ◽  
Johanna M. Brandner
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Multiphoton Microscopy ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Hair Follicles

Although, drugs are required in the various skin compartments such as viable epidermis, dermis, or hair follicles, to efficiently treat skin diseases, drug delivery into and across the skin is still challenging. An improved understanding of skin barrier physiology is mandatory to optimize drug penetration and permeation. The various barriers of the skin have to be known in detail, which means methods are needed to measure their functionality and outside-in or inside-out passage of molecules through the various barriers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about mechanical barriers, i.e., stratum corneum and tight junctions, in interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and glands. Furthermore, we discuss the barrier properties of the basement membrane and dermal blood vessels. Barrier alterations found in skin of patients with atopic dermatitis are described. Finally, we critically compare the up-to-date applicability of several physical, biochemical and microscopic methods such as transepidermal water loss, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, immunohistochemical stainings, optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to distinctly address the different barriers and to measure permeation through these barriers in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals ACTIVE PRINCIPLES APPLIED ON BIOMATERIALS FOR THE CURATIVE THERAPY OF INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES - A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
A. Țigău ◽  
G. Vasile ◽  
L. Chirilă ◽  
A. Popescu ◽  
S. Olaru
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Wound Dressing ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Trauma Surgery ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Drug Release Profile ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Every year, millions of peoples are affected by skin injuries of either an acute or chronic nature. Worldwide 300,000 people die every year in lower-middle-income countries due to chronic wounds and burn injuries. Wounds are described as the disruption in the skin integrity and function, which arises from different causes such as trauma, surgery, diabetes, and burns. Skin provides a mechanical barrier against the external environment and has further roles in thermoregulation, metabolism and regulation of fluid balance. Skin diseases can affect each of these regions and they can be influenced by body size, sex, age, medications, diet, and microenvironment. Also, they can manifest whether the skin is healthy or diseased. Wound dressings are critical to wound care, providing a physical barrier between the wound and the external environment to prevent further damage or infection. The most promising wound dressings are biocompatible, enable physical protection of the wound milieu against penetration of bacteria and are highly porous. The use of natural biocompatible drugs is highly desirable in wound dressing compared to synthetic chemicals. To achieve an adequate therapeutic effect, different polymeric systems are used for drug delivery. To improve drug efficacy, safety, patient compliance and convenience a drug delivery system is modified to enhance drug release profile, absorption, distribution and elimination of the drug. The present review is an attempt to brief readers about the engineering of wound dressing materials from natural and synthetic sources upfront using active principles, such as bee products, drugs, essential oils, metallic nanoparticles and vitamins.

Limitations and Opportunities in Topical Drug Delivery: Interaction Between Silica Nanoparticles and Skin Barrier

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Arriagada ◽  
Javier Morales
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Penetration Enhancers ◽  
Topical Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Delivery ◽  
The Stability

The first limiting barrier for the transport in the skin is the stratum corneum; different strategies have been developed to overcome this barrier, including chemical enhancers. However, these penetration enhancers have limitations, including toxic adverse effects. In this context, research into nanomaterials has provided new tools to increase the residence time of drugs by generating a reservoir, increasing the specificity of drugs and reducing their adverse effects, and improving the penetration of drugs that are difficult to formulate. Silica nanoparticles have been proposed as suitable nanocarriers for skin delivery. Unfortunately, the mechanisms involved in the interaction, transport and fate of silica nanoparticles in the skin have not been fully investigated. This paper reviews significant findings about the interaction between silica-based nanocarriers and the skin. First, this review focuses on the properties and functions of the skin, the skin penetration properties of silica nanoparticles, their synthesis strategies and their toxicity. Finally, advances and evidence on the application of silica nanocarriers in skin drug delivery are provided, in which the use of nanoparticles increases the stability and solubility of the bioactive compound, enhancing its performance, act as penetrator enhancer and improving controlled release. Thus, improving the treatment of some skin disorders.

scholarly journals Rheology of Drugs For Topical and Transdermal Delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Walicka ◽  
J. Falicki ◽  
B. Iwanowska-Chomiak
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Transdermal Administration ◽  
Rheological Models ◽  
Constant Source

Abstract Skin drug delivery systems are a constant source of interest because of the benefits that they offer to overcome many drawbacks associated with other modes of drug delivery (i.e. oral, intravenous, etc.). Because of the impermeable nature of the skin, designing a suitable drug delivery vehicle that penetrates the skin barrier is challenging. Skin drug delivery can be subdivided into topical and transdermal (Fig.1). In a topical administration the drug is intended to act at skin level, this is indicated for the treatment of skin diseases. The aim of transdermal administration is getting a systemic release and in this case the skin represents a barrier not a target. The availability of drugs or other active substances through the skin depends basically on two consecutive steps: the release of these drugs or substances from vehicle or carrier and their subsequent permeation through the skin. Hence, studies on the specific properties of vehicles or carriers, such as their rheological behaviours, are of great interest in the field of pharmaceutical products. The objective of the present study is to systematically characterize a nonlinear rheological behaviour and flow properties of drugs and drug carriers into topical and transdermal administration. To this aim, one- and threedimensional rheological models are presented, which may be used to describe drug release through the skin and through the extracellular and interstitial matrix structures. Finally, the rheological measurements of some commercial creams and ointments were made.

scholarly journals Impact of Water Exposure and Temperature Changes on Skin Barrier Function

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Manuel Herrero-Fernandez ◽  
Trinidad Montero-Vilchez ◽  
Pablo Diaz-Calvillo ◽  
Maria Romera-Vilchez ◽  
Agustin Buendia-Eisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
The Impact

The frequency of hand hygiene has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is little evidence regarding the impact of water exposure and temperature on skin. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of water exposure and temperature on skin barrier function in healthy individuals. A prospective observational study was conducted. Temperature, pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) were measured objectively before and after hot- and cold-water exposure and TempTest® (Microcaya TempTest, Bilbao, Spain) contact. Fifty healthy volunteers were enrolled. Hot-water exposure increased TEWL (25.75 vs. 58.58 g·h−1·m−2), pH (6.33 vs. 6.65) and erythema (249.45 vs. 286.34 AU). Cold-water immersion increased TEWL (25.75 vs. 34.96 g·h−1·m−2) and pH (6.33 vs. 6.62). TEWL (7.99 vs. 9.98 g·h−1·m−2) and erythema (209.07 vs. 227.79 AU) increased after being in contact with the hot region (44 °C) of the TempTest. No significant differences were found after contact with the cold region (4 °C) of the TempTest. In conclusion, long and continuous water exposure damages skin barrier function, with hot water being even more harmful. It would be advisable to use cold or lukewarm water for handwashing and avoid hot water. Knowing the proper temperature for hand washing might be an important measure to prevent flares in patients with previous inflammatory skin diseases on their hands.

scholarly journals Trends in Atopic Dermatitis—From Standard Pharmacotherapy to Novel Drug Delivery Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana B. Souto ◽  
João Dias-Ferreira ◽  
Jéssica Oliveira ◽  
Elena Sanchez-Lopez ◽  
Ana Lopez-Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Calcineurin Inhibitors ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Skin Delivery

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a predominant and deteriorating chronic inflammation of the skin, categorized by robust burning and eczematous lacerations in diverse portions of the body. AD affects about 20% of both offspring and adults worldwide. The pathophysiology of AD combines environmental, hereditary, and immunological aspects, together with skin barrier dysfunction. The procedures used to prevent the disease are the everyday usage of creams to support the restoration of the epidermal barrier. The classical treatments include the use of topical corticosteroids as a first-line therapy, but also calcineurin inhibitors, antihistamines, antibiotics, phototherapy, and also immunosuppressant drugs in severe cases of AD. Topical drug delivery to deeper skin layers is a difficult task due to the skin anatomic barrier, which limits deeper penetration of drugs. Groundbreaking drug delivery systems, based on nanoparticles (NPs), have received much attention due to their ability to improve solubility, bioavailability, diffusion, targeting to specific types of cells, and limiting the secondary effects of the drugs employed in the treatment of AD. Even so, additional studies are still required to recognize the toxicological characteristics and long-term safety of NPs. This review discusses the current classical pharmacotherapy of AD against new nanoparticle skin delivery systems and their toxicologic risks.

scholarly journals Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Kasraie ◽  
Thomas Werfel
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Cutaneous Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Phase ◽  
New Findings

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common and most intensively studied chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Several cofactors, such as an impaired skin barrier function, modifications of the immune system, and a complex genetic background, direct the course of AD. Within this complex network, macrophages play a pivotal role in enhanced susceptibility to cutaneous infections and act as central connecting components in the pathogenesis of AD on the cellular level. In AD, macrophages are known to accumulate in acutely and chronically inflamed skin. During the early and short inflammatory phase, macrophages exert proinflammatory functions like antigen-presenting phagocytosis and the production of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that facilitate the resolution of inflammation. However, persistence of pro-inflammatory activity and altered function of macrophages result in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases such as AD. The exact mechanism of macrophages activation in these processes is not yet completely understood. Further studies should be performed to clarify the dysregulated mechanism of macrophages activation in AD, and this would allow us to target these cells with versatile functions for therapeutic purpose and improve and control the disease. In this paper, we highlight the new findings on dysregulated function of macrophages and the importance of these cells in the pathogenesis of AD in general and the contribution of these cells in enhanced susceptibility against microbial infections in particular.

scholarly journals ADAM17/EGFR axis promotes transglutaminase-dependent skin barrier formation through phospholipase C γ1 and protein kinase C pathways

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Wolf ◽  
Yawen Qian ◽  
Matthew A. Brooke ◽  
David P. Kelsell ◽  
Claus-Werner Franzke
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation ◽  
Keratinocyte Differentiation ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Cholesterol Sulfate ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Barrier Formation

Abstract The vitally important skin barrier is formed by extensive cross-linking activity of transglutaminases (TGs) during terminal epidermal differentiation. We have previously shown that epidermal deficiency of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17), the principal EGFR ligand sheddase, results in postnatal skin barrier defects in mice due to impeded TG activity. However, the mechanism by which ADAM17/EGFR signalling maintains TG activity during epidermal differentiation remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that ADAM17-dependent EGFR signalling promotes TG activity in keratinocytes committed to terminal differentiation by direct induction of TG1 expression. Restored TG1 expression of EGF-stimulated differentiated Adam17 −/− keratinocytes was strongly repressed by inhibitors for PLCγ1 or protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, while treatment with the PKC stimulator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate restored TG activity in the epidermis of keratinocyte-specific Adam17 −/− (AD17 ΔKC ) mice. Further investigations emphasized the expression of PKCη, a mediator of TGM1 transcription, to be sensitive to EGFR activation. In agreement, topical skin application of cholesterol sulfate, an activator of PKCη, significantly improved TG activity in epidermis of AD17 ΔKC mice. Our results suggest ADAM17/EGFR-driven PLCγ1 and PKC pathways as important promoters of TG1 expression during terminal keratinocyte differentiation. These findings may help to identify new therapeutic targets for inflammatory skin diseases related to epidermal barrier defects.

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