PM
            9/ 28 (1)
            Heterobasidion irregulare
            : procedures for official control

This report provides an overview of the 2017 official control activities on pesticide residues carried out in the European Union (EU) Member States, Iceland and Norway. It summarises the results of both the 2017 EU-coordinated control programme (EUCP) and the national control programmes (NP). While the NPs are mostly risk based (so called enforcement samples) focusing on pesticides or products originating from countries where a number of exceedances have been observed in the past, the EUCP aims to present a statistically representative snapshot of the situation of pesticide residues in food products that are mostly consumed in the EU following a random sampling procedure. The report includes the outcome of a dietary risk assessment based on the results of the overall 2017 control programmes. The comprehensive analysis of the results of all reporting countries provides risk managers with sound-based evidence for designing future monitoring programmes, in particular for taking decisions on which pesticides and food products should be targeted in risk-based national programmes.

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Rapid extraction of total lipids and lipophilic POPs from all EU-regulated foods of animal origin: Smedes’ method revisited and enhanced

Environmental Sciences Europe ◽

10.1186/s12302-020-00396-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Johannes Haedrich ◽

Claudia Stumpf ◽

Michael S. Denison

Keyword(s):

Milk Fat ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Infant Food ◽

Total Lipids ◽

Analytical Results ◽

Official Control ◽

Wide Range ◽

Chicken Eggs

Abstract Background Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins, dioxin-like chemicals and non-dioxin-like PCBs causing adverse effects to human health bio-accumulate through the food web due to their affinity for adipose tissues. Foods of animal origin are therefore the main contributors to human dietary exposure. The European Union’s (EU) food safety policy requires checking of a wide range of samples for compliance with legal limits on a regular basis. Several methods of varying efficiency are applied by official control laboratories for extraction of the different classes of lipids and associated POPs, bound to animal tissue and animal products in varying degrees, sometimes leading to discrepancies especially in fresh weight based analytical results. Results Starting from Smedes’ lipid extraction from marine tissue, we optimized the extraction efficiency for both lipids and lipophilic pollutants, abandoning the time-consuming centrifugation step. The resulting modified Smedes extraction (MSE) method was validated based on multiple analyses of a large number of real-world samples, matrix calibration and performance assessment in proficiency testing utilizing both instrumental and bioanalytical methodologies. Intermediate precision in 12 different foods was below 3% in chicken eggs, egg powder, animal fat, fish, fish oil, poultry, whole milk, milk fat and milk powder, and below 5% in bovine meat, liver, and infant food. In comparison to Twisselmann hot extraction, results presented here show an increased efficiency of MSE by + 25% for bovine liver, + 14% for chicken eggs, + 13% for poultry meat, + 12% for fish, 8% for bovine meat, and 6% for infant food. Conclusions For the first time, a fast and reliable routine method is available that enables the analyst to reproducibly extract "total" lipids from any EU-regulated food sample of animal origin within 6 to 8 min. Increased efficiency translates into a considerable increase in both lipid and wet weight-based analytical results measured for associated POPs, reducing the risk of false non-compliant results. Compared to a 4 h Twisselmann extraction, the extraction of 1000 samples using MSE would result in annual savings of about 250 h or 32 working days. Our MSE procedure contributes to the European Commission's objective of harmonizing analytical results across the EU generated according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/644.

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Detecting Heterobasidion irregulare in Minnesota and Assessment of Indigenous Fungi on Pines

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12010057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 57

Author(s):

Eric Otto ◽

Benjamin Held ◽

Samuel Redford ◽

Robert A. Blanchette

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Positive Control ◽

Red Pine ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Field Surveys ◽

Heterobasidion Irregulare

Heterobasidion irregulare is one of the most problematic forest pathogens in the northern hemisphere, but has only been found relatively recently in the north central United States. Discovered in Wisconsin in 1993, but probably established sometime before that, it quickly spread throughout the state. In November 2014, it was found in southeastern Minnesota. Field surveys were then conducted throughout Minnesota with the focus in the southeast near the initial discovery. To find additional infection sites, surveys were conducted with accompanying aerial imagery of red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton) stands that were previously thinned. Samples were collected from selected sites with dead and dying trees as well as samples from stumps in recently thinned pine stands. These samples were processed first with a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol, which was replaced by a real-time PCR assay after its development. No samples tested positive for H. irregulare using these methods and no cultures from isolations were obtained outside the original infection area. Other indigenous fungi were also identified. The majority were wood decay fungi in the Basidiomycota. A spore collection study was also conducted after field surveys. Automated rotary arm spore collectors were used and assayed with an ITS TaqMan real-time PCR assay. Collectors were placed strategically in different areas of Minnesota. A positive control was used in an infected red pine plantation in Wisconsin and this location had the highest number of spores trapped, with 63,776 over a week period. Spores of H. irregulare were detected at several sites in Minnesota, with the highest spore total observed in traps at 413 over a week period. All other locations sampled also had some spores collected except Itasca State Park located in northwestern Minnesota. The weekly deposition of spores ranged from 0 to 1.26 m−2 h−1. Low spore levels occurring in Minnesota indicate that some spores are present, but they are currently being detected in amounts that may not be sufficient for colonization to be successful.

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PM 9/15 (1) Anoplophora glabripennis : procedures for official control

EPPO Bulletin ◽

10.1111/epp.12124 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 257-257

Keyword(s):

Anoplophora Glabripennis ◽

Official Control

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Heterobasidion irregulare. [Distribution map].

Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases ◽

10.1079/dmpd/20163365131 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

North America ◽

Dominican Republic ◽

Central America ◽

Red Pine ◽

Distribution Map ◽

Stone Pine ◽

New Distribution ◽

Distribution In Europe ◽

Heterobasidion Irregulare

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Heterobasidion irregulare Garbel. and Otrosina. Agaricomycetes: Russulales: Bondarzewiaceae. Hosts: Pinus spp. especially stone pine (P. pinea), Aleppo pine (P. halepensis) and red pine (P. resinosa). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Italy), North America (Canada, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, California, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin) and Central America and Caribbean (Cuba and Dominican Republic).

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MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTY OF RAW MEAT IMPORTS IN THE YEAR 2017

ВЕТЕРИНАРСКИ ЖУРНАЛ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ ◽

10.7251/vetjen2001118v ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1-2) ◽

Author(s):

Jelena VRANEŠEVIĆ́ ◽

Suzana VIDAKOVIĆ́ ◽

Slobodan KNEŽEVIĆ́ ◽

Miloš PELIĆ́ ◽

Zoran RUŽIĆ́ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Food Chain ◽

High Water ◽

Positive Sample ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

High Water Content ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Safety Standards ◽

Official Control

International trade requires food safety guarantees based on specialized hygiene standards, transparency procedures, and programs. Meat, because of its high water content and nutrition, can be an ideal medium for microorganism growth and multiplication. Salmonella, as one of the most common pathogens that can be transmitted from animals to humans, causes major public health problems worldwide. Although mortality is low, the disease has important social and economic consequences. Based on governmental regulation, Serbia runs an active, official control of Salmonella in meat. From January to December 2017, 193 samples of imported pork, beef, lamb, kid, and poultry meat were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. Only one (0.52%) of all analyzed samples was positive to Salmonella spp. The positive sample was frozen chicken drumsticks together with thighs originated from Poland, which makes 6.67% of the total examined poultry meat samples. Infected poultry is one of the most important reservoirs of Salmonella that are transmitted to humans through the food chain. The identity of the isolated strain was biochemically and serologically confirmed to be Salmonella Infantis. This pathogen is in the 4th place of most common Salmonella serovar among human isolates in Europe and the most common serovar isolated from poultry meat. In order to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella spp. it is necessary to maintain all the food safety standards through the whole food chain, from farm to fork.

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MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PASTEURIZED MILK

ВЕТЕРИНАРСКИ ЖУРНАЛ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ ◽

10.7251/vetjen1901098g ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bojan GOLIĆ ◽

Milijana GOLIĆ ◽

Tanja ILIĆ

Keyword(s):

Production Process ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Self Control ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Limit Values ◽

Pasteurized Milk ◽

Official Control ◽

Number Of Microorganisms ◽

Microbiological Testing ◽

Microbiological Criteria

The process hygiene criterion is a microbiological criterion that applies to the process offood production and processing and indicates the proper functioning of the production process byrepresenting the value of the contamination above which corrective measures are taken to maintainthe process hygiene. Pasteurized milk is a product obtained by heat treatment of raw milk at atemperature of 63° C for 30 minutes or 72° C for 15 seconds. Pasteurization has two purposes, thefirst one is to elimination of all pathogenic microorganisms, and the second is to reduce the numberof saprophytic microorganisms, which prolongs the shelf life without changing the nutritional andbiological value of the milk.The aim of the study is to examine the safety of pasteurized milk and the conditions of hygiene inthe production process based on the results of the examination of pasteurized milk on the criteria ofhygiene in the production process, as well as to develop a proposal for the recommendedmicroorganisms to be tested in the process of the production of pasteurized milk.Samples of pasteurized milk come from a pasteurizing plant that purchases milk from the territoryof Republika Srpska, and were sampled in the six-month period (January-June), within self-controland official control. For microbiological testing of raw milk, standard BAS ISO methods were used.The results of pasteurized milk testing in relation to the hygiene criteria in the production processare satisfactory in relation to the Rulebook on Microbiological Criteria for Food. The results of selfcontrolon the recommended microbiological criteria in the process of obtaining pasteurized milk,which are given in the Guideline on the Application of Microbiological Criteria for Food, aresatisfactory in relation to the finding of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and coagulasepositive staphylococci, and unsatisfactory for a number of microorganisms.The results of official controls in the production process of pasteurized milk are unsatisfactory dueto the increased number of microorganisms in 12.50% of the samples. 22.20% of pasteurized milksamples had the number of microorganisms larger than 105CFU/ml within self-control and officialcontrols. Examination of pasteurized milk in the self-control of the production process should beperformed on enterobacteria and the total count of microorganisms, and in the interpretation of theresults the recommended limit values from the Guideline on the application of microbiologicalcriteria for food should be used.

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Libertad, equidad, igualdad y desarrollo

Mundos Plurales - Revista Latinoamericana de Políticas y Acción Pública ◽

10.17141/mundosplurales.1.2015.1910 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

William F. Waters

Keyword(s):

External Environment ◽

The Other ◽

Amartya Sen ◽

Classical Literature ◽

Cultural Conditions ◽

Official Control ◽

Politica Publica ◽

The Government ◽

The Individual ◽

Political Economic

Se analizan dos vertientes del entendimiento de libertad en la literatura clásica. Por un lado, se refiere a complejas relaciones entre el individuo y su gobierno y la ausencia relativa de control oficial sobre las acciones individuales y privadas. Por otro lado, se refiere a la calidad o el estado de ser libre, que es una característica de la persona independiente del entorno externo. Para Amartya Sen, la segunda definición permite entender la libertad en términos de oportunidades en un contexto de equidad. Independiente de lo que se permite o limita formalmente, la política pública promueve la libertad y el desarrollo cuando los ciudadanos pueden actuar a base de opciones reales en condiciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales existentes.Two interpretations of an understanding of liberty in the classical literature are discussed. On one hand, the term refers to complex relations between the individual and the government and the relative absence of official control over individual and private actions. On the other hand, the term refers to the quality or status of being free, which is a characteristic of the person independent of the external environment. According to Amartya Sen, the second definition allows us to understand liberty in terms of opportunities in the context of equity. Independent of what is formally allowed or limited, public policy promotes liberty and development when citizens can act on the basis of real options within existing social, political, economic, and cultural conditions.

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