scholarly journals Review article: cellular and molecular mechanisms of NSAID-induced peptic ulcers

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. MUSUMBA ◽  
D. M. PRITCHARD ◽  
M. PIRMOHAMED
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Peptic Ulcers

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms and Immunomodulatory Effects of Platinum Analogs on Some Genes and as Anticancer Drugs: Review Article

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Dalia A. Shakur ◽  
Suhad F. H. Al-Mugdadi ◽  
Inam S. Arif
Keyword(s):  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drug ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties ◽  
Dna Break ◽  
Dna Purine Bases ◽  
Platinum Analogs

Platinum analogs includes cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin. Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug with excellent success in the management of human malignancies. Molecular mechanism of action related to its capacity to crosslink of DNA purine bases; also, by interfere with DNA repair, leading to DNA break, and consequently lead to apoptosis in cancer cells. Cisplatin also found to have immunomodulatory properties besides its cytotoxic effect.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnostic Aspects and Therapeutic Opportunities of Micro Ribonucleic Acids in Atrial Fibrillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Böhm ◽  
Marianna Vachalcova ◽  
Peter Snopek ◽  
Ljuba Bacharova ◽  
Dominika Komarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Diagnostic Aspects ◽  
Non Coding Rna

Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules responsible for regulation of gene expression. They are involved in many pathophysiological processes of a wide spectrum of diseases. Recent studies showed their involvement in atrial fibrillation. They seem to become potential screening biomarkers for atrial fibrillation and even treatment targets for this arrhythmia. The aim of this review article was to summarize the latest knowledge about miRNA and their molecular relation to the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation.

scholarly journals Developmental Genes and Malformations in the Hypothalamus

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Diaz ◽  
Luis Puelles
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Pituitary Development ◽  
Forebrain Development ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Brain Malformations ◽  
Clinical Complexity ◽  
Genes Encoding

The hypothalamus is a heterogeneous rostral forebrain region that regulates physiological processes essential for survival, energy metabolism, and reproduction, mainly mediated by the pituitary gland. In the updated prosomeric model, the hypothalamus represents the rostralmost forebrain, composed of two segmental regions (terminal and peduncular hypothalamus), which extend respectively into the non-evaginated preoptic telencephalon and the evaginated pallio-subpallial telencephalon. Complex genetic cascades of transcription factors and signaling molecules rule their development. Alterations of some of these molecular mechanisms acting during forebrain development are associated with more or less severe hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunctions, which may be associated with brain malformations such as holoprosencephaly or septo-optic dysplasia. Studies on transgenic mice with mutated genes encoding critical transcription factors implicated in hypothalamic-pituitary development are contributing to understanding the high clinical complexity of these pathologies. In this review article, we will analyze first the complex molecular genoarchitecture of the hypothalamus resulting from the activity of previous morphogenetic signaling centers and secondly some malformations related to alterations in genes implicated in the development of the hypothalamus.

scholarly journals The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Szymczak-Pajor ◽  
Józef Drzewoski ◽  
Agnieszka Śliwińska
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
The University ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycaemia

Numerous studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency is very common in modern societies and is perceived as an important risk factor in the development of insulin resistance and related diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). While it is generally accepted that vitamin D is a regulator of bone homeostasis, its ability to counteract insulin resistance is subject to debate. The goal of this communication is to review the molecular mechanism by which vitamin D reduces insulin resistance and related complications. The university library, PUBMED, and Google Scholar were searched to find relevant studies to be summarized in this review article. Insulin resistance is accompanied by chronic hyperglycaemia and inflammation. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D exhibits indirect antioxidative properties and participates in the maintenance of normal resting ROS level. Appealingly, vitamin D reduces inflammation and regulates Ca2+ level in many cell types. Therefore, the beneficial actions of vitamin D include diminished insulin resistance which is observed as an improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues.

scholarly journals Computer search for molecular mechanisms of ulcerogenic action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Ivanov ◽  
A.A. Lagunin ◽  
A.V. Zakharov ◽  
D.A. Filimonov ◽  
V.V. Poroikov
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Computer Search ◽  
Peptic Ulcers ◽  
Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Data Signal

“Peptic ulcers” is the most frequent side effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Experimental data indicate that pathogenesis of peptic ulcers cannot be explained only by the inhibition of cyclooxygenases. The knowledge about other molecular mechanisms of action of drugs related with development of peptic ulcers could be useful for design of new safe NSAIDs. However, considerable time and material resources are needed for corresponding experimental research. For simplification of experimental search, we have developed an approach for in silico identification of probable molecular mechanisms of action of drugs related with its side effects. We have created the set of NSAIDs containing 85 substances with data about structures and side effects. The computer program PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) predicting more than 3000 molecular mechanisms of action based on structural formula of substances was used to estimate unknown molecular mechanisms of action for these set of NSAIDs. Statistically significant relationships between predicted molecular mechanisms of action and development of peptic ulcers have been established. We have discovered twenty-six molecular mechanisms of action (two known previously and twenty-four new) which probably related with development of peptic ulcers. By analyzing of Gene Ontology data, signal and metabolic pathways, publications in Medline, we formulated hypotheses about the role of ten molecular mechanisms of action in pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.

STUDY ON RUMPUT MUTIARA (Hedyotis Corimbosa) HERBS AS MEDICINE

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreanus A. Soemardji ◽  
Ita N. Anisa ◽  
Nareswari Alka Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Iridoid Glycosides ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Peptic Ulcers ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Long Time

“Rumput Mutiara” or Pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa) is one of medicinal plants used empirically by the Indonesian people to cure disease to maintain health. Many people have used pearl grass for a long time. This plant contains hentriacontane, stigmasterol, ursolic acid, oleanolicacid, β-sitosterol, sitisterol-D-glucoside, p-coumaric acid, flavonoid-glycosides, “baihua she she cao su” (possibility coumarin analog), iridoid glycosides, alizarin, korogenin, and bonding antragalol.  Herbaceous plant is used and effetive as a relieve fever (antipyretic), anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, laxative urine(diuretic), removes heat and toxins (detoksikan), blood circulation, anti-cancer, the treatment of peptic ulcers, dysentery, exhausted maternity, and indigestion. This review article is a compilation of Hedyotis corymbosa herb as traditional medicinal plant and pharmacological researches of this herb that can be use as ethnopharmacological and pharmacological information of this medicinal herb. Keywords:  Pearl grass, Hedyotis corymbosa, medicinal plants, ethnopharmacology, pharmacology.

scholarly journals Genetics of primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia

2015 ◽  
Vol 224 (1) ◽  
pp. R31-R43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso ◽  
Guilherme Asmar Alencar ◽  
Antonio Marcondes Lerario ◽  
Isabelle Bourdeau ◽  
Madson Queiroz Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Steroidogenic Cells

ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS), accounting for <2% of all endogenous CS cases; however it is more frequently identified incidentally with sub-clinical cortisol secretion. Recently, cortisol secretion has been shown to be regulated by ectopic corticotropin, which is in turn produced by clusters of steroidogenic cells of the hyperplastic adrenal nodules. Hence, the term ‘ACTH-independent’ is not entirely appropriate for this disorder. Accordingly, the disease is designated primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PMAH) in this review article. The means by which cortisol production is regulated in PMAH despite the suppressed levels of ACTH of pituitary origin is exceedingly complex. Several molecular events have been proposed to explain the enhanced cortisol secretion, increased cell proliferation, and nodule formation in PMAH. Nonetheless, the precise sequence of events and the molecular mechanisms underlying this condition remain unclear. The purpose of this review is therefore to present new insights on the molecular and genetic profile of PMAH pathophysiology, and to discuss the implications for disease progression.

scholarly journals Ferroptosis and Its Modulation by Autophagy in Light of the Pathogenesis of Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Karolina Pierzynowska ◽  
Estera Rintz ◽  
Lidia Gaffke ◽  
Grzegorz Węgrzyn
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Ferrous Ions ◽  
Autophagy Flux ◽  
Considerable Contribution ◽  
Storage Diseases

Ferroptosis is one of the recently described types of cell death which is dependent on many factors, including the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxidation. Its induction requires various signaling pathways. Recent discovery of ferroptosis induction pathways stimulated by autophagy, so called autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, put our attention on the role of ferroptosis in lysosomal storage diseases (LSD). Lysosome dysfunction, observed in these diseases, may influence ferroptosis efficiency, with as yet unknown consequences for the function of cells, tissues, and organisms, due to the effects of ferroptosis on physiological and pathological metabolic processes. Modulation of levels of ferrous ions and enhanced oxidative stress, which are primary markers of ferroptosis, are often described as processes associated with the pathology of LSD. Inhibition of autophagy flux and resultant accumulation of autophagosomes in neuronopathic LSD may induce autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, indicating a considerable contribution of this process in neurodegeneration. In this review article, we describe molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in light of LSD, underlining the modulation of levels of ferroptosis markers in these diseases. Furthermore, we propose a hypothesis about the possible involvement of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in these disorders.

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