scholarly journals Traditional Amerindian cultivators combine directional and ideotypic selection for sustainable management of cassava genetic diversity

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1317-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DUPUTIÉ ◽  
F. MASSOL ◽  
P. DAVID ◽  
C. HAXAIRE ◽  
D. McKEY
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Why and How to Switch to Genomic Selection: Lessons From Plant and Animal Breeding Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aline Fugeray-Scarbel ◽  
Catherine Bastien ◽  
Mathilde Dupont-Nivet ◽  
Stéphane Lemarié
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Animal Breeding ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selection For

The present study is a transversal analysis of the interest in genomic selection for plant and animal species. It focuses on the arguments that may convince breeders to switch to genomic selection. The arguments are classified into three different “bricks.” The first brick considers the addition of genotyping to improve the accuracy of the prediction of breeding values. The second consists of saving costs and/or shortening the breeding cycle by replacing all or a portion of the phenotyping effort with genotyping. The third concerns population management to improve the choice of parents to either optimize crossbreeding or maintain genetic diversity. We analyse the relevance of these different bricks for a wide range of animal and plant species and sought to explain the differences between species according to their biological specificities and the organization of breeding programs.

Forest Conservation Genetics

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Young ◽  
David Boshier ◽  
Timothy Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Conservation Genetics ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Logical Sequence

Forest management must be sustainable not only in ecological, economic and social, but also genetic terms. Many forest managers are advocating and developing management strategies that give priority to conserving genetic diversity within production systems, or that recognise the importance of genetic considerations in achieving sustainable management. Forest Conservation Genetics draws together much previously uncollected information relevant to managing and conserving forests. The content emphasises the importance of conserving genetic diversity in achieving sustainable management. Each chapter is written by a leading expert and has been peer reviewed. Readers without a background in genetics will find the logical sequence of topics allows easy understanding of the principles involved and how those principles may impact on day-to-day forest planning and management decisions. The book is primarily aimed at undergraduate students of biology, ecology, forestry, and graduate students of forest genetics, resource management policy and/or conservation biology. It will prove useful for those teaching courses in these fields and as such help to increase the awareness of genetic factors in conservation and sustainable management, in both temperate and tropical regions.

scholarly journals Heritable variation in colour patterns mediating individual recognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 161008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Sheehan ◽  
Juanita Choo ◽  
Elizabeth A. Tibbetts
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Pattern Diversity ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Colour Patterns

Understanding the developmental and evolutionary processes that generate and maintain variation in natural populations remains a major challenge for modern biology. Populations of Polistes fuscatus paper wasps have highly variable colour patterns that mediate individual recognition. Previous experimental and comparative studies have provided evidence that colour pattern diversity is the result of selection for individuals to advertise their identity. Distinctive identity-signalling phenotypes facilitate recognition, which reduces aggression between familiar individuals in P. fuscatus wasps. Selection for identity signals may increase phenotypic diversity via two distinct modes of selection that have different effects on genetic diversity. Directional selection for increased plasticity would greatly increase phenotypic diversity but decrease genetic diversity at associated loci. Alternatively, heritable identity signals under balancing selection would maintain genetic diversity at associated loci. Here, we assess whether there is heritable variation underlying colour pattern diversity used for facial recognition in a wild population of P. fuscatus wasps. We find that colour patterns are heritable and not Mendelian, suggesting that multiple loci are involved. Additionally, patterns of genetic correlations among traits indicated that many of the loci underlying colour pattern variation are unlinked and independently segregating. Our results support a model where the benefits of being recognizable maintain genetic variation at multiple unlinked loci that code for phenotypic diversity used for recognition.

scholarly journals Effect of selection for scrapie resistance on genetic diversity in a rare and locally adapted sheep breed: The case of Sambucana

2013 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sartore ◽  
R. Rasero ◽  
S. Colussi ◽  
P.L. Acutis ◽  
S. Peletto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sheep Breed ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Genetic diversity structure of western-type carrots

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stelmach ◽  
Alicja Macko-Podgórni ◽  
Charlotte Allender ◽  
Dariusz Grzebelus
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Passport Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Diversity Structure

Abstract Background Carrot is a crop with a wide range of phenotypic and molecular diversity. Within cultivated carrots, the western gene pool comprises types characterized by different storage root morphology. First western carrot cultivars originated from broad-based populations. It was followed by intercrosses among plants representing early open-pollinated cultivars, combined with mass phenotypic selection for traits of interest. Selective breeding improved root uniformity and led to the development of a range of cultivars differing in root shape and size. Based on the root shape and the market use of cultivars, a dozen of market types have been distinguished. Despite their apparent phenotypic variability, several studies have suggested that western cultivated carrot germplasm was genetically non-structured. Results Ninety-three DcS-ILP markers and 2354 SNP markers were used to evaluate the structure of genetic diversity in the collection of 78 western type open-pollinated carrot cultivars, each represented by five plants. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci segregating within a cultivar varied from 31.18 to 89.25% for DcS-ILP markers and from 45.11 to 91.29% for SNP markers, revealing high levels of intra-cultivar heterogeneity, in contrast to its apparent phenotypic stability. Average inbreeding coefficient for all cultivars was negative for both DcS-ILP and SNP, whereas the overall genetic differentiation across all market classes, as measured by FST, was comparable for both marker systems. For DcS-ILPs 90–92% of total genetic variation could be attributed to the differences within the inferred clusters, whereas for SNPs the values ranged between 91 to 93%. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components enabled the separation of eight groups cultivars depending mostly on their market type affiliation. Three groups of cultivars, i.e. Amsterdam, Chantenay and Imperator, were characterized by high homogeneity regardless of the marker system used for genotyping. Conclusions Both marker systems used in the study enabled detection of substantial variation among carrot plants of different market types, therefore can be used in germplasm characterization and analysis of genome relationships. The presented results likely reveal the actual genetic diversity structure within the western carrot gene pool and point at possible discrepancies within the cultivars’ passport data.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of ospC in a Local Population of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ing-Nang Wang ◽  
Daniel E Dykhuizen ◽  
Weigang Qiu ◽  
John J Dunn ◽  
Edward M Bosler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New York ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Stricto ◽  
Selection For

Abstract The outer surface protein, OspC, is highly variable in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the agent of Lyme disease. We have shown that even within a single population OspC is highly variable. The variation of ospA and ospC in the 40 infected deer ticks collected from a single site on Shelter Island, New York, was determined using PCR-SSCP. There is very strong apparent linkage disequilibrium between ospA and ospC alleles, even though they are located on separate plasmids. Thirteen discernible SSCP mobility classes for ospC were identified and the DNA sequence for each was determined. These sequences, combined with 40 GenBank sequences, allow us to define 19 major ospC groups. Sequences within a major ospC group are, on average, <1% different from each other, while sequences between major ospC groups are, on average, ∼20% different. The tick sample contains 11 major ospC groups, GenBank contains 16 groups, with 8 groups found in both samples. Thus, the ospC variation within a local population is almost as great as the variation of a similar-sized sample of the entire species. The Ewens-Watterson-Slatkin test of allele frequency showed significant deviation from the neutral expectation, indicating balancing selection for these major ospC groups. The variation represented by major ospC groups needs to be considered if the OspC protein is to be used as a serodiagnostic antigen or a vaccine.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Signatures of Selection for Thermal Stress in Cattle and Other Two Bos Species Adapted to Divergent Climatic Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro H. F. Freitas ◽  
Yachun Wang ◽  
Ping Yan ◽  
Hinayah R. Oliveira ◽  
Flavio S. Schenkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Signatures Of Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Genomic Regions

Understanding the biological mechanisms of climatic adaptation is of paramount importance for the optimization of breeding programs and conservation of genetic resources. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic diversity and unravel genomic regions potentially under selection for heat and/or cold tolerance in thirty-two worldwide cattle breeds, with a focus on Chinese local cattle breeds adapted to divergent climatic conditions, Datong yak (Bos grunniens; YAK), and Bali (Bos javanicus) based on dense SNP data. In general, moderate genetic diversity levels were observed in most cattle populations. The proportion of polymorphic SNP ranged from 0.197 (YAK) to 0.992 (Mongolian cattle). Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.023 (YAK) to 0.366 (Sanhe cattle; SH), and from 0.021 (YAK) to 0.358 (SH), respectively. The overall average inbreeding (±SD) was: 0.118 ± 0.028, 0.228 ± 0.059, 0.194 ± 0.041, and 0.021 ± 0.004 based on the observed versus expected number of homozygous genotypes, excess of homozygosity, correlation between uniting gametes, and runs of homozygosity (ROH), respectively. Signatures of selection based on multiple scenarios and methods (FST, HapFLK, and ROH) revealed important genomic regions and candidate genes. The candidate genes identified are related to various biological processes and pathways such as heat-shock proteins, oxygen transport, anatomical traits, mitochondrial DNA maintenance, metabolic activity, feed intake, carcass conformation, fertility, and reproduction. This highlights the large number of biological processes involved in thermal tolerance and thus, the polygenic nature of climatic resilience. A comprehensive description of genetic diversity measures in Chinese cattle and YAK was carried out and compared to 24 worldwide cattle breeds to avoid potential biases. Numerous genomic regions under positive selection were detected using three signature of selection methods and candidate genes potentially under positive selection were identified. Enriched function analyses pinpointed important biological pathways, molecular function and cellular components, which contribute to a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying thermal tolerance in cattle. Based on the large number of genomic regions identified, thermal tolerance has a complex polygenic inheritance nature, which was expected considering the various mechanisms involved in thermal stress response.

scholarly journals Keragaman Genetik Kultivar Padi Beras Hitam Lokal Berdasarkan Penanda Mikrosatelit

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristamtini Kristamtini ◽  
Taryono Taryono ◽  
Panjisakti Basunanda ◽  
Rudi H. Murti
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Microsatellite Alleles ◽  
Rice Genetic

<p>Indonesia has diverse<br />accessions of local black rice, which are important sources<br />of germplasm. However, some of the local black rice<br />cultivars have different names, leading a need to be<br />identified to determine their genetic diversity using<br />molecular marker. This study aimed to identify genetic<br />diversity of eleven cultivars of local black rice, collection of<br />the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology,<br />Yogyakarta and compared them with two white rice<br />varieties using four microsatellite markers. Detection of<br />microsatellite alleles polymorphism was carried out by<br />visualization of PCR amplicons by electrophoresis on<br />agarose gel. To estimate their genetic diversity, phylogenetic<br />tree and principal coordinate analysis were performed using<br />binary data of SSR alleles. The results revealed that total<br />markers enabled to differentiate black rice cultivars as<br />reflected by high value of polymorphic information content<br />(PIC) mean (0.695). This value was consistent with the high<br />genetic diversity of black rice (genetic diversity index, h =<br />0.283) in comparison with white rice cultivars (h = 0.020).<br />The phylogenetic and main coordinate analyses suggested<br />that black rice cultivars genetically differed from white rice.<br />The local black rice cultivars were preferentially grouped<br />based on their genetic those were distributed in three<br />coordinates and did not represent their local geographic<br />origin. Genetic diversity analysis in this study will be useful<br />as an initial basis for proper identification and selection for<br />appropriate parents to assist breeding program of black rice<br />in Indonesia.</p>

scholarly journals Seleksi Jagung Inbrida dengan Marka Molekuler dan Toleransinya terhadap Kekeringan dan Nitrogen Rendah

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Roy Efendi ◽  
Yunus Musa ◽  
M. Farid Bdr ◽  
M. Danial Rahim ◽  
M. Azrai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Heterotic Group ◽  
Heterotic Groups ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Group A ◽  
Selection For ◽  
N Fertility ◽  
Water Treatments

<p>Information on genetic diversity, homozygosity, drought stress and low N tolerance of maize inbred line are useful for parental selection in developing maize varieties tolerant to drought and low N. The objectives of this study were (a) selection for homozygoes lines and analysis of genetic diversity among 51 maize inbred lines applying simple sequence repeats (SSRs) using thirty six markers (b) selection for inbred lines (homozygosity over 80%) for drought and low nitrogen (N) tolerance. Experiment was conducted using split-split plots design with three replications. Water treatments were as the main plots (well-watered and drought stress conditions), subplots were nitrogen fertilization at rate of 75 and 150 kg N/ha and the sub-sub plots were 51 inbred lines. The results showed that there were broad ranges of genetic variability among inbred lines with genetic similarity coefficient values ranging from 0.22 to 0.87 and polymorphism information content average was 0.57. Thirty inbreds having homozygosity over 80% were spread into six heterotic groups. Drought tolerance inbreds were in heterotic groups C and F, namely DTPYC9-F46-3-9-1-1-B and 1044-30, the drought medium tolerance in heterotic group A and B, namely CML 161/NEI 9008 and MR 14. Inbred for low-N fertility tolerance was in the heterotic group D namely G20133077, while medium tolerance to low-N fertility inbreds were in heterotic group A, B, C, D, and F, and they were CML 161/NEI 9008, CY 11, CY 15, CY 6, CLRCY039, Nei9008, DTPYC9-F46-1-2-1-2-B, G2013627, G2013649, 1044-30. Inbreds tolerance to both medium drought and to low-N fertility were in heterotic group C and F they were DTPYC9-F46-1-2-1-2-B and 1044-30. Inbred lines of maize tolerant to drought and to low-N fertility can be used as parent to develop hybrid or synthetic varieties, posessing stress tolerances, by cross recombination between heterotic groups.</p>

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