Comparative studies on two methods for sampling insects in an alfalfa seed stand in consideration of a chemical control treatment

1988 ◽  
Vol 106 (1-5) ◽  
pp. 312-318
Author(s):  
J. Šedivý ◽  
F. Kocourek
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Seed Stand

scholarly journals The effect of biological and chemical control agents on the health status of the very early potato cultivar Rosara

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-395
Author(s):  
Bożena Cwalina-Ambroziak ◽  
Marta Maria Damszel ◽  
Małgorzata Głosek-Sobieraj
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Potato Cultivar ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Ne Poland ◽  
Vitro Test

Abstract The external appearance and quality of table potatoes are determined, among other factors, by the health status of the plants during the growing season. Chemical control methods are often combined with biocontrol agents to effectively fight potato pathogens. Potatoes of the very early cultivar Rosara were grown in experimental plots. The plots were located in Tomaszkowo (NE Poland, 2007-2009). The experiment involved the following treatments: 1) biological control − mycorrhizal Glomus spp. inoculum was applied to the roots, − tubers were dressed and plants were sprayed with Polyversum three times during the growing season, 2) chemical control - at two-week intervals, plants were sprayed with the following fungicides: Infinito 687.5 SC and Tanos 50 WG, Valbon 72 WG and Tanos 50 WG. In the control treatment, potato plants were not protected against pathogens. During the growing season, the severity of late blight and early blight was evaluated on a nine-point scale. The composition of fungal communities colonising potato stems was analysed. The fungistatic properties of the fungicides used in the field experiment were evaluated in an in vitro test. The symptoms of infections caused by Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria spp. were significantly reduced in the treatment which used the integrated chemical and biological control. The least diverse fungal community was isolated from fungicide-treated plants. In the in vitro test, fungicides at all analysed concentrations inhibited the linear mycelial growth of selected pathogens.

scholarly journals Oil and Powder of Spearmint as an Alternative to Sitophilus Oryzae Chemical Control of Wheat Grains

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aly Derbalah ◽  
Sahar Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Stored Product Pests ◽  
Spearmint Oil

Oil and Powder of Spearmint as an Alternative toSitophilus OryzaeChemical Control of Wheat GrainsStored product pests such asSitophilus Oryzaeare a major concern. Alternative and safe control methods for such pests are needed. Therefore, powder and essential oil of Mentha viridis plant were tested under laboratory conditions for their ability to protect wheat grains against the insectS. oryzae. The insect was reared and tested on whole wheat grains. The emergence and adult mortality of the insectS. oryzaewere tested. The efficacy of these plant products was evaluated and compared with malathion. The standard compound for controllingS. oryzaehas been malathion. The effect of botanical products and malathion on the germination of wheat grains was also evaluated. The chemical components of spearmint oil were also identified using GC-MS analysis. The results showed that, the oil and powder ofM. viridiswere effective againstS. oryzaewith the respect to adults mortality. Also, the oil and powdered products ofM. viridissignificantly reduced the emergence ofS. oryzaecompared to the control treatment. Spearmint oil and powder do not significantly affect wheat grains germination relative to the control treatment. The efficacy of spearmint against the tested insect was due to the presence of a mixture of bioactive compounds. The results suggested that, spearmint oil and powder are promising as alternatives to chemical control used againstS. oryzaein wheat grains. Also, these spearmint products submit a solution of resistance development by insect due to the presence of a lot of bioactive components rather than the single insecticide.

Chemical Control of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Grown for Seed

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Visible Effect ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Seed Yields

Applications of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 1.1 kg/ha at the start of each growing season severely damaged established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Beaver’) and reduced seed yield 32% over a 4-yr period. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeber) populations were reduced but perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL.) increased in frequency. Dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) applied at 2.1 kg/ha controlled both dandelion and perennial sowthistle. Alfalfa was damaged initially but rapid recovery resulted in an increase in seed yield in 2 yr out of 4. Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) applied at 1.1 kg/ha also controlled dandelion and perennial sowthistle. No alfalfa damage was evident and seed yields were increased 34% over a 3-yr period. Seed yield increased 30% where asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate) was applied at 4.5 kg/ha, but there was no visible effect on the growth of either alfalfa or weeds. Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine], propham (isopropyl carbanilate) + PCMC (p-chlorophenyl-N-methyl carbamate), pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide], and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], did not affect alfalfa seed production significantly, although simazine and diuron did reduce dandelion populations.

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF LIOCORIS SPP., ADELPHOCORIS SPP. AND PLAGIOGNATHUS MEDICAGUS ARRAND (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) IN NORTHERN ALFALFA SEED FIELDS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Agricultural Areas

One application of 1.25 pounds DDT, 0.50 pound dieldrin, or 1.0 pound heptachlor per acre when the alfalfa had just started to bud practically eliminated Adelphocoris spp. and Plagiognathus medicagus before they caused noticeable damage, and kept Liocoris spp. infestations below 0.3 per sweep throughout the season in replicated plot tests in 1956 and 1957. The residual toxicity provided by these treatments should ensure adequate control of plant bugs in alfalfa grown for seed in the northern agricultural areas of Western Canada.One application of 0.75 pound DDT or 0.5 pound heptachlor effectively controlled Adelphocoris spp. and P. medicagus, but permitted Liocoris spp. infestations to reach about 2.0 bugs per sweep after 6 or 7 weeks. The residual toxicity provided by these treatments would not be adequate to prevent damaging infestations of Liocoris spp. from developing in some years.

THE DAMAGE POTENTIAL OF SOME GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) OF THE NATIVE GRASSLANDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Native Grasslands ◽  
Single Chemical ◽  
Stipa Comata

In caged plot experiments in the native grasslands of the Interior of the province of British Columbia, feeding during the whole nymphal life of the grasshopper Camnula pellucida reduced the yield of Poa pratensis by 5.1 pounds per acre for each grasshopper per square yard. For each unit of infestation of 1 young adult grasshopper per square yard, 1.0 pound per acre per day was destroyed. The corresponding figures for Amphitornus coloradus on Stipa comata were 3.5 and 0.57 pounds per acre. First-instar nymphs of the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus bilituratus failed to survive when confined to S. comata; nymphs in subsequent stages, that had previously fed on other foods, did not thrive on S. comata, and each unit of infestation of 1 per square yard finally reduced yields not more than 2.6 pounds per acre. The results suggest that, where a single chemical control treatment is desired, it should not be delayed past the third instar as the modal developmental stage.

scholarly journals Chemical Control in the Soil Fungus (Pyrenochaeta terrestris) in Onion Production

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 801C-801
Author(s):  
Ruben Macias-Duarte ◽  
Raul Leonel Grijalva-Contreras* ◽  
Manuel de Jesus Valenzuela-Ruiz ◽  
Fabian Robles-Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Pyrenochaeta Terrestris

The producers areas of onion in Mexico, are affected by the existence and increment of pathogens organisms of the soil like the fungus Pyrenochaeta terrestris, This problem increased its presence and damages due to the consecutive establishment of this vegetable year with year on the same soils. The fungus is activated and this disease developed when the soil temperature is increased. The disease infection of the plants causes rot and death of roots and small bulbs whit no commercial value, and low yields. According that the objective of the present research was to evaluate three treatments for the control of this organism pathogen: The experiment was carried out on INIFAP-CIRNO Experimental Station on a severally infested soil whit this fungus. The sow date was on 6 Jan. 2002, in this trial we used “local” variety. The treatments evaluated were Trichoderma (30 L·ha-1), Humega 8% (180 L·ha-1), Isofert 25 (400 L·ha-1) and a control (without treatment). The products were applied using the drip irrigation system. The results indicate that the treatments with Trichoderma and Humega 8% presented the lower percent of disease roots with 33% and those of more incidence were the control and Isofert 25 with 46% and 47% of disease roots, respectively. The results show 13% efficiency with the use of Trichoderma with respect to control; however this treatment did not affect the bulb weight and yield, control treatment obtained the greatest bulb weight and yield with 212 g for bulb and 80.9 t·ha-1 against 196 g and 71.9 t·ha-1, respectively, of the Trichoderma, which was seemingly a secondary negative effect in decrement the yield.

Impact of Application Rate, Timing, and Indaziflam Formulation on Early Postemergence Control of Oxalis stricta

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Christopher Marble ◽  
Annette Chandler ◽  
Matthew Archer
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Liquid Formulation ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Over The Top

Although primarily used as an effective PRE herbicide, indaziflam has been shown to provide early POST control of some weeds commonly found in nursery production. Previous investigation on the early POST efficacy of indaziflam focused on the liquid formulation, and the ability of the granular formulation to provide early POST weed control is unknown. Nursery trials were conducted to evaluate early POST control of oxalis using two formulations of indaziflam. Oxalis seeds were surface sown to nursery containers at two separate dates and grown until they reached the two- to four-leaf stage (2-4L) and six- to eight-leaf stage. Both growth stages were treated with indaziflam at 12.6, 25.1, 50.2, and 100.4 g ai ha−1 using either a granular (G) or liquid (SC) formulation. A chemical control treatment (glyphosate) and a nontreated control were also included for comparison. The SC formulation provided > 90% control of both oxalis growth stages at all four rates and was similar to glyphosate. The G formulation at 12.6 and 25.1 g ha−1 only provided marginal control, but overall performed similarly to the SC formulation at the 50.2 and 100.4 g ha−1 rate in most experiments. In contrast to the SC formulation, the G formulation is labeled for use over the top of container-grown nursery crops. Results of this research indicate that in areas where oxalis is the primary weed of concern, the G formulation of indaziflam could be applied to control small oxalis up to the 2-4L stage at the currently labeled rate (50.2 g ha−1).

Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on Laboratory-Inoculated Alfalfa Seed with Commercial Citrus-Related Products†

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1158-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM F. FETT ◽  
PETER H. COOKE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Alfalfa Sprouts

Alfalfa sprouts contaminated with the bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella have been the source of numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States and in other countries. The seed used for sprouting appears to be the primary source of these pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine whether the efficacy of commercial citrus-related products for sanitizing sprouting seed is similar to that of high levels of chlorine. Five products (Citrex, Pangermex, Citricidal, Citrobio, and Environné) were tested at concentrations of up to 20,000 ppm in sterile tap water and compared with buffered chlorine (at 16,000 ppm). Alfalfa seeds were inoculated with four-strain cocktails of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 to give final initial concentrations of ca. 9.0 and 7.0 CFU/g, respectively. Treatments (10 min) with Citrex, Pangermex, and Citricidal at 20,000 ppm and chlorine at 16,000 ppm produced similar log reductions for alfalfa seed inoculated with four-strain cocktails of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella (3.42 to 3.46 log CFU/g and 3.56 to 3.74 log CFU/g, respectively), and all four treatments were significantly (P < 0.05) more effective than the control treatment (a buffer wash). Citrobio at 20,000 ppm was as effective as the other three products and chlorine against Salmonella but not against E. coli O157:H7. Environné was not more effective (producing reductions of 2.2 to 2.9 log CFU/g) than the control treatment (which produced reductions of 2.1 to 2.3 log CFU/g) against either pathogen. None of the treatments reduced seed germination. In vitro assays, as well as transmission electron microscopy, confirmed the antibacterial nature of the products that were effective against the two pathogens and indicated that they were bactericidal. When used at 20,000 ppm, the effective citrus-related products may be viable alternatives to chlorine for the sanitization of sprouting seed pending regulatory approval.

scholarly journals Control of Colletotrichum acutatum in Strawberry Under Laboratory, Greenhouse, and Field Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 749-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Freeman ◽  
Y. Nizani ◽  
S. Dotan ◽  
S. Even ◽  
T. Sando
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose

Various fungicides and a heat treatment were assessed for their ability to control strawberry anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. The effective dose causing 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (ED50) was 30.5, 12.2, 0.2, 0.15, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.05 μg/ml for the fungicides folpet, captan, propiconazole, difenoconazole, combined prochloraz-Zn/folpet, prochloraz-Zn, and prochloraz-Mn, respectively. In laboratory experiments, infection in segments of strawberry runners treated with pro-chloraz-Zn reached 60%, which was significantly reduced as compared to combined prochloraz-Zn/folpet (90%), captan, folpet, and water controls (100%). In the greenhouse, numbers of naturally infected transplants killed were significantly reduced by all fungicides and the heat treatment (5 min at 49°C) as compared to the non-treated control. Prochloraz-Zn was the most effective chemical control treatment but did not differ significantly from the heat treatment. In field experiments conducted during 1995 and 1996, numbers of naturally infected strawberry transplants killed were significantly reduced by all fungicide treatments relative to the non-treated control. Percent reduction of transplant mortality in the field was 93.3, 93.1, 66.7, 37.7, and 29.1 for prochloraz-Mn, prochloraz-Zn, combined prochloraz-Zn/folpet, propiconazole, and difenoconazole, respectively.

scholarly journals Stink bug Agonoscelis spp. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)-An Emerging Threat for Seed Production in Alfalfa Crop (Medicago sativa L.) and Their Successful Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider Karar ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Bashir ◽  
Abdul Khaliq ◽  
Muhammad Jaffar Ali ◽  
Reem Atalla Alajmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae

AbstractForages are vital constituent for sustainable agriculture because they provide feed for animals that ultimately converted into human food. Alfalfa is one of the most important forages that has highest feeding value for livestock, and seed production of alfalfa seriously affected by several factors, but seed yield loss due to stink bug attack is more as compared to other factors. Studies were conducted to control stink bug by different insecticides at Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha, Punjab-Pakistan during 2016-17. The efficacy of ten insecticides viz., acephate, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyriphos, bifenthrin, lambdacyhalothrin, deltamethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid and carbosulfan were tested against stink bug, Agonoscelis spp. (Heteroptera Pentatomidae) on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. variety SGD-2002. The mortality of stink bug was recorded one, three, five, seven, ten and fifteen days after spray. Similarly the population of pollinators was recorded before and one, three and five days after spray. From this study it had been observed that acetamiprid (81.14 %) and acephate (80.65%) had the higest mortality of stink bug and proved to be the most effective insecticides against stink bug. By spray of insecticides the population of pollinators declined one day after spray, but it had been rehabilitated three days after spray. By chemical treatment against stink bug, seed yield increased from 28.05 Kg/acre (during last four year without chemical control of stink bug) to 116 Kg/acre in 2016-17 (with chemical control). From this study it has been concluded that chemicals can be used in integrated management program of alfalfa seed production.

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