Effect of Sublethal Doses of Urethan in Adult Cattle

Glyphosate is the most used pesticide around the world. Although different studies have evidenced its negative effect on honey bees, including detrimental impacts on behavior, cognitive, sensory and developmental abilities, its use continues to grow. Recent studies have shown that it also alters the composition of the honey bee gut microbiota. In this study we explored the impact of chronic exposure to sublethal doses of glyphosate on the honey bee gut microbiota and its effects on the immune response, infection by Nosema ceranae and Deformed wing virus (DWV) and honey bee survival. Glyphosate combined with N. ceranae infection altered the structure and composition of the honey bee gut microbiota, for example by decreasing the relative abundance of the core members Snodgrassella alvi and Lactobacillus apis. Glyphosate increased the expression of some immune genes, possibly representing a physiological response to mitigate its negative effects. However, this response was not sufficient to maintain honey bee health, as glyphosate promoted the replication of DWV and decreased the expression of vitellogenin, which were accompanied by a reduced life span. Infection by N. ceranae also alters honey bee immunity although no synergistic effect with glyphosate was observed. These results corroborate previous findings suggesting deleterious effects of widespread use of glyphosate on honey bee health, and they contribute to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying a global decline of pollination services.

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Effects of Chronic Exposure to Sublethal Doses of Two Pesticides on Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase Activities in the Intestine of a Fresh Water Teleost,Channa striatus BL. (Channidae)

Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica ◽

10.1002/aheh.19850130513 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 619-624

Author(s):

N. Arora ◽

S. K. Kulshrestha

Keyword(s):

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Chronic Exposure ◽

Channa Striatus ◽

Phosphatase Activities ◽

Sublethal Doses ◽

Fresh Water Teleost ◽

Alkaline And Acid Phosphatase

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Observational Study on Variation of Longitudinal Platelet Counts in Calves over the First 14 Days of Life and Reference Intervals from Cross-Sectional Platelet and Leukocyte Counts in Dairy Calves up to Two Months of Age

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 347

Author(s):

Emma Strous ◽

Arne Vanhoudt ◽

Anja Smolenaars ◽

Gerdien van Schaik ◽

Matthijs Schouten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Platelet Count ◽

Observational Study ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adult Cattle ◽

Platelet Counts ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Leukocyte Counts ◽

Count Reference

Platelet and leukocyte count reference intervals (RIs) for cattle differ by age and while adult RIs are known, RIs for calves are studied less. The aims of this observational study are to evaluate variation of platelet counts of Holstein Friesian calves over the first 14 days of life and to propose RIs for platelet and leukocyte counts of Holstein Friesian calves aged 0–60 days. In a longitudinal study, 19 calves were blood sampled 17 times, in the first 14 days of their lives. Blood was collected in a citrate blood tube and platelet counts were determined. We assessed the course of platelet counts. In a field study, 457 healthy calves were blood sampled once. Blood was collected in an EDTA blood tube and platelet and leukocyte counts were determined. The RIs were calculated by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Platelet counts started to increase 24 h after birth (mean platelet count 381 × 109/L ± 138 × 109/L) and stabilized after five days (mean platelet count 642 × 109/L ± 265 × 109/L). In calves up to six days of age, platelet counts were lower than in calves older than five days. In conclusion, the RIs of platelet and leukocyte counts in calves were wider in range than the RIs for adult cattle, therefore, calf specific RIs for platelet and leukocyte counts should be used. From 6 until 60 days of age, we propose an RI for platelet counts of 287–1372 × 109/L and for the first 60 days of life an RI for leukocyte counts of 4.0–18.9 × 109/L.

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Hematological Changes and Reference Intervals in Hanwoo Calves during the First 28 Weeks of Life

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11061806 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1806

Author(s):

Ui-Hyung Kim ◽

Seung-Hwan Lee ◽

Sang-Rae Cho ◽

Sung-Sik Kang ◽

Shil Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽

Blood Cell Count ◽

Platelet Volume ◽

Adult Cattle ◽

Male And Female ◽

Analytic Process ◽

Process Work ◽

Hematological Changes

Hematological reference intervals must consider several parameters, including genotype, age, sex, management, and analytic process. Work is needed to evaluate hematological changes specifically in Hanwoo calves and according to calf sex. Therefore, in this study, we sought to confirm the complete blood cell count (CBC) reference intervals in Hanwoo calves, to monitor changes in hematologic values in Hanwoo calves from birth until 28 weeks of life, and to compare the hematologic values of male and female calves. A total of 35 male calves and 35 female calves was studied. Calf blood was sampled at multiple intervals from the time of birth until 28 weeks of age (including within 6 h of birth and at 2 days, 7 days, and 4 weeks and then at 4-week intervals through 28 weeks). In addition, blood samples were collected from 210 clinically healthy pregnant Hanwoo cows to establish CBC reference intervals for adult cattle. There were significant differences in the results of the cows and calves in all 14 parameters considered. The CBC reference intervals of the calves were wider than those of the cows in all parameters except mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean platelet volume. We also identified differences from birth through 28 weeks between male and female calves at only some ages and some parameters. These results suggest that CBC reference intervals specific to Hanwoo calves are necessary for accurate diagnosis of calf diseases.

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Interactions between sublethal doses of thiamethoxam and Nosema ceranae in the honey bee, Apis mellifera†

Journal of Apicultural Research ◽

10.1080/00218839.2021.1880760 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Zhiyong Liu ◽

Shouming Li ◽

Honghong Li

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Honey Bee ◽

Nosema Ceranae ◽

Sublethal Doses

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A Three-Pronged Approach to Studying Sublethal Insecticide Doses: Characterising Mosquito Fitness, Mosquito Biting Behaviour, and Human/Environmental Health Risks

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12060546 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 546

Author(s):

Mara Moreno-Gómez ◽

Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽

Miguel. A. Miranda

Keyword(s):

Environmental Health ◽

Population Size ◽

Mosquito Species ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Negative Control ◽

Environmental Health Risks ◽

Vector Management ◽

Sublethal Doses ◽

Biting Behaviour

Worldwide, pyrethroids are one of the most widely used insecticide classes. In addition to serving as personal protection products, they are also a key line of defence in integrated vector management programmes. Many studies have assessed the effects of sublethal pyrethroid doses on mosquito fitness and behaviour. However, much remains unknown about the biological, physiological, demographic, and behavioural effects on individual mosquitoes or mosquito populations when exposure occurs via spatial treatments. Here, females and males of two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus, were exposed to five different treatments: three doses of the pyrethroid prallethrin, as well as an untreated and a negative control. The effects of each treatment on mosquito species, sex, adult mortality, fertility, F1 population size, and biting behaviour were also evaluated. To compare knockdown and mortality among treatments, Mantel–Cox log-rank tests were used. The results showed that sublethal doses reduced mosquito survival, influencing population size in the next generation. They also provided 100% protection to human hosts and presented relatively low risks to human and environmental health. These findings emphasise the need for additional studies that assess the benefits of using sublethal doses as part of mosquito management strategies.

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Some factors influencing the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19740005 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

R. H. Smith ◽

A. B. Mcallan

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Host Animal ◽

Adult Cattle ◽

Total N ◽

Adult Sheep ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Mixed Bacteria ◽

Ciliate Protozoa

1. Sheep, cows and calves fitted with rumen cannulas were given diets mostly containing 10–16 g nitrogen/kg dry matter and consisting of roughage and cereals. Mixed bacteria were separated from samples of their rumen contents.2. Bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from calves which were kept in an experimental calf-house with no contact with adult animals (environment A) contained more α-dextran, less total N and higher nucleic acid:total N ratios than similar bacteria from calves reared in contact with adult sheep (environment C) but otherwise treated in an identical way.3. Mixed bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from sheep and cows were similar in composition, with respect to nitrogenous components, to those from the ‘environment C’ calves. This composition did not vary significantly when diets containing differing proportions of roughage were given.4. The ‘environment A’ calves were free of ciliate protozoa. When they were placed in contact with, and were inoculated with rumen contents from, adult cattle (environment B), they rapidly developed a normal protozoal population and the chemical composition of their rumen bacteria became like that of the bacteria from the ‘environment C’ calves.5. Mixed bacteria taken just before a feed, from either cows or ‘environment A’ calves, showed significantly lower RNA-N:total N ratios and slightly (but not usually significantly) higher DNA-N:total N ratios than bacteria taken 4–6 h after feeding. Total N contents of the bacteria did not change consistently with time after feeding.6. The possible significance of these differences in relation to the nutrition of the host animal is discussed.

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Cadmium concentrations in kidneys of sheep and cattle in Western Australia. 1. Regional distribution

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9940851 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 851 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

PW Morcombe ◽

DS Petterson ◽

HG Masters ◽

PJ Ross ◽

JR Edwards

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Regional Distribution ◽

Adult Cattle ◽

Agricultural Region ◽

Wet Weight ◽

The Mean ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Rate Of Accumulation ◽

Cattle And Sheep

A sample of 4973 kidneys from sheep stratified by age and shire of origin within the Agricultural Region of Western Australia, was analysed for cadmium (Cd) content during the period August 1989 to April 1991. The geometric mean Cd concentration in the kidney of hogget ewes was 0.9 mg/kg, in 4-tooth ewes 1.47 mg/kg and in adult ewes 3.34 mg/kg on a wet weight basis. The mean Cd concentrations of either ewe or hogget flocks from different Divisions of the Agricultural Region did not differ from each other. The annual increase in Cd concentration of kidney from hogget sheep was estimated to be 0-65 mg/kg. The rate of accumulation of Cd in kidney from cattle and sheep grazing the same properties was similar. Kidneys from a sample of 354 adult cattle from the Kimberley Region and 483 aged sheep from the Pastoral Region, both areas of unimproved rangelands, had geometric mean Cd concentrations of 0.15 mg/kg and 0-31 mg/kg respectively. A higher Cd concentration in flocks from the divisions adjacent to the Agricultural Region may have resulted from the establishment of some volunteer species of winter annual pastures in the rangeland.

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