The Measurement of Gender-Role Attitudes

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen C. McHugh ◽  
Irene Hanson Frieze
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Occupational Activity ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Attitude Scales ◽  
Sociohistorical Context

This article reviews measures of gender-role attitudes with an emphasis on The Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1972); the Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale (SRES; Beere, King, Beere, & King, 1984); the Modern Sexism Scale (MS; Swim, Aikin, Hall, & Hunter, 1995); the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI; Click & Fiske, 1996), and the Children's Occupational Activity Trait-Attitude Measure (COAT-AM; Bigler, Liben, Lobliner, & Yekel, 1995). The discussion of gender-role attitude measures focuses on the following themes: psychometric criteria; theoretical and conceptual distinctions among measures; domains of attitudes and behaviors included; relationship to other measures; and the meaningfulness and relevance of items. Gender-role attitude scales are viewed as measuring gender-role ideology in a particular sociohistorical context; context-specificity is viewed as contributing to the proliferation of scales, and as limiting the usefulness of scales across cultural and temporal boundaries.

Attitudes Toward Women and the Influence of Gender on Political Decision Making

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary-Kate Lizotte
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Political Decision Making

There is a great deal of research, spanning social psychology, sociology, and political science, on politically relevant attitudes toward women and the influence of gender on individual’s political decision making. First, there are several measures of attitudes toward women, including measures of sexism and gender role attitudes, such as the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, the Old-Fashioned Sexism Scale, the Modern Sexism Scale, and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. There are advantages and disadvantages of these existing measures. Moreover, there are important correlates and consequences of these attitudes. Correlates include education level and the labor force participation of one’s mother or spouse. The consequences of sexist and non-egalitarian gender role attitudes include negative evaluations of female candidates for political office and lower levels of gender equality at the state level. Understanding the sources and effects of attitudes toward women is relevant to public policy and electoral scholars. Second, gender appears to have a strong effect on shaping men’s and women’s attitudes and political decisions. Gender differences in public opinion consistently arise across several issue areas, and there are consistent gender differences in vote choice and party identification. Various issues produce gender gaps, including the domestic and international use of force, compassion issues such as social welfare spending, equal rights, and government spending more broadly. Women are consistently more liberal on all of these policies. On average, women are more likely than men to vote for a Democratic Party candidate and identify as a Democrat. There is also a great deal of research investigating various origins of these gender differences. Comprehending when and why gender differences in political decision making emerge is important to policymakers, politicians, the political parties, and scholars.

scholarly journals Mexican–American Adolescents’ Gender Role Attitude Development: The Role of Adolescents’ Gender and Nativity and Parents’ Gender Role Attitudes

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 2041-2053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Updegraff ◽  
Susan M. McHale ◽  
Katharine H. Zeiders ◽  
Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor ◽  
Norma J. Perez-Brena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
Mexican American Adolescents ◽  
Attitude Development

The Attitudes Toward Women Scale and Attitude Change in College Students

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet T. Spence ◽  
Eugene D. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Ceiling Effects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Score Distributions

To determine cohort changes in gender-role attitudes, responses to the 15-item form of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1972a, 1978) were compared for students at the same university tested in 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1992. In both males and females, members of the 1992 cohort were the most egalitarian, and members of the 1972 cohort were the least egalitarian. In all groups, women were significantly less traditional in their attitudes than men. As has been found in previous studies, detailed analyses of the data from the 1992 cohort revealed that the scale was unifactorial, but that the score distributions were skewed. There was also some indication of ceiling effects at the egalitarian end of the scale, particularly in women. The implications of these latter results for the usefulness of the AWS in current research were explored.

scholarly journals Perceived Multitasking Ability and Preference, Gender Role Attitudes, and Marital Adjustment of Married Working Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-471
Author(s):  
Saima Kalsoom ◽  
Anila Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Marital Adjustment ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Dyadic Adjustment ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
Dyadic Adjustment Scale ◽  
Preference Inventory ◽  
The Relationship

This study was planned to investigate the relationship between perceived multitasking ability and preferences, gender role attitudes, and marital adjustment of working individuals. It was also intended to explore the moderating effect of multitasking preference for the relationship between perceived multitasking ability and marital adjustment. Data was collected from a sample of 222 married working individuals i.e., (117 men and 105 women). Their ages ranged between 23-65 years (M = 38.75, SD = 9.20). Translated version (Kalsoom & Kamal, 2020) of Communication Specific Multitasking Measurement instrument (Kushniryk, 2008), translated (Kalsoom & Kamal, 2018) version of Multitasking Preference Inventory (Poposki & Oswald, 2010), translated (Nasreen, 2000) Version of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), and indigenously developed (Anila & Ansari, 1992) Gender Role Attitudes Scale (Kamal & Saqib, 2004); was used to collect the data. Results showed significant positive correlation of perceived multitasking ability with marital adjustment and multitasking preferences. Gender role attitude was found positively correlated with multitasking preference and marital adjustment. The results also revealed multitasking preference as a moderator in predicting the relationship between perceived multitasking ability and marital adjustment. From these findings we may infer that higher multitasking preferences play an important role for perceived multitasking ability and marital adjustment of married working individuals.

scholarly journals The Gender Role Attitude Scale (GRAS) as an alternative for the crisis in measurement of attitudes towards gender roles in Latin America: A study in Chilean university students

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-576
Author(s):  
Beatriz Pérez Sánchez ◽  
Andrés Concha-Salgado ◽  
Asunción Fernández-Suárez ◽  
Joel Juarros-Basterretxea ◽  
Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
Floor Effect ◽  
Stereotyped Attitudes ◽  
The Revolution

Hemos experimentado cambios socioculturales que han favorecido el desarrollo de actitudes de roles de género (GRA) más igualitarias. Sin embargo, actualmente la revolución en los roles de género está incompleta y la falta de equidad en las estructuras sociales limita las experiencias individuales en igualdad. Ante esta realidad, la comunidad científica exige un sistema modernizado para medir GRA. Presentamos adaptación, evidencia de validez factorial y convergente, precisión, efecto techo y piso, normas de interpretación por sexo, y análisis del GRA más fácil y difícil de modificar, para la Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género (EARG) en muestra de 1013 universitarios chilenos. La EARG tiene una estructura bifactorial que evalúa actitudes estereotipadas y trascendentes en contextos familiares, sociales y laborales. Presenta validez convergente con una medida de doble estándar sexual y es más confiable en puntajes bajos de trascendencia y puntajes altos de actitudes estereotipadas. El factor trascendente tuvo un efecto techo, y las actitudes estereotipadas un efecto suelo. Los roles familiares de género son los más fáciles de cambiar, y los relacionados con el trabajo los más difíciles. Se discute la necesidad de un cambio estructural para reactivar la revolución de los roles de género en Chile. We have experienced sociocultural changes, which have favoured the development of egalitarian gender role attitudes (GRA). Nevertheless, the revolution in gender roles is incomplete, and the lack of equity in social structures limits the individual experiences in equality. In the face of this reality, the scientific community is demanding a modernised system for measuring GRA. We present adaptation, evidence of factorial and convergent validity, accuracy, ceiling and floor effect, norms of interpretation by sex, and analyses of the GRA easiest or most difficult to modify, for the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS) in a sample of 1013 Chilean university students. The GRAS has a two-factor structure that allows the evaluation of stereotyped and transcendent attitudes of gender roles in family, social, and work contexts. The scale presents convergent validity with a sexual double standard measure and is more reliable in the low scores of transcendence and the high scores of stereotyped attitudes. Transcendent factor had a ceiling effect, and stereotyped attitudes had a floor effect. Family gender roles are the easiest to change, and work-related roles the most difficult. The authors discuss the need for a structural change to reactivate the revolution of gender roles in Chile.

scholarly journals Traditional gender roles attitude and romantic partner conflict among males: A Correlational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 573-589
Author(s):  
Swagata Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The One ◽  
Partner Conflict

Social norms and roles can affect our behavior and intrude on our alternatives. On the flip, that has an impact on and strain to comply may be constraining, specifically for individuals and personal goals for individuals who are much less aligned with the norms and roles of the one. Throughout the college years, a person socializing will increase to plenty volume. Chances of having a romantic relationship increase in those years of lifestyle. Exploring and being curious approximately the opposite genders and the eagerness to be in a courting with the alternative gender boom at its height So, conventional roles can also make it more difficult for a few individuals to proportion their precise characteristics, live true to their personal socio-sexual preferences, and self-decide their conduct in relationships. Provided that those man or woman possibilities and behaviors are crit for enjoyable relationships is usually uncertain as to whether or not following conventional norms and roles of masculinity and femininity ultimately helps or hurts a relationship. Gender role attitude here refers to the beliefs held by individuals towards any specific gender as measured by the Gender Role Attitude Scale (GRAS). The instrument was developed by Prof. Dr. Simge Zeyneloölu to determine attitudes towards gender roles. Another scale used was Romantic partner conflict which refers to the everyday conflicts faced by individuals in relationships and how they handle the conflict. The scale was introduced by Tammy L. Zacchill, purpose of this scale is to measure conflict experienced by individuals in romantic relationships. The study aims at seeing the relationship between gender role attitudes and romantic partner conflict among males.

The Effect of Regional Gender-Role Attitudes on Female Labour Supply: A Longitudinal Test Using the BHPS, 1991–2007

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfred Uunk ◽  
Philipp M Lersch
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
Female Labour Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Labour

Abstract Despite considerable variation in gender-role attitudes across contexts and its claimed influence on female labour supply, studies provide little support for a contextual gender-role attitude effect. In this study, we reassess the contextual gender-role attitude effect on female labour supply because earlier studies are hampered by two shortcomings: (a) they are cross-nationally comparative, which makes it difficult to distinguish contextual attitude from institutional effects; (b) they are cross-sectional, which may bias the contextual attitude effect. We aim to overcome these shortcomings by performing longitudinal panel analyses on data from the British Household Panel Survey 1991–2007, comparing 138 counties within the United Kingdom. Our fixed-effects regressions report no significant and substantial association of regional, egalitarian gender-role attitudes with individual women’s labour supply, a finding which both holds for women’s probability to be active in the labour market and employed women’s working hours, and for women with and without (young) children. Female labour supply appears to be much stronger associated with women’s own and partners’ gender-role attitudes, in particular for women with (young) children.

scholarly journals Testing the Goodness of the EVS Gender Role Attitudes Scale

2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lomazzi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fourth Wave

This study provides a critical evaluation of the gender role attitude scale included in the fourth wave of the European Values Study. The goodness of this scale is tested considering first of all its reliability and the stability of the factorial structure. The results suggest caution in the use of this instrument: the scale presents a deep variation in reliability across countries and its configuration is not stable, displaying several different factor structures from one country to another. In considering the source of this instability, this study addresses a priming effect due to questions introduced in 2008 immediately prior to the use of the gender role attitudes scale that modified the context of response.

Gender-Role Attitudes in University Students in the United States, Slovenia, and Croatia

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Hanson Frieze ◽  
Anuš;ka Ferligoj ◽  
Tina Kogovšek ◽  
Tanja Rener ◽  
Jasna Horvat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Frequent Attendance ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
Over Time

Determinants of gender-role attitudes were examined in samples of university students from Pittsburgh in the United States, Ljubljana in Slovenia, and Osijek in Croatia. Surveys including items from the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and the Neosexism Scale were administered to a total of 1,544 U.S. students, 912 Slovene students, and 996 Croatian students between the years of 1991 and 2000. As predicted, men held less egalitarian or more sexist attitudes about the appropriate roles for women and men, and those with more frequent attendance at religious services held more sexist attitudes. No changes in attitudes were found for women over time, but Slovene males were found to become more traditional over time.

Gender Role Preferences and Perceptions of University Administrators

NASPA Journal ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Street ◽  
Ellen Kimmel
Keyword(s):  
Women Administrators ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
University Administrators ◽  
Sex Typing ◽  
Senior Administrators ◽  
Ideal Woman ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
The Ideal

This study provides a model for institution-specific assessment of gender role preferences and perceptions, based on the responses of 321 university administrators to the Sex Role Trait Inventory. Women administrators described their ideal woman, ideal man, and themselves as androgynous. For male administrators, the ideal woman was androgynous, but these men defined their ideal man and themselves as masculine. Women and men both perceived most actual women and men as sex-typing by male respondents, gender role attitudes of women and men, and particularly female and male senior administrators, were similar.

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