Sexual Harassment and Assault

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilia M. Cortina ◽  
Suzanne Swan ◽  
Louise F. Fitzgerald ◽  
Craig Waldo
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Academic Climate ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
The Impact

An extensive body of literature has documented the widespread and damaging nature of sexual harassment and assault on college campuses, yet little research has investigated the impact of such victimization on the academic climate. This study examined experiences of sexual harassment and assault among 1,037 female undergraduate and graduate students, with a particular focus on educational outcomes. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed significant negative effects of harassment and assault on perceptions of academic climate. We also investigated the extent and effects of double victimization (i.e., experiences of both harassment and assault), as well as the relationships among sexual harassment types, incidence rates, and frequencies. Issues of sexual orientation and race/ethnicity are explored throughout the article, with membership in different groups affecting victimization incidence rates as well as harassment labeling.

Impact of Ethnicity On Incidence and Survival Among Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the United States; Insights From 2005 SEER Data.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 3069-3069
Author(s):  
Casey L O'Connell ◽  
Pedram Razavi ◽  
Roberta McKean-Cowdin ◽  
Malcolm C. Pike
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Abstract 3069 Poster Board III-6 Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive malignancy whose incidence declines through adolescence and then increases steadily with age. Prognosis appears to be inversely related to age among adults. We sought to explore the impact of race/ethnicity on incidence and survival among adults with ALL in the United States (US). Methods We examined trends in incidence and survival among adults with ALL in the US using the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program which includes data from 17 SEER registries. We calculated the incidence rates for the most recent time period (2001-2005) because the classification for ALL subtypes was more complete during this time. For the survival analysis we used the data collected between 1975 and 2005. We categorized race/ethnicity into 5 mutually exclusive categories: non-Hispanic whites (NHW), Hispanic whites (HW), African Americans (AA), Asian/Pacific Islanders (API) and American Indians/Native Alaskans (AI/NA). Hispanic ethnicity was defined using SEER's Hispanic-origin variable which is based on the NAACCR Hispanic Identification Algorithm (NHIA); 11 patients dually coded as black and Hispanic were included in the AA group for our analyses. Few ALL cases were identified among AI/NA, so that group is not represented in the final analyses. We included ALL cases coded in the SEER registry using the International Classification of Disease for Oncology (ICD-0-3) as 9827-9829 and 9835-9837. We excluded cases of Burkitt's leukemia (n=228), cases that were not confirmed by microscopic or cytologic tests (n=132), cases that were reported only based on autopsy data (n=3) and cases whose race/ethnicity were unknown (n=20). The average annual incidence rates per 100,000 for 2001-2005, age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population were calculated using SEER*Stat Version 6.4.4 statistical software. We used multivariate Cox hazard models stratified by SEER registry and age category to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for relative survival of adult ALL cases across race/ethnicity, sex and cell of origin (B- or T-cell). All models were adjusted for the diagnosis era, and use of non-CNS radiation. The model also included an interaction term for age and diagnosis era. We performed a separate stratified analysis of the impact of race/ethnicity on survival within age subgroups (20-29, 30-39, 40-59, 60-69, 70+). Results The highest incidence rate (IR) of ALL was observed for HW (IR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.43-1.79). HW had a significantly higher IR across all age categories as compared to the other racial/ethnic groups, while AA had the lowest IR. In particular, the observed rate of B-cell ALL among HW (IR 0.77; 95% CI 0.69-0.87) was more than twice that of NHW (IR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.27-0.32) and more than three times the rate observed among AA (IR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.15-0.26). In contrast, we did not observe statistically significant variability in the rates of T-cell ALL across race/ethnic groups (overall IR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.11-0.14). Survival was significantly poorer among AA (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09-1.46), HW (HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09-1.46), and API (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.06-1.32) compared to NHW with all subtypes of ALL. Among adults younger than 40 with B-cell ALL, survival was significantly poorer among AA (HR: 1.60; 95% CI:1.021-2.429) and HW (HR: 1.53; 95% CI:1.204-1.943) with a non-signficant trend among API (HR: 1.22; 95% 0.834-1.755) compared to NHW. Survival differences between the different racial/ethnic groups were no longer statistically significant among adults with B-cell ALL over the age of 40. For T-cell ALL, survival was significantly poorer among AA (HR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.22-2.10), HW (HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.14-1.93) and API (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.13-2.13), as compared to NHW. A similar survival pattern by age (adults above and below age 40 years) was observed for T-cell as described for B-cell, with AA under 40 having a particularly dismal prognosis (HR: 2.89; 95% CI 1.96-4.17) compared to NHW. Conclusions The incidence rate of B-cell ALL among adults in the US is higher among HW than other ethnic groups. Survival is significantly poorer among AA and HW than among NHW under the age of 40 with B-cell ALL. Survival is also significantly poorer among AA, HW and API than among NHW with T-cell ALL in adults under 40. Survival trends appear to converge after the age of 40 among all racial/ethnic groups. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Racial and age specific differences in localized and metastatic prostate cancer incidence: 1988-2013.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
Marc Dall'Era ◽  
Ralph deVere White ◽  
Danielle Rodgriguez ◽  
Rosemary Donaldson Cress
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Metastatic Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Localized Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer Incidence ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

211 Background: The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against routine PSA based prostate cancer screening in all men in 2012. This led to dramatic reductions in screening and rates of localized disease across all clinical risk groups. We sought to study the impact of this on rates of metastatic disease, specifically by patient race and age. Methods: We analyzed new prostate cancer incidence by stage at diagnosis between 1988-2013 within the Cancer Registry of Greater California. We further stratified cases by four major race/ethnicity groups (non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic and non-Hispanic Asian/PI (API)) and age. Incidence rates were calculated and compared per 100,000 and age-adjusted to the 2000 US Standard Population. Joinpoint regression was used to detect changes in incidence and to calculate the average percent change (APC). Results: Adjusted rates of remote prostate cancer incidence for NHW men increased slightly in the most recent decade (+0.28%) after steady declines in previous years with the inflection point occurring in 2002, however this was not statistically significant. In contrast, incidence of remote prostate cancer continued to decline for NHB (-2.73%), Hispanic (-2.04%), and API (-1.45%) men. The greatest increase of +1.1% a year since 2002 was observed for NHW men under age 65. The incidence of localized prostate cancer declined for all race/ethnicity groups over the most recent time period and also declined in all age groups. After remaining relatively flat since 1992, incidence of localized prostate cancer among NHW men declined by over 8% per year starting in 2007 compared with a more gradual decline of -3.52% a year since 2000 for NHB, and more recent declines of -14.41% and -16.64% for Hispanic and API men, respectively. Incidence of regional stage cancer also declined in all groups, but less dramatically. Conclusions: Incidence rates of newly metastatic prostate cancer have not significantly changed since PSA screening declined in the US although we noted a slight upward trend primarily for younger, white men since 2002.

Variable Risk of Second Primary Malignancy In Multiple Myeloma Patients of Different Ethnicities

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 678-678
Author(s):  
Pedram Razavi ◽  
Gaurav Patel ◽  
Asher Chanan-Khan ◽  
Sikander Ailawadhi
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Abstract 678 Background: Second primary malignancies (SPM) among multiple myeloma (MM) patients have been reported with an estimated incidence varying from 1%–15%. We have previously reported that significant disparity exists in MM survival across patients of different ethnicities. We undertook a Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) based analysis to describe the incidence of SPM among MM patients of different ethnicities, in order to explore the variable impact that SPM might have on MM outcomes of patients across racial subgroups. Methods: SEER database was used to examine the standardized incidence rates (SIR) of SPM among MM patients diagnosed between 1973–2008. Observed to expected ratio (O/E) of SPM was calculated using incidence rates of cancers for the general population. The 95% confidence limits (CI) were constructed using Fisher's exact test. The analysis was restricted to patients with MM as first primary, microscopic confirmation of diagnosis, reporting sources not coded as autopsy- or death-certificate-only, and SPM reported more than 2 month after MM diagnosis. Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories were: African-Americans (AA), Asians/Pacific Islanders (API), Hispanic whites (HW), Non-Hispanic whites (NHW), and others. The risk of SPM among MM patients was explored by ethnicity, type of SPM, and latency period. Results: A total of 3090 cases of MM with SPM were diagnosed between 1973–2008, of which, 2021 patients met our inclusion criteria. Stratification of SPM by ethnicity revealed: 387 AA (19%), 72 API (4%), 51 HW (3%), 1500 NHW (74%) and 11 other (<1%) cases. There was an average 4.7-year latency period between diagnosis of MM and SPM (mean age 68.2 and 72.9 years, respectively). The latency period was not significantly different by type of SPM (solid organ vs. hematological) or ethnicity. AA had the youngest age at diagnosis for both, MM and SPM (65.6 and 70.1 year, respectively). (Figure 1) For all SPM sites analyzed together, there was no significant difference between the observed and expected incidence (O/E 0.98; 95% CI 0.94–1.02). However, O/E risk was significantly decreased for solid organ SPM (N=1695; O/E 0.92; 95% CI 0.88–0.96) and increased for hematological malignancies (N=263; O/E 1.63; 95% CI 1.44–1.84). Highest excess risk among all SPM was noted for acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) (O/E 6.51; 95% CI 5.37–7.83). The overall risk of observed SPM was not different from expected rates by ethnicity, with the exception of HW who had a significantly decreased overall SPM risk. Table 1 summarizes significant results of O/E risk of SPM by race and site. HW and NHW were less likely to develop overall solid organ SPM. Within solid organ sites, HW had a significantly decreased O/E risk of developing lung/bronchus and prostate SPM. NHW were the only ethnic subgroup with an increased O/E risk of developing melanoma of skin, while the O/E risk of developing SPM of kidney/renal pelvis was increased only among AA. The risk of ANLL as SPM was significantly increased among AA, API, and NHW, while risk of NHL as SPM was only increased among NHW. Conclusion: Exploring potential causes of outcome disparities is important for evaluating disease characteristics and optimal triaging of healthcare resources for specific patient populations. We have performed the largest population-based analysis for the risk of SPM in MM patients stratified by race/ethnicity. We found that the risk of developing SPM among MM patients is variable depending on the patient's ethnic background. This warrants further exploration of the impact of SPM on outcomes of MM patients across different racial subgroups. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Who do They Tell? College Students’ Formal and Informal Disclosure of Sexual Violence, Sexual Harassment, Stalking, and Dating Violence by Gender, Sexual Identity, and Race

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110501
Author(s):  
Annelise Mennicke ◽  
Constance Austin Coates ◽  
Bridget Jules ◽  
Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Systemic Support ◽  
The Impact

Disclosure of interpersonal violence (i.e., sexual violence, sexual harassment, dating violence, and stalking) is often the first step toward receiving social and systemic support. Research demonstrates that sexual assault and dating violence survivors on college campuses are more likely to disclosure to informal sources (i.e., friends and family) than formal sources (e.g., police, Title IX, counseling centers). However, there is limited research examining disclosure rates after other forms of violence (i.e., stalking, sexual harassment), and little is known about the impact of the survivors' identities on disclosure. Utilizing four academic years (2016-2019) of aggregated campus climate data from a large Southeastern university, the current study examined rates of disclosure across experiences of sexual violence, sexual harassment, dating violence, and stalking while identifying whether the prevalence and type of disclosure (formal versus informal-only) differed by gender, sexual orientation, and/or race/ethnicity. Of 8,017 participants, 4.6% reported sexual violence, 18.9% reported sexual harassment, 12.3% reported dating violence, and 11.3% reported stalking in the past academic year. Results of multinomial logistic regression indicated that, across all four types of violence, men (as compared to women) had lower odds of disclosing both informally-only and formally. Bisexual as compared to heterosexual students had higher odds of formal disclosure of sexual harassment and stalking while gay/lesbian students had higher odds of formally disclosing sexual harassment. Individuals of another race/ethnicity (compared to White students) had lower odds of informal-only disclosure of dating violence. Findings underscore the need to implement programs to improve the social reactions of friends and family members receiving disclosures, and to increase culturally-tailored service provision.

The Incidence and Outcomes of Sexual Harassment Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women: A Comparison Across Levels of Cultural Affiliation

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen I. Shupe ◽  
Lilia M. Cortina ◽  
Alexandra Ramos ◽  
Louise F. Fitzgerald ◽  
Jan Salisbury
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
White Women ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cultural Affiliation ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Tests Of Association ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Hispanic White

An extensive body of literature has documented the widespread and damaging nature of sexual harassment among Anglo women, but little attention has focused on the experiences of women of color. The current paper begins to address this gap by comparing sexual harassment incidence rates and psychological and work-related outcomes of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women across varying levels of cultural affiliation. Chi-square tests of association suggest that risk of harassment increases with affiliation to the mainstream U.S. culture, and hierarchical regression analyses suggest that cultural affiliation moderates the relation between sexual harassment and occupational functioning. These provocative findings are discussed in the context of social and economic vulnerability, socio-sexual norms, and cultural background.

The More Control, the Better?

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeeyun Oh ◽  
Mun-Young Chung ◽  
Sangyong Han
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Design ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Story Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High User ◽  
User Control ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

Despite of the popularity of interactive movie trailers, rigorous research on one of the most apparent features of these interfaces – the level of user control – has been scarce. This study explored the effects of user control on users’ immersion and enjoyment of the movie trailers, moderated by the content type. We conducted a 2 (high user control versus low user control) × 2 (drama film trailer versus documentary film trailer) mixed-design factorial experiment. The results showed that the level of user control over movie trailer interfaces decreased users’ immersion when the trailer had an element of traditional story structure, such as a drama film trailer. Participants in the high user control condition answered that they were less fascinated with, absorbed in, focused on, mentally involved with, and emotionally affected by the movie trailer than participants in the low user control condition only with the drama movie trailer. The negative effects of user control on the level of immersion for the drama trailer translated into users’ enjoyment. The impact of user control over interfaces on immersion and enjoyment varies depending on the nature of the media content, which suggests a possible trade-off between the level of user control and entertainment outcomes.

Monetary policy and the effect of the transfer of oil prices to inflation

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Ph. S. Kartaev ◽  
I. D. Medvedev
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Oil Price Shocks ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Price Shocks ◽  
Policy Regime ◽  
The Impact

The paper examines the impact of oil price shocks on inflation, as well as the impact of the choice of the monetary policy regime on the strength of this influence. We used dynamic models on panel data for the countries of the world for the period from 2000 to 2017. It is shown that mainly the impact of changes in oil prices on inflation is carried out through the channel of exchange rate. The paper demonstrates the influence of the transition to inflation targeting on the nature of the relationship between oil price shocks and inflation. This effect is asymmetrical: during periods of rising oil prices, inflation targeting reduces the effect of the transfer of oil prices, limiting negative effects of shock. During periods of decline in oil prices, this monetary policy regime, in contrast, contributes to a stronger transfer, helping to reduce inflation.

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