Shifting Authority: Teachers’ Role in the Bureaucratization of School Discipline in Postwar Los Angeles

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Kafka
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Older People ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Teacher Organizations ◽  
District Superintendent ◽  
Local Teacher ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Inherent Part

In November of 1956, the Los Angeles City Board of Education held a regular evening meeting devoted entirely to the topic of school discipline. The session began with brief comments from the district superintendent, Ellis Jarvis, who urged those in attendance not to take the issue too seriously Discipline was “an inherent part of education,” he reminded them, and thus was always “a problem of all schools; all schools in this city, in every city, in every community.” Moreover, he joked, “Denunciation of the young is a necessary part of the hygiene of older people, and greatly assists in the circulation of their blood.” The rest of the meeting's speakers, however, almost all of whom were Los Angeles teachers, did not share Jarvis’ lighthearted perspective. Representing several local teacher organizations, clubs, and associations, as well as two Board-appointed committees charged with investigating discipline in the city's schools, they portrayed a district in crisis, overrun by misbehaving youth, and urged the Board to take action to address the problem.

scholarly journals Teachers’s attachments to their place of work and their working locality. A case study of geography teachers in the Silesian Voivodeship (Poland)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dacy-Ignatiuk ◽  
Adam Hibszer
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Geographical Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emotional Relationships ◽  
Almost All ◽  
School Heads ◽  
Range Of Influence

Abstract The authors of the article sought to answer the questions: do geography teachers feel a tie with their place of work, what is the strength of this relationship and what factors influence these declared ties with the place. A step towards knowing the answers is the declared subjective assessment of emotional relationships with such a place. To this end, surveys were conducted among geography teachers. Due to their profession, they are a social group having a wide range of influence on young people and their attitudes towards their local geographical environment. Organizational reasons (the ability to reach teachers of all schools through the information exchange platform between Board of Education and school heads – so-called the headmasters panel) decided to examine a selected group of respondents – geography teachers of the Silesian Voivodeship. Google questionnaire was used as an electronic form of data collection. The research was quantitative and only partly qualitative. The analysis of the obtained results gave an interesting view of the perception of teachers' relations with the place where their school is located – their place of work. Almost all respondents declared the existence of a territorial bond with their place of work. The workplace itself is an important factor in the formation and strength of these ties. The length of residence in a given place was also important, and its type (town or a village) and size were less important. For half of the surveyed teachers, it was difficult for them to indicate the distinguishing feature (symbol) of their place of work, regardless of whether they were inhabitants or commuters from elsewhere.

scholarly journals Assistive devices: self-reported use by older people in Victoria

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn Smith ◽  
Susan Quine ◽  
Julie Anderson ◽  
Kirsten Black
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Assistive Devices ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Payment Policy ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Home Modifications ◽  
Adequate Education ◽  
Almost All

A qualitative study was conducted in Victoria to explore factors affecting the acceptability and use of assistive devices by older people. Four focus groups and fifteen home-based interviews were conducted with older people (mean age 77 years) who had been issued with 2 or more assistive devices. Analysis of the data indicated that almost all participants were content to be advised by professionals on suitable equipment. Most considered the equipment and home modifications safe and easy to use, and appreciated the benefits for mobility, confidence and independence. Reasons for non-use were commonly related to changes in functional ability. Cost was a major deterrent for a small number who opted to 'make do'. Recommendations are made for improvements to the existing system of equipment provision and use, including: review and development of consistency of provision and payment policy among service providers; flexibility of payment options; adequate education and follow-up support for clients.

scholarly journals Detection of Coccidioides posadasii in a patient with meningitis using metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqiao Mao ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Haibo Lou ◽  
Xiaoyu Shang ◽  
Yanjun Mai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Dimorphic Fungi ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract Background Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic infection caused by dimorphic fungi Coccidioides spp. endemic to Southwestern United States and Central and South America. A history of residence and travel in these areas is essential for the diagnostic of coccidioidomycosis, which has highly variable symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe, disseminated infection, and even death. Immunocompromised patients of coccidioidomycosis experience a high risk of dissemination, chronic infection, and mortality. Meningitis is one of the most deleterious coccidioidomycosis and can cause various life-threatening complications. Case presentation Here we report a case of Coccidioides posadasii meningitis in a 49-year-old female who returned to China after one and a half years residence in Los Angeles, USA. The repeated routine cultures using CSF for bacteria or fungi were all negative. To hunt for an infectious etiology, the state-of-the-art technology metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was then utilized, suggesting Coccidioides posadasii. Organizational pathological examination and polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) results subsequently confirmed the mNGS detection. Conclusion To our knowledge, cases for coccidioidal meningitis have been rarely reported in China. While global travelling may spread this disease across continents and make the diagnosis more difficult. mNGS can detect almost all known pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity, especially for uncommon pathogen, such as Coccidioides posadasii in China.

You Can’t Fix What You Don’t Look At

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prudence L. Carter ◽  
Russell Skiba ◽  
Mariella I. Arredondo ◽  
Mica Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Black Male ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Ethnic Stereotypes ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Racial/ethnic stereotypes are deep rooted in our history; among these, the dangerous Black male stereotype is especially relevant to issues of differential school discipline today. Although integration in the wake of Brown v. Board of Education was intended to counteract stereotype and bias, resegregation has allowed little true integration. Thus, old patterns continue to be reinforced through the ongoing processes of implicit bias, micro-aggression, and colorblindness. Thus, to effectively address inequity, the role of race must be explicitly acknowledged in addressing racial disparities in discipline. We close with a set of recommendations for talking about and acting on racial disparities.

Paramedic Knowledge, Attitudes, and Training in End-of-Life Care

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 529-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Stone ◽  
Jean Abbott ◽  
Christian D. McClung ◽  
Chris B. Colwell ◽  
Marc Eckstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Terminal Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Eol Care

AbstractIntroduction:Paramedics often are asked to care for patients at the end of life. To do this, they must communicate effectively with family and caregivers, understand their legal obligations, and know when to withhold unwanted interventions. The objectives of this study were to ascertain paramedics' attitudes toward end-of-life (EOL) situations and the frequency with which they encounter them; and to compare paramedics' preparation during training for a variety of EOL care skills.Methods:A written survey was administered to a convenience sample of paramedics in two cities: Denver, Colorado and Los Angeles, California. Questions addressed: (1) attitudes toward EOL decision-making in prehospital settings; (2) experience (number of EOL situations experienced in the past two years); (3) importance of various EOL tasks in clinical practice (pronouncing and communicating death, ending resuscitation, honoring advance directives (ADs)); and (4) self-assessed preparation for these EOL tasks. For each task, importance and preparation were measured using a four-point Likert scale. Proportions were compared using McNemar chi-square statistics to identify areas of under or over-preparation.Results:Two hundred thirty-six paramedics completed the survey. The mean age was 39 years (range 22–59 years), and 222 (94%) were male. Twenty percent had >20 years of experience. Almost all participants (95%; 95% CI = 91–97%) agreed that prehospital providers should honor field ADs, and more than half (59%; 95% CI = 52–65%) felt that providers should honor verbal wishes to limit resuscitation at the scene. Ninety-eight percent of the participants (95% CI = 96–100%) had questioned whether specific life support interventions were appropriate for patients who appeared to have a terminal disease. Twenty-six percent (95% CI = 20–32%) reported to have used their own judgment during the past two years to withhold or end resuscitation in a patient who appeared to have a terminal disease. Significant discrepancies between the importance in practice and the level of preparation during training for the four EOL situations included: (1) understanding ADs (75% very important vs. 40% well prepared; difference 35%: 95% CI = 26–43%); (2) knowing when to honor written ADs (90% very important vs. 59% well-prepared; difference 31%: 95% CI = 23–38%); and (3) verbal ADs (75% very important vs. 54% well-prepared, difference 21%: 95% CI = 12–29%); and (4) communicating death to family or friends (79% very important vs. 48% well prepared, difference 31%: 95% CI = 23–39%). Paramedics' preparation in EOL skills was significantly lower than that for clinical skills such as endotracheal intubation or defibrillation.Conclusions:There is a need to include more training in EOL care into prehospital training curricula, including how to verify and apply ADs, when to withhold treatments, and how to discuss death with victims' family or friends.

An analysis of publication productivity for 1225 academic neurosurgeons and 99 departments in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 746-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nickalus R. Khan ◽  
Clinton J. Thompson ◽  
Douglas R. Taylor ◽  
Garrett T. Venable ◽  
R. Matthew Wham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Publication Productivity ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
H Index ◽  
University Of Pittsburgh ◽  
Almost All

Object Bibliometrics is defined as the study of statistical and mathematical methods used to quantitatively analyze scientific literature. The application of bibliometrics in neurosurgery is in its infancy. The authors calculate a number of publication productivity measures for almost all academic neurosurgeons and departments within the US. Methods The h-index, g-index, m-quotient, and contemporary h-index (hc-index) were calculated for 1225 academic neurosurgeons in 99 (of 101) programs listed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in January 2013. Three currently available citation databases were used: Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Bibliometric profiles were created for each surgeon. Comparisons based on academic rank (that is, chairperson, professor, associate, assistant, and instructor), sex, and subspecialties were performed. Departments were ranked based on the summation of individual faculty h-indices. Calculations were carried out from January to February 2013. Results The median h-index, g-index, hc-index, and m-quotient were 11, 20, 8, and 0.62, respectively. All indices demonstrated a positive relationship with increasing academic rank (p < 0.001). The median h-index was 11 for males (n = 1144) and 8 for females (n = 81). The h-index, g-index and hc-index significantly varied by sex (p < 0.001). However, when corrected for academic rank, this difference was no longer significant. There was no difference in the m-quotient by sex. Neurosurgeons with subspecialties in functional/epilepsy, peripheral nerve, radiosurgery, neuro-oncology/skull base, and vascular have the highest median h-indices; general, pediatric, and spine neurosurgeons have the lowest median h-indices. By summing the manually calculated Scopus h-indices of all individuals within a department, the top 5 programs for publication productivity are University of California, San Francisco; Barrow Neurological Institute; Johns Hopkins University; University of Pittsburgh; and University of California, Los Angeles. Conclusions This study represents the most detailed publication analysis of academic neurosurgeons and their programs to date. The results for the metrics presented should be viewed as benchmarks for comparison purposes. It is our hope that organized neurosurgery will adopt and continue to refine bibliometric profiling of individuals and departments.

Paramedics and pneumonia associated with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Ray Higginson ◽  
Andy Parry ◽  
Meirion Williams ◽  
Bridie Jones
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Intravenous Fluids ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Early Administration ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Almost All

Paramedics are at the frontline of healthcare delivery and this includes during the current coronavirus pandemic. This pandemic poses specific problems for paramedics, which include not only treating and transporting infected patients, but also issues around decontamination and disinfection of ambulances and medical equipment. Of particular concern is the pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Data on COVID-19 pneumonia are developing. Ongoing research demonstrates that almost all serious consequences of COVID-19 feature pneumonia, especially in older people and those with comorbidities. Paramedics can have a profound effect on the care of patients with pneumonia. Effective management of COVID-19 pneumonia by the paramedic should centre around prompt recognition, early administration of oxygen and intravenous fluids and transfer to hospital. In some situations, paramedics may need to be involved in the delivery and maintenance of airway adjuncts in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Religious attitudes among British older people: stability and change in a 20-year longitudinal study

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER G. COLEMAN ◽  
CHRISTINE IVANI-CHALIAN ◽  
MAUREEN ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Church Attendance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Beliefs And Practice ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Almost All

Britain along with other western European countries has seen a marked decrease in allegiance to traditional forms of Christianity during the latter part of the 20th century. Although church attendance remains relatively high among older people compared with younger age groups, there has been little or no investigation into the stability or change of people's religious belief and practice with increasing age. This paper present findings on these issues from the Southampton Ageing Project, which from 1977–78 to 2002 followed 342 people almost all of whom had had an entirely Christian religious education and all of whom at the outset were aged 65 or more years. Although religion has continued to have considerable meaning in the lives of up to one-half of the participants, approximately one-quarter of the sample expressed a declining commitment to a religious faith and to church membership. The participants' accounts of their recent life experiences, for example following bereavement, give instances of disappointment with the support that they received from institutional religion and show that this was a factor in their declining adherence. They also provide suggestions for further investigation into the origin of this decline. The conclusion argues that the study of older people's religious and spiritual beliefs and practice should be integrated with the investigation of self and identity and of sources of existential meaning in later life.

scholarly journals Trends in Incidence and Outcomes of Hospitalizations for Urinary Tract Infection among Older People in Spain (2001–2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2332
Author(s):  
Domingo Palacios-Ceña ◽  
Lidiane Lima Florencio ◽  
Valentín Hernández-Barrera ◽  
Cesar Fernandez-de-las-Peñas ◽  
Javier de Miguel-Diez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Older People ◽  
Urinary Catheter ◽  
National Hospital ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time

(1) Background: To assess time trends in the incidence and in-hospital outcomes of urinary tract infection (UTI) in older people (≥65 years) in Spain (2001–2018) according to sex and to identify the factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM). (2) Methods: Using the Spanish National Hospital Database, we analyzed comorbidity, procedures, diagnosis, isolated microorganisms, and outcomes. (3) Results: We included 583,693 admissions (56.76% women). In both sexes, the incidence increased with age over time (p < 0.001). In men and women, the highest IHM was found among the oldest patients (>84 years) with values of 9.16% and 8.6%, respectively. The prevalence of bacteremia increased from 4.61% to 4.98% from 2001 to 2018 (p < 0.001) and sepsis decreased from 3.16% to 1.69% (p < 0.001). The risk of dying increased with age (>84 years) (OR 3.63; 95% CI 3.5–3.78) and with almost all comorbidities. Urinary catheter was a risk factor for women (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.02–1.18) and protective for men (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.66–0.76). Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus increased the risk of IHM by 40% among men (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.28–1.53). After adjusting for confounders, IHM decreased over time. (4) Conclusions: The incidence of UTIs was higher in older patients and increased over time; however, IHM decreased during the same period. Female sex, age, comorbidities, sepsis, and a Staphylococcus aureus isolation increased risk of IHM.

Empowerment in a Controlling Place: Youth Program Facilitators and Resistance to School Discipline

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-625
Author(s):  
Max A. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
School District ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Urban Schools ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Control School ◽  
Cultural Heterogeneity ◽  
Youth Program ◽  
School Based ◽  
Violence Prevention Programs

Research has described a nearly monolithic culture of control that shapes the disciplinary practices and experiences of youth in urban schools. However, existing research does not adequately account for the diverse actions of school-based adults in relation to school discipline. Drawing on four years of fieldwork in violence prevention programs implemented in classrooms throughout Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), this study explores how program facilitators create and sustain a cultural frame of empowerment within the context of the culture of control. As the findings reveal, facilitators narrowed and refined empowerment, emphasizing student anonymity and leveling classroom authority. This enactment of empowerment temporarily subverted disciplinary and punitive mechanisms in ways that meaningfully impacted individuals. This article applies the theoretical framework of cultural heterogeneity to educational contexts, arguing that while schools are sites of an overarching culture of control, school-based adults enact multiple, often conflicting cultural frames.

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