Molecular mechanisms of local adaptation for salt‐tolerance in a treefrog

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly A. Albecker ◽  
Adam M.M. Stuckert ◽  
Christopher N. Balakrishnan ◽  
Michael W. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms

scholarly journals Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia japonica Steud.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Cong An ◽  
Hailin Guo ◽  
Xiangyang Yang ◽  
Jingbo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background: Areas with saline soils are sparsely populated and have fragile ecosystems, which severely restricts the sustainable development of local economies. Zoysia grasses are recognized as excellent warm-season turfgrasses worldwide, with high salt tolerance and superior growth in saline-alkali soils. However, the mechanism underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia species remains unknown. Results: The phenotypic and physiological responses of two contrasting materials, Zoysia japonica Steud. Z004 (salt sensitive) and Z011 (salt tolerant) in response to salt stress were studied. The results show that Z011 was more salt tolerant than was Z004, with the former presenting greater K+/Na+ ratios in both its leaves and roots. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance further, we compared the transcriptomes of the two materials at different time points (0 h, 1 h, 24 h, and 72 h) and from different tissues (leaves and roots) under salt treatment. The 24-h time point and the roots might make significant contributions to the salt tolerance. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in the salt-stress response belonged to the hormone pathway, various TF families and the DUF family. Conclusions: Z011 may have improved salt tolerance by reducing Na+ transport from the roots to the leaves, increasing K+ absorption in the roots and reducing K+ secretion from the leaves to maintain a significantly greater K+/Na+ ratio. Twenty-four hours might be a relatively important time point for the salt-stress response of zoysiagrass. The auxin signal transduction family, ABA signal transduction family, WRKY TF family and bHLH TF family may be the most important families in Zoysia salt-stress regulation. This study provides fundamental information concerning the salt-stress response of Zoysia and improves the understanding of molecular mechanisms in salt-tolerant plants.

scholarly journals Advances and Challenges in the Breeding of Salt-Tolerant Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8385
Author(s):  
Hua Qin ◽  
Yuxiang Li ◽  
Rongfeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Salt Susceptible

Soil salinization and a degraded ecological environment are challenging agricultural productivity and food security. Rice (Oryza sativa), the staple food of much of the world’s population, is categorized as a salt-susceptible crop. Improving the salt tolerance of rice would increase the potential of saline-alkali land and ensure food security. Salt tolerance is a complex quantitative trait. Biotechnological efforts to improve the salt tolerance of rice hinge on a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance. In this review, we summarize progress in the breeding of salt-tolerant rice and in the mapping and cloning of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with salt tolerance in rice. Furthermore, we describe biotechnological tools that can be used to cultivate salt-tolerant rice, providing a reference for efforts aimed at rapidly and precisely cultivating salt-tolerance rice varieties.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic profiling identifies candidate genes involved in salt tolerance of the xerophyte Pugionium cornutum

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Nong Cui ◽  
Fang-Zhen Wang ◽  
Cheng-Hang Yang ◽  
Jian-Zhen Yuan ◽  
Huan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Genes Encoding

Abstract Background: Pugionium cornutum is a xerophytic plant that primarily adapts to salt stress by accumulating inorganic ions (e.g., Cl-) for osmoregulation, improving its reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging ability and maintaining high photosynthetic carbon assimilation efficiency, but the associated molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Results: Here, we present an analysis of gene responses to salt stress based on the transcriptome of P. cornutum exposed to 50 mM NaCl treatment. The data revealed that, after NaCl treatment for 6 or 24 h, the transcript levels of multiple genes encoding proteins facilitating Cl- accumulation and NO3- homeostasis such as SLAH1, CLCg, CCC1, and NPF6.4, as well as the transport of other major inorganic osmoticums were significantly upregulated in roots and shoots, which should be favorable to enhancing osmotic adjustment capacity and maintaining the plant uptake and transport of nutrient elements; a large number of genes related to ROS-scavenging pathways were also significantly upregulated, which should be beneficial for mitigating salt-induced oxidative damage to the cell metabolism. Meanwhile, many genes encoding components of the photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation enzymes were significantly upregulated in shoots after salt treatment, possibly resulting in a high carbon assimilation efficiency in P. cornutum. Additionally, numerous salt-inducible transcription factor genes probably regulating the abovementioned processes were found. Conclusion: Candidate genes involved in salt tolerance of P. cornutum were identified, which lays a preliminary foundation for clarifying the molecular mechanism of the xerophytes adapting to harsh environments.

scholarly journals Omeprazole Promotes Chloride Exclusion and Induces Salt Tolerance in Greenhouse Basil

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petronia Carillo ◽  
Pasqualina Woodrow ◽  
Giampaolo Raimondi ◽  
Christophe El-Nakhel ◽  
Antonio Pannico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Benzimidazole Derivative ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Proton Pumps

The role of small bioactive molecules (<500 Da) in mechanisms improving resource use efficiency in plants under stress conditions draws increasing interest. One such molecule is omeprazole (OMP), a benzimidazole derivative and inhibitor of animal proton pumps shown to improve nitrate uptake and exclusion of toxic ions, especially of chloride from the cytosol of salt-stressed leaves. Currently, OMP was applied as substrate drench at two rates (0 or 10 μM) on hydroponic basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Genovese) grown under decreasing NO3−:Cl− ratio (80:20, 60:40, 40:60, or 20:80). Chloride concentration and stomatal resistance increased while transpiration, net CO2 assimilation rate and beneficial ions (NO3−, PO43−, and SO42−) decreased with reduced NO3−:Cl− ratio under the 0 μM OMP treatment. The negative effects of chloride were not only mitigated by the 10 μM OMP application in all treatments, with the exception of 20:80 NO3−:Cl−, but plant growth at 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60 NO3−:Cl− ratios receiving OMP application showed maximum fresh yield (+13%, 24%, and 22%, respectively), shoot (+10%, 25%, and 21%, respectively) and root (+32%, 76%, and 75%, respectively) biomass compared to the corresponding untreated treatments. OMP was not directly involved in ion homeostasis and compartmentalization of vacuolar or apoplastic chloride. However, it was active in limiting chloride loading into the shoot, as manifested by the lower chloride concentration in the 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60 NO3−:Cl− treatments compared to the respective controls (−41%, −37%, and −24%), favoring instead that of nitrate and potassium while also boosting photosynthetic activity. Despite its unequivocally beneficial effect on plants, the large-scale application of OMP is currently limited by the molecule’s high cost. However, further studies are warranted to unravel the molecular mechanisms of OMP-induced reduction of chloride loading to shoot and improved salt tolerance.

Qualitative and quantitative variation in the mechanisms of salinity tolerance determined by multivariate assessment of diverse rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rashed Hossain ◽  
Jeremy Pritchard ◽  
Brian V. Ford-Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Ion Balance ◽  
Wide Range

Climate change-induced events are causing salinization of many rice-growing areas, requiring the identification of new sources of genetic variation for salt tolerance in plant genetic resources since commonly grown cultivars are sensitive to salt. To identify the level of salt tolerance across a wide range of genotypes, we used a multivariate screening method using multiple growth and physiological traits simultaneously. For this purpose, four indica, two japonica and two wild rice genotypes were grown hydroponically under 40 and 80 mM NaCl stresses; fourteen different growth, qualitative and physiological traits, e.g. plant height, biomass, root and shoot elongation rates, and tissue ion accumulation, were recorded. In general, indica varieties performed better than both japonica and wild species. Our approach identified the existence of qualitatively different mechanisms of salt tolerance across the genotypes. For example, Pokkali, a salt-tolerant indica variety, displayed both ‘Na exclusion’ and ‘ion balance’ mechanisms, whereas PSBRc50 and IR58 showed only ‘Na exclusion’, and the Japonica genotypes Banikat and Nipponbare showed only ‘ion balance’. The results demonstrated that the tolerance is dependent on the level of stress and that this varies between genotypes; Nipponbare is moderately tolerant to 40 mM NaCl but not to 80 mM. We also suggest that the use of multivariate analyses can simplify the complex salinity tolerance picture and can effectively reveal the salinity tolerant genotype from a wide range of germplasm. The results reported here identify different physiological mechanism of tolerance across the genotypes and provide a sound basis for future studies examining their underlying molecular mechanisms.

scholarly journals Functional Identification of Salt-Stress-Related Genes Using the FOX Hunting System from Ipomoea pes-caprae

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Jie-Xuan Zheng ◽  
Hui Mo ◽  
Kuai-Fei Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Cdna Library ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Functional Screening ◽  
Yeast Mutant ◽  
Full Length Cdna ◽  
Stress Related Genes

Ipomoea pes-caprae is a seashore halophytic plant and is therefore a good model for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying salt and stress tolerance in plant research. Here, we performed Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressor (FOX) gene hunting with a functional screening of a cDNA library using a salt-sensitive yeast mutant strain to isolate the salt-stress-related genes of I. pes-caprae (IpSR genes). The library was screened for genes that complemented the salt defect of yeast mutant AXT3 and could grow in the presence of 75 mM NaCl. We obtained 38 candidate salt-stress-related full-length cDNA clones from the I. pes-caprae cDNA library. The genes are predicted to encode proteins involved in water deficit, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, cellular vesicle trafficking, metabolic enzymes, and signal transduction factors. When combined with the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses, several potential functional salt-tolerance-related genes were emphasized. This approach provides a rapid assay system for the large-scale screening of I. pes-caprae genes involved in the salt stress response and supports the identification of genes responsible for the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-Based Comparative Proteomic Analysis Provides Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Qiang Wu ◽  
Jin-Long Wang ◽  
Rui-Jun Feng ◽  
Shan-Jia Li ◽  
Chun-Mei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Absolute Quantitation ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Isobaric Tags

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that limit plant growth and crop yield worldwide. To understand the molecular mechanisms and screen the key proteins in response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to salt, in the present study, the proteomics of roots and shoots in three-week-old sugar beet plants exposed to 50 mM NaCl for 72 h was investigated by isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) technology. The results showed that 105 and 30 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in roots and shoots of salt-treated plants compared with untreated plants, respectively. There were 46 proteins up-regulated and 59 proteins down-regulated in roots; and 13 up-regulated proteins and 17 down-regulated proteins found in shoots, respectively. These DEPs were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, transcription, translation, protein folding, sorting, and degradation as well as transport. It is worth emphasizing that some novel salt-responsive proteins were identified, such as PFK5, MDH, KAT2, ACAD10, CYP51, F3H, TAL, SRPR, ZOG, V-H+-ATPase, V-H+-PPase, PIPs, TIPs, and tubulin α-2/β-1 chain. qRT-PCR analysis showed that six of the selected proteins, including BvPIP1-4, BvVP and BvVAP in root and BvTAL, BvURO-D1, and BvZOG in shoot, displayed good correlation between the expression levels of protein and mRNA. These novel proteins provide a good starting point for further research into their functions using genetic or other approaches. These findings should significantly improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in salt tolerance of sugar beet plants.

scholarly journals Salt tolerance in rice: physiological responses and molecular mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Citao Liu ◽  
Bigang Mao ◽  
Dingyang Yuan ◽  
Chengcai Chu ◽  
Meijuan Duan
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Responses

Proteomic responses in shoots of the facultative halophyte Aeluropus littoralis (Poaceae) under NaCl salt stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wassim Azri ◽  
Zouhaier Barhoumi ◽  
Farhat Chibani ◽  
Manel Borji ◽  
Mouna Bessrour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Aeluropus Littoralis ◽  
Environmental Constraint ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Comparative Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Facultative Halophyte ◽  
Proteomic Responses

Salinity is an environmental constraint that limits agricultural productivity worldwide. Studies on the halophytes provide valuable information to describe the physiological and molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Therefore, because of genetic relationships of Aeluropus littoralis (Willd) Parl. with rice, wheat and barley, the present study was conducted to investigate changes in shoot proteome patterns in response to different salt treatments using proteomic methods. To examine the effect of salinity on A. littoralis proteome pattern, salt treatments (0, 200 and 400 mM NaCl) were applied for 24 h and 7 and 30 days. After 24 h and 7 days exposure to salt treatments, seedlings were fresh and green, but after 30 days, severe chlorosis was established in old leaves of 400 mM NaCl-salt treated plants. Comparative proteomic analysis of the leaves revealed that the relative abundance of 95 and 120 proteins was significantly altered in 200 and 400 mM NaCl treated plants respectively. Mass spectrometry-based identification was successful for 66 out of 98 selected protein spots. These proteins were mainly involved in carbohydrate, energy, amino acids and protein metabolisms, photosynthesis, detoxification, oxidative stress, translation, transcription and signal transduction. These results suggest that the reduction of proteins related to photosynthesis and induction of proteins involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and energy metabolism could be the main mechanisms for salt tolerance in A. littoralis. This study provides important information about salt tolerance, and a framework for further functional studies on the identified proteins in A. littoralis.

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