A generalist nematode destabilizes plant competition: no evidence for direct effects, but strong evidence for indirect effects on rhizobia abundance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha A. Catella ◽  
Castilleja Fallon Olmsted ◽  
Shaniya H. Markalanda ◽  
Connor J. McFadden ◽  
Corlett W. Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Direct Effects

Trophic Cascades in Grasslands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Wilsey
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Temperate Grasslands ◽  
Cascading Effect ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Ecology Of Fear

Top predators have effects that can ‘cascade down’ on lower trophic levels. Because of this cascading effect, it matters how many trophic levels are present. Predators are either ‘sit and wait’ or ‘active’. Wolves are top predators in temperate grasslands and can alter species composition of smaller-sized predators, prey, and woody and herbaceous plant species, either through direct effects or indirect effects (‘Ecology of Fear’). In human derived grasslands, invertebrate predators fill a similar ecological role as wolves. Migrating populations of herbivores tend to be more limited by food than non-migratory populations. The phenology and synchrony of births vary among prey species in a way that is consistent with an adaptation to predation. Precocious species have highly synchronous birth dates to satiate predators. Non-precocious species (‘hiders’) have asynchronous births. Results from studies that manipulate both predators and food support the hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down effects interact.

scholarly journals Possible Traffic Safety Effects of the Implementation of Section Control in Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-323
Author(s):  
Zsolt Sándor
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Implementation Cost ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environmental Loads

This article presents the anticipated safety effects of the implantation of section control in Hungary. The proposed results were originated from international studies and the local circumstances. Effects are depending on the control coverage and the magnitude of the sanctions. Direct (short term benefits) and indirect effects (long term benefits) can be identified. Direct effects are the decreasing of accident numbers, while indirect effects are the decrease of other externalities of transport like environmental loads. Based on the results the implementation cost of the enforcement system is measureable with the proposed social cost savings come from the decreasing number of accidents.

The Interaction of Reactions and Transport Part II: Combined Reactors and Exchangers

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart W. Churchill
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Geometrical Configuration ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Chemical Reactors ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Transport Part

The interactions between chemical reactions and transport may be divided into direct effects, for example on the molecular level, and indirect effects, for example those arising from the geometrical configuration of the integrated reactor/exchanger. Attention herein is focused on the latter, although in many instances the direct effects must be accounted for as well. Particular attention is given to the identification of behavior that does not arise in chemical reactors not connected to an exchanger or in exchangers not connected to a chemical reactor, as well as to optimal conditions and configurations of combined reactors and exchangers. Generalizations are difficult to formulate for such complex behavior and equipment, necessitating a primary reliance on illustrative examples. However, some general conclusions are drawn concerning the occurrence, identification, and performance of interactive designs.

6. Remedies in EU Law: Direct Effects, Indirect Effects, State Liability, and Art 267 TFEU

2021 ◽  
pp. 166-207
Author(s):  
Nigel Foster
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Preliminary Ruling ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
National Courts ◽  
State Liability ◽  
Cover Art ◽  
Direct Applicability ◽  
The Eu

This chapter brings together a number of related issues that are indirectly linked to the preliminary ruling procedure under Art 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU)—the vehicle by which the leading principles and remedies in EU law were developed by the Court of Justice; in particular, the means by which EU law could be enforced by individuals via the national courts, rather than by the Commission, or other institutions, or member states in direct actions before the CJEU. The discussions cover Art 267 TFEU; direct applicability and direct effects; state liability; and national procedural law and the system of remedies.

scholarly journals Liquidity constraints, spillovers, and entrepreneurship: evidence from a cash transfer program

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1158
Author(s):  
Rafael P. Ribas
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Liquidity Constraints ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Liquidity Shocks ◽  
Liquidity Shock

Abstract This paper exploits a liquidity shock from a welfare program in Brazil to investigate the role of financial constraints, in opposition to general equilibrium mechanisms, in explaining entrepreneurship. Previous research focuses exclusively on how liquidity changes recipients’ behavior through direct effects on reducing constraints. However, liquidity shocks may also produce spillovers from recipients to others and thereby indirectly affect entrepreneurial decisions. This paper presents a method for decomposing the liquidity shock into direct effects associated with relieving individual constraints, and indirect effects associated with spillovers to other individuals. Results suggest that the program, which assists 20 percent of Brazilian households, increased the number of small entrepreneurs by 10 percent. However, this increase is entirely driven by the indirect effect. Further tests suggest that this effect is associated with an increase in private transfers between households. Thus, entrepreneurship tends to respond more to the interaction between households than to financial constraints.

scholarly journals Separating direct and indirect effects of rising temperatures on biogenic volatile emissions in the Arctic

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (51) ◽  
pp. 32476-32483
Author(s):  
Riikka Rinnan ◽  
Lars L. Iversen ◽  
Jing Tang ◽  
Ida Vedel-Petersen ◽  
Michelle Schollert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Local Climate

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from biogenic sources in a temperature-dependent manner. Consequently, Arctic ecosystems are expected to greatly increase their VOC emissions with ongoing climate warming, which is proceeding at twice the rate of global temperature rise. Here, we show that ongoing warming has strong, increasing effects on Arctic VOC emissions. Using a combination of statistical modeling on data from several warming experiments in the Arctic tundra and dynamic ecosystem modeling, we separate the impacts of temperature and soil moisture into direct effects and indirect effects through vegetation composition and biomass alterations. The indirect effects of warming on VOC emissions were significant but smaller than the direct effects, during the 14-y model simulation period. Furthermore, vegetation changes also cause shifts in the chemical speciation of emissions. Both direct and indirect effects result in large geographic differences in VOC emission responses in the warming Arctic, depending on the local vegetation cover and the climate dynamics. Our results outline complex links between local climate, vegetation, and ecosystem–atmosphere interactions, with likely local-to-regional impacts on the atmospheric composition.

Partisan Media and Polarization: Challenges for Future Work

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Levendusky
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
American Politics ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Media Institutions ◽  
Partisan Media ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Population Effects

Four potential mechanisms explore the linkages between partian media outlets and attitudinal polarization, as well as discusses how such outlets cause polarization and influence American politics more generally: partisan media outlets can have direct effects on their audience, indirect effects on the broader population, effects on the news media, and effects on political elites. Some challenges and questions remain to be answered in each area in the hopes of spurring more, and broader, work on these media institutions.

Perceived coach-created environment directly predicts high school athletes’ physical activity during sport

2020 ◽  
pp. 174795412095973
Author(s):  
Tsz Lun (Alan) Chu ◽  
Xiaoxia Zhang ◽  
Joonyoung Lee ◽  
Tao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High School ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Need Frustration

Sport participation is an important means for adolescents to achieve moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), yet most high school students including athletes do not achieve the 60-minute daily MVPA guideline. As psychosocial factors influence athlete engagement and physical activity during sport, the perceived environment created by coaches could play a role in this influence. Guided by self-determination and achievement goal theories, this four-month prospective study examined the direct and indirect effects of perceived coach-created environment on high school athletes’ MVPA and sedentary behavior (SB) during sport. During the third to fourth week of a sport season, 225 high school athletes ( Mage = 15.24 years) completed a survey assessing perceptions of coach-created empowering and disempowering climates as well as psychological need satisfaction and frustration. Four months later, their MVPA and SB percentage times (%) during sport were measured using accelerometers. Path analyses partially supported our hypothesis, indicating significant direct effects of a perceived empowering climate on need satisfaction (β = .41) and need frustration (β = –.29), and direct effects of a perceived disempowering climate on need frustration (β = .38) and MVPA% (β = –.28). No significant indirect effects on MVPA% or SB% were found. Findings support and provide new insights into the important role of disempowering beyond empowering climates in predicting high school athletes’ PA. Specifically, when coaches display ego-involving and controlling behaviors, high school athletes may disengage during sport and achieve less overall MVPA. Further examination of these relationships using a longitudinal design across more diverse samples is warranted.

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