Variation in Global Spinal Sagittal Parameters in Asymptomatic Adults with 11 Thoracic Vertebrae, four Lumbar Vertebrae, and six Lumbar Vertebrae

Abstract Purpose Apart from the commonly applied manual needle biopsy, CT-guided percutaneous biopsies of bone lesions can be performed with battery-powered drill biopsy systems. Due to assumably different radiation doses and procedural durations, the aim of this study is to examine radiation exposure and establish local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) of CT-guided bone biopsies of different anatomical regions. Methods In this retrospective study, dose data of 187 patients who underwent CT-guided bone biopsy with a manual or powered drill biopsy system performed at one of three different multi-slice CT were analyzed. Between January 2012 and November 2019, a total of 27 femur (A), 74 ilium (B), 27 sacrum (C), 28 thoracic vertebrae (D) and 31 lumbar vertebrae (E) biopsies were included. Radiation exposure was reported for volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose–length product (DLP). Results CTDIvol and DLP of manual versus powered drill biopsy were (median, IQR): A: 56.9(41.4–128.5)/66.7(37.6–76.2)mGy, 410(203–683)/303(128–403)mGy·cm, B: 83.5(62.1–128.5)/59.4(46.2–79.8)mGy, 489(322–472)/400(329–695)mGy·cm, C: 97.5(71.6–149.2)/63.1(49.1–83.7)mGy, 627(496–740)/404(316–515)mGy·cm, D: 67.0(40.3–86.6)/39.7(29.9–89.0)mGy, 392(267–596)/207(166–402)mGy·cm and E: 100.1(66.5–162.6)/62.5(48.0–90.0)mGy, 521(385–619)/315(240–452)mGy·cm. Radiation exposure with powered drill was significantly lower for ilium and sacrum, while procedural duration was not increased for any anatomical location. Local DRLs could be depicted as follows (CTDIvol/DLP): A: 91 mGy/522 mGy·cm, B: 90 mGy/530 mGy·cm, C: 116 mGy/740 mGy·cm, D: 87 mGy/578 mGy·cm and E: 115 mGy/546 mGy·cm. The diagnostic yield was 82.4% for manual and 89.4% for powered drill biopsies. Conclusion Use of powered drill bone biopsy systems for CT-guided percutaneous bone biopsies can significantly reduce the radiation burden compared to manual biopsy for specific anatomical locations such as ilium and sacrum and does not increase radiation dose or procedural duration for any of the investigated locations. Level of Evidence Level 3.

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The locomotor system

Anatomy for Dental Students ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0008 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Martin E. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Vertebral Column ◽

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Posterior Wall ◽

Axial Skeleton ◽

Intervertebral Discs ◽

Central Canal ◽

The Body ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

Locomotor System

The locomotor system comprises the skeleton, composed principally of bone and cartilage, the joints between them, and the muscles which move bones at joints. The skeleton forms a supporting framework for the body and provides the levers to which the muscles are attached to produce movement of parts of the body in relation to each other or movement of the body as a whole in relation to its environment. The skeleton also plays a crucial role in the protection of internal organs. The skeleton is shown in outline in Figure 2.1A. The skull, vertebral column, and ribs together constitute the axial skeleton. This forms, as its name implies, the axis of the body. The skull houses and protects the brain and the eyes and ears; the anatomy of the skull is absolutely fundamental to the understanding of the structure of the head and is covered in detail in Section 4. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord which is enclosed in the spinal canal formed by a large central canal in each vertebra. The vertebral column is formed from 33 individual bones although some of these become fused together. The vertebral column and its component bones are shown from the side in Figure 2.1B. There are seven cervical vertebrae in the neck, twelve thoracic vertebrae in the posterior wall of the thorax, five lumbar vertebrae in the small of the back, five fused sacral vertebrae in the pelvis, and four coccygeal vertebrae—the vestigial remnants of a tail. Intervertebral discs separate individual vertebrae from each other and act as a cushion between the adjacent bones; the discs are absent from the fused sacral vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae are small and very mobile, allowing an extensive range of neck movements and hence changes in head position. The first two cervical vertebrae, the atlas and axis, have unusual shapes and specialized joints that allow nodding and shaking movements of the head on the neck. The thoracic vertebrae are relatively immobile. combination of thoracic vertebral column, ribs, and sternum form the thoracic cage that protects the thoracic organs, the heart, and lungs and is intimately involved in ventilation (breathing).

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Skeletal metastases in advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): A retrospective analysis.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.245 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (4_suppl) ◽

pp. 245-245

Author(s):

Akshjot Puri ◽

John Chang ◽

Tomislav Dragovich ◽

Patricia Lucente ◽

Madappa N. Kundranda

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Skeletal Metastasis ◽

Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽

Skeletal Metastases ◽

Initial Symptom ◽

Intractable Pain ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

Pathological Fractures

245 Background: Skeletal metastasis (SM) in advanced PDAC is an infrequent occurrence and has been previously reported to be < 2.5%. However; pathological fractures in these patients can result in intractable pain, immobilization and a significant deterioration in quality of life. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of patients (pts) with advanced PDAC receiving palliative chemotherapy. Data collection included age, gender, ECOG, sites of disease, and overall survival (OS). Statistical analysis included Kaplan Meier survival analysis. Results: The 135 pts included had a median age of 65.8 years (range: 53.7–91.3); 5 (31.2%) were women and 11 (68.7%) had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. A majority of patients received combination therapy that was either gemcitabine or 5-flurouracil based. Sixteen pts (11.8%) had skeletal metastasis with the primary tumor located in the pancreatic body/tail (11 pts - 68.7%).The sites of SM included thoracic vertebrae (8), lumbar vertebrae (5), pelvis (5), ribs (4), sacrum (4), scapula (3), acetabulum (2), cervical vertebrae (2), femoral head (2), sternum (1) and humerus head (1). A majority of the lesions were osteolytic (62.5%) with a median time of diagnosis of SM from initial diagnosis being 1.25 months (range 0-33). Bone pain was observed as the initial symptom in 5 pts (32%), 1 pt (6.2%) had a pathological fracture. The mOS for patients with SM was 6.5 months (range 0-38) when compared to 8 months (range 0-147) without SM.The mOS for pts treated with gemcitabine based regimen was 5.75 months (range 2.5-14), and patients who received multiple lines of therapy including gemcitabine and 5-FU based regimens was 15 months (range 5-38). Survival from onset of skeletal metastases ranged from 0-14 months (mOS: 4 months). Conclusions: More effective systemic therapies which improve mOS are likely to result in increased incidence of SM. The most common sites observed were the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and pathological fractures in these sites can be catastrophic. Therefore careful evaluation of skeletal signs and symptoms, early detection and intervention will be important to prevent morbidity and mortality from pathological fractures.

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Retrospective Review of Procedural Parameters and Outcomes of Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in 673 Patients

Interventional Neuroradiology ◽

10.15274/inr-2014-10080 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 564-575 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Benny S. Kim ◽

Barbara Hum ◽

Jung Cheol Park ◽

In Sup Choi

Keyword(s):

Back Pain ◽

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Invasive Procedure ◽

Vertebral Compression Fractures ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

Pain Outcomes ◽

Pain Outcome ◽

Cement Extravasation

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is a minimally invasive procedure to treat back pain secondary to osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCF). This study aims to review our techniques and outcomes in patients with VCF. Outcomes of all patients who underwent PVP at our institution from 1998 to 2014 were retrospectively collected from medical records and follow-up telephone interviews. 1174 PVP procedures for VCF in 673 patients were identified to have complete follow-up data. Patients with inadequate data were excluded from the analysis. Procedural aspects such as unipedicular or bipedicular access, vertebral region treated, amount of cement injected into vertebrae, number of levels treated at a single session, refracture rates and location, presence of a necrotic cavity, and pain outcomes were examined. Excellent rates of improvement of back pain for both single level and multilevel PVP were achieved in 92% of patients. Unipedicular or bipedicular approach, cement volume, vertebral region treated, cement extravasation, and presence of a necrotic cavity did not affect pain outcomes or refracture rates. Fractures that did develop after PVP were often adjacent and occurred earlier than distant level fractures. Lumbar vertebrae required more cement than thoracic vertebrae. PVP provides excellent rates of pain relief in both single and multilevel procedures. The procedural aspects evaluated did not affect pain outcome or refracture rates. Adjacent refractures tended to occur sooner than distant ones.

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BONE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE AS INFLUENCED BY LIVEWEIGHT, BREED, SEX, AND RATION

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas72-005 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 47-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

R. J. RICHMOND ◽

R. T. BERG

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Skeletal Development ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

High Energy ◽

Low Energy ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

Yorkshire Pigs ◽

Tibia Length ◽

Anterior Posterior

Individual bones of the skeleton, dissected from one-half of the carcass were weighed and expressed as a percentage of total bone for 23 Duroc × Yorkshire, 42 Hampshire × Yorkshire, and 27 Yorkshire × Yorkshire barrows and gilts fed either low energy (LE) (2757 kcal DE/kg and 15.3% protein) or high energy (HE) (3652 kcal DE/kg and 19.9% protein) rations and slaughtered at either 68, 91, or 114 kg liveweight. To determine bone measurements at the start of the experiment bone data were collected from seven barrows and seven gilts of the same breed groups slaughtered at 23 kg liveweight. The scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna, femur, and tibia bones, in addition to being weighed, were measured to determine length and circumference. Increases in bone length were proportionate to liveweight up to 91 kg, after which growth rate decreased for all measured bones except the humerus. Growth in circumference increased rapidly for all measured bones up to 68 kg liveweight, after which increases were of lesser magnitude. Between 23 and 68 kg liveweight, increases in bone circumference were slightly greater than those in length. Weight for each measured bone increased linearily relative to liveweight. Among breed groups Duroc × Yorkshire pigs had the greatest radius and ulna circumference and Hampshire × Yorkshire the smallest tibia weight (P < 0.05). Gilts had a greater scapula length and weight and a greater femur and tibia length than did barrows (P < 0.05). Pigs fed the low energy ration exceeded those fed the high energy ration in scapula length (19.67 vs. 19.08 cm) and weight (171.52 vs. 157.25 g). Sex-liveweight and sex-ration interactions occurred for femur weight and percent scapula, respectively. Percentage bone in the carcass decreased as liveweight increased but percent bone within the hind and front quarters remained relatively constant after 68 kg liveweight. The influence of breed, sex, and ration on percentages of individual bones were observed only for the scapula, radius, and ulna and sternum and rib cartilage. A decrease in percent thoracic vertebrae and increase in percent ribs and lumbar vertebrae indicated an anterior-posterior pattern of skeletal development. Differentiation in bone distribution appeared to be essentially complete at or before 23 kg liveweight.

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Anatomo-radiographic description of the axial skeleton of the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2012001300001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (suppl 1) ◽

pp. 01-03 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Janaína D. Barisson ◽

Cristiane H. Louro ◽

Sheila J.T. Dias ◽

Flávio S. Jojima ◽

Murilo S. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Spinous Process ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Axial Skeleton ◽

The Other ◽

Domestic Dog ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

The Third ◽

Caudal Vertebrae ◽

Cerdocyon Thous

The aim of this study was to describe the axial skeleton of a wild Brazilian carnivorous, the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). Five specimens of crab-eating fox were previously unfrozen for radiographic exams and their bones went through dissection and chemical maceration. This animal presents seven cervical vertebrae, and from the third on, they become shorter and wider than the other ones e the spinous process was makeable from the fifth cervical vertebrae on. There are thirteen thoracic vertebrae and the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae, which are seven, decreases from the fifth on. The sacrum is formed by two vertebrae and there are twenty or twenty one caudal vertebrae. It can be concluded that the crab-eating fox axial skeleton is similar to that of the domestic dog.

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Gross Morphological Studies on the Vertebral Column of Indian Eagle Owl (Bubo bengalensis)

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4132 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

P. Sridevi ◽

K. Rajalakshmi ◽

M. Sivakumar ◽

A. Karthikeyan

Keyword(s):

Vertebral Column ◽

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Cervical Vertebra ◽

Neural Spine ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Post Mortem Examination ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Eagle Owl

Background: Indian eagle owl known to rotate their necks up to 270 degrees in either direction without injuring their vessels running below the head thereby without cutting off blood supply to their brains. The vertebral column in birds carry peculiar features like higher number of cervical vertebrae due to long mobile neck, lumbar and sacral vertebrae fused together giving rigidity which aid in flight. The extensive fusion of vertebral column posterior to the neck provides the required rigidity in the trunk region, this inflexibility feature might reduce weight, as it avoids the need for extensive musculature to maintain a streamlined and rigid body posture during flight. The current study aimed to study the vertebral column of Indian eagle owl in order to understand the anatomical adaptations related to this species. Methods: The specimens were procured from three Indian eagle owl brought for post mortem examination during the year 2019 to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry. After completion of the post-mortem examination the carcass was collected and macerated as per the standard technique and various measurements on vertebral column bones were measured using vernier calliper. Result: The study revealed that vertebral column of Indian eagle owl consisted of 14 cervical vertebrae, 7 thoracic vertebrae, 13 to 14 lumbar vertebrae fused with sacral vertebrae forming synsacrum and 7 coccygeal vertebrae. The hypapophyses of the 14th cervical vertebra and first two thoracic vertebrae were trifid in nature specific feature seen in Indian eagle owl. The vertebral column had characteristics features of hypapophyses, transverse process, pneumatic foramen and neural spine which enable the owl to adapt for head rotation and various task involving vertebrae.

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Predicting carcass composition of terminal sire sheep using X-ray computed tomography

Animal Science ◽

10.1079/asc200647 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 289-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

J. M. Macfarlane ◽

R. M. Lewis ◽

G. C. Emmans ◽

M. J. Young ◽

G. Simm

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Lumbar Vertebra ◽

Live Weight ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

The Body ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Terminal Sire

AbstractThe best means to utilize X-ray computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound to predict carcass lean, fat and bone weights in vivo in terminal sire sheep were tested. Data on 160 lambs from three breeds were considered: 50 Suffolk males, 50 Suffolk females, 40 Texel males and 20 Charollais males. One-fifth of the lambs within each breed and sex group were slaughtered at each of 14, 18 and 22 weeks of age and the remaining two-fifths at 26 weeks. Carcasses were dissected into lean, fat and bone weights. Prior to slaughter all lambs were CT scanned, with cross-sectional scans taken at seven sites along the body (ischium, hip, mid shaft of femur, 2nd and 5th lumbar vertebrae and 6th and 8th thoracic vertebrae), and ultrasound scanned at the 3rd lumbar vertebra and 13th rib.A set of three CT scans that reliably predicted carcass lean, fat and bone weights was identified which included a scan in each of the three main carcass regions: ischium in the hind leg, 5th lumbar vertebra in the loin and 8th thoracic vertebra in the shoulder. Breed and sex affected the intercepts of the prediction equations but not their slopes. Therefore, a minimal set of equations is likely to be sufficient to predict tissue weights, at least within terminal sire sheep breeds. Equations derived showed high degrees of fit to the data with R2values of 0·924, 0·978 and 0·830 for lean, fat and bone weights, respectively, when predicted using CT alone, and 0·589 and 0·857 for lean and fat weights, respectively, when predicted using ultrasound alone. Using live weight in addition to CT information only improved prediction accuracy slightly for lean (0·966) and fat (0·986) although more substantially for bone (0·925). Where live and tissue weights are considered contemporaneously in genetic evaluations, excluding live weight from prediction may therefore be preferable to avoid colinearity among weight measures.

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Evaluation of effect of Kati basti in spinal anaesthesia induced low backache

International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine ◽

10.47552/ijam.v7i3.844 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Richa Tripathi ◽

Tripathi JS

Keyword(s):

Spinal Anesthesia ◽

Spinal Anaesthesia ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

Lateral Flexion ◽

Present Context ◽

Preliminary Study

Low backache is localized pain between twelfth thoracic vertebrae and fifth lumbar vertebrae. About 60% population in India suffers with backache at least once in their life. But in the present context we are concerned with backache, which arises, in postoperative cases following spinal anesthesia. We cannot avoid SA because of its tremendous good effects and the ease, which it provides during surgery to both the surgeon and the patient, but backache after SA has become very common problem. According to Ayurveda this type of backache can be considered as Aghat Janya Kati Shoola. The procedure is done at the site between L1 â€“ L4 vertebrae where there is assortment of various structures like Sira, Sandhi, Asthi, Mansa, Snayu etc. including three important Marma named Nitambha, Kukundar and Katikatarun. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Kati Basti in spinal anesthesia induced backache. Methods: Kati Basti with Til Taila was performed for fourteen days in thirty patients. Results: The preliminary study yields significant reduction in the symptoms of stiffness, pain, tenderness, lateral flexion, rotation, SLR, fatigue and ADL. In this condition, Kati Basti is the treatment of choice as it provides long-term symptomatic relief and nourishes the traumatized structures and helps them to heal better.

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Validity and Absolute Reliability of Axial Vertebral Rotation Measurements in Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112311084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 11084

Author(s):

José Hurtado-Avilés ◽

Vicente J. León-Muñoz ◽

Pilar Andújar-Ortuño ◽

Fernando Santonja-Renedo ◽

Mónica Collazo-Diéguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Vertebral Rotation ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

X Rays ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Axial Vertebral Rotation ◽

Manual Methods ◽

Absolute Reliability

Axial vertebral rotation (AVR) and Cobb angles are the essential parameters to analyse different types of scoliosis, including adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The literature shows significant discrepancies in the validity and reliability of AVR measurements taken in radiographic examinations, according to the type of vertebra. This study’s scope evaluated the validity and absolute reliability of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae AVR measurements, using a validated software based on Raimondi’s method in digital X-rays that allowed measurement with minor error when compared with other traditional, manual methods. Twelve independent evaluators measured AVR on the 74 most rotated vertebrae in 42 X-rays with the software on three separate occasions, with one-month intervals. We have obtained a gold standard for the AVR of vertebrae. The validity and reliability of the measurements of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were studied separately. Measurements that were performed on lumbar vertebrae were shown to be 3.6 times more valid than those performed on thoracic, and with almost an equal reliability (1.38° ± 1.88° compared to −0.38° ± 1.83°). We can conclude that AVR measurements of the thoracic vertebrae show a more significant Mean Bias Error and a very similar reliability than those of the lumbar vertebrae.

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