scholarly journals The evolution of the phenylpropanoid pathway entailed pronounced radiations and divergences of enzyme families

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie de Vries ◽  
Janine MR Fürst‐Jansen ◽  
Iker Irisarri ◽  
Amra Dhabalia Ashok ◽  
Till Ischebeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Enzyme Families

scholarly journals The evolution of the phenylpropanoid pathway entailed pronounced radiations and divergences of enzyme families

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie de Vries ◽  
Janine MR Fuerst-Jansen ◽  
Iker Irisarri ◽  
Amra Dhabalia Ashok ◽  
Till Ischebeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Environmental Responses ◽  
Enzyme Families

Land plants constantly respond to fluctuations in their environment. Part of their response is the production of a diverse repertoire of specialized metabolites. One of the foremost sources for metabolites relevant to environmental responses is the phenylpropanoid pathway, which was long thought to be a land plant-specific adaptation shaped by selective forces in the terrestrial habitat. Recent data have however revealed that streptophyte algae, the algal relatives of land plants, have candidates for the genetic toolkit for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and produce phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites. Using phylogenetic and sequence analyses, we here show that the enzyme families that orchestrate pivotal steps in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis have independently undergone pronounced radiations and divergence in multiple lineages of major groups of land plants; sister to many of these radiated gene families are streptophyte algal candidates for these enzymes. These radiations suggest a high evolutionary versatility in the enzyme families involved in the phenylpropanoid-derived metabolism across embryophytes. We suggest that this versatility likely translates into functional divergence and may explain the key to one of the defining traits of embryophytes: a rich specialized metabolism.

scholarly journals Two chemically distinct root lignin barriers control solute and water balance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilhem Reyt ◽  
Priya Ramakrishna ◽  
Isai Salas-González ◽  
Satoshi Fujita ◽  
Ashley Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Exogenous Cues ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Complex Polymer ◽  
Nutrient Homeostasis ◽  
Lignin Deposition

AbstractLignin is a complex polymer deposited in the cell wall of specialised plant cells, where it provides essential cellular functions. Plants coordinate timing, location, abundance and composition of lignin deposition in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. In roots, a fine band of lignin, the Casparian strip encircles endodermal cells. This forms an extracellular barrier to solutes and water and plays a critical role in maintaining nutrient homeostasis. A signalling pathway senses the integrity of this diffusion barrier and can induce over-lignification to compensate for barrier defects. Here, we report that activation of this endodermal sensing mechanism triggers a transcriptional reprogramming strongly inducing the phenylpropanoid pathway and immune signaling. This leads to deposition of compensatory lignin that is chemically distinct from Casparian strip lignin. We also report that a complete loss of endodermal lignification drastically impacts mineral nutrients homeostasis and plant growth.

scholarly journals Tyrosine-priming modulates phenylpropanoid pathway in maize grown under different pH regimes

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahmood ◽  
I. Hussain ◽  
A. Ashraf ◽  
A. Parveen ◽  
S. Javed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway

scholarly journals Characterization of phenylpropanoid pathway genes within European maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeppe Andersen ◽  
Imad Zein ◽  
Gerhard Wenzel ◽  
Birte Darnhofer ◽  
Joachim Eder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
European Maize

scholarly journals Correction: Bioconversion of Pinoresinol Diglucoside and Pinoresinol from Substrates in the Phenylpropanoid Pathway by Resting Cells of Phomopsis sp.XP-8

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e0150129
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Junling Shi ◽  
Laping Liu ◽  
Zhenhong Gao ◽  
Jinxin Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Pinoresinol Diglucoside

scholarly journals Role of Ubiquitin Ligases and the Proteasome in Oncogenesis: Novel Targets for Anticancer Therapies

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey N. Micel ◽  
John J. Tentler ◽  
Peter G. Smith ◽  
Gail S. Eckhardt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Cellular Regulation ◽  
Ubiquitin Chain ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Enzyme Families ◽  
And Function

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates the ubiquitination, and thus degradation and turnover, of many proteins vital to cellular regulation and function. The UPS comprises a sequential series of enzymatic processes using four key enzyme families: E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzymes), E2 (ubiquitin-carrier proteins), E3 (ubiquitin-protein ligases), and E4 (ubiquitin chain assembly factors). Because the UPS is a crucial regulator of the cell cycle, and abnormal cell-cycle control can lead to oncogenesis, aberrancies within the UPS pathway can result in a malignant cellular phenotype and thus has become an attractive target for novel anticancer agents. This article will provide an overall review of the mechanics of the UPS, describe aberrancies leading to cancer, and give an overview of current drug therapies selectively targeting the UPS.

Fluoride exposure inhibits protein expression and enzyme activity in the lung-stage larvae ofAscaris suum

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. ISLAM ◽  
T. MIYOSHI ◽  
M. YAMADA ◽  
M. A. ALIM ◽  
X. HUANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Inorganic Pyrophosphatase ◽  
2D Electrophoresis ◽  
Peptide Mass ◽  
Enzyme Families ◽  
Protein Expression Profiles ◽  
Peptide Mass Spectrometry

Sodium fluoride (NaF) is an anion that has been previously shown to block the moulting process ofAscaris suumlarvae. This study describes moulting and development-specific protein expression profiles ofA. suumlung-stage L3 (AsLL3) following NaF exposure. AsLL3s cultured in the presence or absence of NaF were prepared for protein analysis using two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis. NaF exposure inhibited at least 22 proteins in AsLL3 compared with moulted larvae (i.e. AsLL4). A further comparison of AsLL4 with those of pre-cultured AsLL3 and NaF-exposed AsLL3 revealed 8 stage-specifically and 4 over-expressed proteins. Immunoblot analysis revealed an inhibition by NaF of 19 immunoreactive proteins. Enzyme assay and immunochemical data showed an inhibition of the moulting-specific inorganic pyrophosphatase activity by 41% and a decreased expression in NaF-treated larvae, indicating its significance in the moulting process. A protein spot associated with NaF inhibition was isolated and identified by peptide mass spectrometry and bioinformatics approaches to be a member of 3–hydroxyacyl–CoA dehydrogenase/short-chain dehydrogenase enzyme families. These results have implications for the identification of proteins specific to the moulting process as potential chemotherapeutic targets.

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