Treated Effluent in Concrete Technology

In this paper, the feasibility of using treated effluent for concrete mixing was studied. Treated effluent from sewage treatment plants in Malaysia is currently being wasted through direct discharge into waterways. With proper water quality control, this treated effluent can also be considered as a potential water resource for specific applications. Two tests were carried out namely compressive strength test and setting time to determine the feasibility of using treated effluent for concrete mixing. The results were compared against the test conducted on control specimens which used potable water. The results showed that treated effluent increases the compressive strength and setting time when compared with potable water. Key words: treated effluent; mixing water; compressive strength; setting time; concrete technology.

Download Full-text

Setting Time and Compressive Strength of Mortar Containing Cockle Shell Powder as Partial Cement Replacement

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.879.62 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 879 ◽

pp. 62-67

Author(s):

Khairunisa Muthusamy ◽

Rahimah Embong ◽

Nabilla Mohamad ◽

Nur Syahira Hanim Kamarul Bahrin ◽

Fadzil Mat Yahaya

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Setting Time ◽

Cement Replacement ◽

Compressive Strength Test ◽

Shell Waste ◽

Suitable Combination ◽

Time Test ◽

Partial Cement Replacement ◽

Shell Powder ◽

Cockle Shell

Environmental degradation caused by deforestation activities for harvesting of limestone from the hills and its calcination process at cement factory along with disposal of cockle shell waste from fisheries industries is in need of resolution. In view of sustainable green environment, approach of utilizing cockle shell waste as partial cement replacement in cement production would reduce pollution caused by both industries. Thus, this research investigates the effect of cockle shell powder as partial cement replacement on setting time and compressive strength of mortar. A total of five types of mortar mixes consisting different percentage of cockle shell powder as partial cement replacement from 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of cement were prepared. Setting time test were conducted on fresh paste. All specimens were subjected to water curing until the testing age. Compressive strength test were conducted on hardened mortar cubes at 3, 7 and 28 days. Finding shows that integration of cockle shell powder as partial cement replacement influences the setting time and compressive strength of mortar. Suitable combination of 10% cockle shell powder successfully enhances the compressive strength of mortar. Conclusively, success in transforming the cockle shell waste to be used as partial cement replacement in mortar production able to reduce cement consumption, save landfill usage for trash dumping and promote cleaner environment for healthier lifestyle of community nearby.

Download Full-text

MICROSTRUCTURE CHARACTERISTIC AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE USING SEA WATER AS MIXING WATER

10.31219/osf.io/z7ypk ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

erniati ◽

muhammad wihardi tjaronge ◽

Rudy Djamaluddin ◽

Victor Sampebulu

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Sea Water ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Self Compacting Concrete ◽

Concrete Technology ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Microstructure Characteristics ◽

The Difference ◽

Microstructure Characteristic ◽

Mixing Water

Indonesia is an archipelagic country which makes many areas doesn’t have qualified water as drinking water. As concrete construction building in the region has possibly minimum or non-existent amount of fresh water, the using of sea water in mixing concrete and curing concrete is unavoidable. The demand of water is getting more and more increasing in both the improvement of infrastructure development and the life need. In the concrete industry, several billion tons of water is used as water mixing, curing and cleaning every year. Therefore the use of sea water is not allowed. In fact, we know that seawater is one of the abundant natural resources. Due to this problem, the research on the use of sea water is very important owing to the saving of freshwater is seriously needed. This study uses sea water by combining effective and efficient concrete technology of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). This paper is a part of ongoing research studying about microstructure characteristics and the strength of SCC using sea water. It discusses about the compressive strength, absorption and porosity as microstructure characteristics of SCC until the age of 28 days. The results are: (1) the seawater used as mixing water did not affect the development of the compressive strength of concrete, (2) the difference compressive strength of SCC-SS with SCC-FF at an early age is very high occurred at ages 1 and 3 days and (3) The higher the compressive strength value is, the smaller the absorption and porosity is in concrete.

Download Full-text

Influence of Water-Cement Ratio and Type of Mixing Water on the Early Hydration Performance of Calcium Sulphoaluminate (CSA) Cement

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/5557763 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Chuanlin Wang ◽

Meimei Song

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Setting Time ◽

Hydration Process ◽

Chemical Shrinkage ◽

Cement Ratio ◽

Water Cement Ratio ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Calcium Sulphoaluminate ◽

Mixing Water

The present work studies the influence of water-cement ratio and types of mixing water on the hydration process and microstructure of calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement. Experimental tests on the setting time, physical properties, compressive strength, chemical shrinkage, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of CSA cement paste were carried out. The XRD analysis confirmed that the main hydration product is ettringite in both freshwater and seawater mixed CSA cement with different w/c ratios. The SEM analysis and physical properties test show that both low w/c ratio and seawater can improve the microstructure of CSA cement. The test results also find out that the high w/c ratio can accelerate the hydration process, extend the setting time, lower the compressive strength, and increase the chemical shrinkage of CSA cement, and the seawater presents a similar influence except for the mechanical property. The seawater increases the compressive strength of CSA cement in the early stage of hydration but will increase the microcracks at the later hydration stage of CSA cement and reduce its mechanical properties.

Download Full-text

Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforcement Concrete with Different Characteristic of Steel Fiber

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.28 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 773-774 ◽

pp. 28-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shahiron Shahidan ◽

Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim ◽

Nik Suharliza Nik Zol ◽

Muhammad Azizi Azizan ◽

Isham Ismail

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Steel Fiber ◽

Fresh Concrete ◽

Strength Test ◽

Steel Fibers ◽

Concrete Technology ◽

Compaction Test ◽

Compressive Strength Test ◽

Concrete Mix ◽

Two Parameters

Currently in concrete technology a lot of materials were introduced to improve the quality and properties of concrete. Additional materials include the use of steel fibers into the concrete mix. With the used of steel fibers, it can enhance the strength of the concrete. In this research, two parameters will be investigated which is the volume friction of the steel fiber and the length of the steel fiber. End-hooked steel fiber with the length of 33 mm and 50 mm and the percentage of steel fiber 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 % used in this research. The size of the mold used is 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm. The characteristics during the fresh concrete were also investigated by conducting the slump test, compaction test and vebe test. All the samples has been cured in the water for 7th, 14th and 28th days for the compressive strength test. Based on result, it was concluded that the optimum percentage of steel fiber in this report was 1.0 % for the end-hooked steel fiber with 33 mm length which provided the highest compressive strength at 28 days.

Download Full-text

Compressive Strength and Setting Time of MTA and Portland Cement Associated with Different Radiopacifying Agents

ISRN Dentistry ◽

10.5402/2012/898051 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mario Tanomaru-Filho ◽

Vanessa Morales ◽

Guilherme F. da Silva ◽

Roberta Bosso ◽

José M. S. N. Reis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Zirconium Oxide ◽

Setting Time ◽

Strontium Carbonate ◽

Strength Test ◽

Initial Setting Time ◽

Final Setting Time ◽

Compressive Strength Test ◽

Initial Setting

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength and setting time of MTA and Portland cement (PC) associated with bismuth oxide (BO), zirconium oxide (ZO), calcium tungstate (CT), and strontium carbonate (SC). Methods. For the compressive strength test, specimens were evaluated in an EMIC DL 2000 apparatus at 0.5 mm/min speed. For evaluation of setting time, each material was analyzed using Gilmore-type needles. The statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and the Tukey tests, at 5% significance. Results. After 24 hours, the highest values were found for PC and PC + ZO. At 21 days, PC + BO showed the lowest compressive strength among all the groups. The initial setting time was greater for PC. The final setting time was greater for PC and PC + CT, and MTA had the lowest among the evaluated materials (P<0.05). Conclusion. The results showed that all radiopacifying agents tested may potentially be used in association with PC to replace BO.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the Hydration Characteristics and Anti-Washout Resistance of Non-Dispersible Underwater Concrete with Nano-SiO2 and MgO

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14061328 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1328

Author(s):

In Kyu Jeon ◽

Byeong Hun Woo ◽

Dong Ho Yoo ◽

Jae Suk Ryou ◽

Hong Gi Kim

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Setting Time ◽

Peak Time ◽

Nano Sio2 ◽

Setting Times ◽

Slump Flow ◽

Compressive Strength Test ◽

Underwater Concrete ◽

Hydration Characteristics

In this paper, the effect of nano-SiO2 (NS) and MgO on the hydration characteristics and anti-washout resistance of non-dispersible underwater concrete (UWC) was evaluated. A slump flow test, a viscosity test, and setting time measurement were conducted to identify the impacts of NS and MgO on the rheological properties of UWC. The pH and turbidity were measured to investigate the anti-washout performance of UWC mixes. To analyze the hydration characteristics and mechanical properties, hydration heat analysis, a compressive strength test, and thermogravimetric analyses were conducted. The experimental results showed that the fine particles of NS and MgO reduced slump flow, increased viscosity, and enhanced the anti-washout resistance of UWC. In addition, both NS and MgO shortened the initial and final setting times, and the replacement of MgO specimens slightly prolonged the setting time. NS accelerated the peak time and increased the peak temperature, and MgO delayed the hydration process and reduced the temperature due to the formation of brucite. The compressive results showed that NS improved the compressive strength of the UWC, and MgO slightly decreased the strength. The addition of NS also resulted in the formation of extra C–S–H, and the replacement of MgO caused the generation of a hydrotalcite phase.

Download Full-text

Pengaruh Bahan Tambah Gula Pasir Terhadap Waktu Pengikatan dan Kuat Tekan

RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil ◽

10.26760/rekaracana.v6i1.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Retno Trimurtiningrum ◽

Bantot Sutriono ◽

Billy Arrowrichta ◽

Hiasintus Bertus Watu ◽

Misrawi Misrawi

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Setting Time ◽

Test Results ◽

Construction Process ◽

Initial Setting Time ◽

Chemical Admixtures ◽

Chemical Admixture ◽

Compressive Strength Test ◽

Initial Setting ◽

Project Location

ABSTRAKDalam pelaksanaan pembangunan konstruksi beton, seringkali ditemui beberapa kendala, seperti lokasi batching plan yang berbeda dengan lokasi proyek serta tingginya temperatur saat pengecoran, sehingga dapat mempercepat waktu pengikatan beton. Untuk mencegah waktu pengikatan lebih awal, diperlukan bahan tambah kimia yang dapat memperlambat waktu pengikatan yaitu retarder. Akan tetapi, bahan tambah kimia mempunyai harga yang relatif tinggi. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini digunakan gula sebagai bahan tambah alternatif, karena gula merupakan salah satu penyusun dalam komposisi retarder serta mempunyai harga yang cukup ekonomis. Persentase gula pasir yang digunakan bervariasi, yaitu 0% (sebagai benda uji kontrol); 0,03%; 0,05% dan 0,1%. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan waktu pengikatan terlama diperoleh campuran dengan persentase gula sebanyak 0,1% dengan waktu ikat awal 157 menit dan waktu ikat akhir 258 menit, sedangkan hasil pengujian kuat tekan maksimum sebesar 225,38 kg/cm2 diperoleh campuran dengan persentase gula sebanyak 0,05%.Kata kunci: waktu pengikatan, gula, kuat tekan, retarderABSTRACTIn concrete construction process, several obstacles are often to be encountered such as the location of the batching plan that is different from the project location, as well as the high temperature while casting causes the acceleration of concrete setting time. To prevent earlier setting time, chemical admixture which can slow down the setting time is needed, namely retarders. However, chemical admixtures have relatively high prices. Therefore, in this study, sugar was used as an alternative ingredient, because sugar is one of the retarder’s composition and has relatively economical price. The percentages of sugar were varied, which are 0% (as a control specimen); 0.03%; 0.05% and 0.1%. The test results showed that the longest setting time is obtained by mixture with 0.1% of sugar, with the initial setting time 157 minutes and the final setting time 258 minutes, while the maximum compressive strength test results are 225,38 kg/cm2 obtained by a mixture with 0,05% of sugar.Keywords: setting time, sugar, compressive strength, retarder

Download Full-text

WORKABILTY AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE USE SEAWATER AS MIXING WATER

10.31219/osf.io/dahe8 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

erniati ◽

muhammad wihardi tjaronge ◽

Rudy Djamaluddin ◽

Victor Sampebulu

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Sea Water ◽

Fresh Concrete ◽

Self Compacting Concrete ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Filling Ability ◽

Compressive Strength Test ◽

Passing Ability ◽

Water Measurement ◽

Mixing Water

Self-compacting Concrete (SCC) is one of concrete technological innovation which effective and efficient. SCC has properties of high fluidity and so that is able to flow past the reinforcement without any segregation of material and fill the spaces in the mold little or without compaction process. Workability of fresh concrete can be said as SCC if qualified filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the workability and compressive strength of the SCC using seawater as mixing water. Measurement of workability on fresh concrete used EFNARC standard which includes were slump flow test, V-funnel and L-box. Compressive strength test of concrete used ASTM standard 39 / C 39M – 99. The test conducted at the age of 1, 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that the workability of fresh concrete using sea water as mixing water qualified as SCC. Compressive strength of SCC using seawater as mixing water had a high compressive strength at an early age compared with SCC using fresh water. This paper is a part of ongoing research studying about microstructure characteristics and the strength of SCC using sea water.

Download Full-text

Porosity, pore size and compressive strength of self compacting concrete using sea water

10.31224/osf.io/kmequ ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

erniati ◽

muhammad wihardi tjaronge ◽

Ulva ria irfan

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Pore Size ◽

Sea Water ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Concrete Compressive Strength ◽

Self Compacting Concrete ◽

Universal Testing ◽

Compressive Strength Test ◽

Mixing Water

Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world, so it has much territory that the quality of the source water is not qualified as mixing water in construction. Besides, construction of concrete in areas that are likely quantity of water or fresh water is very minimal or even nothing then the sea water cannot be avoided in mixing concrete. This research was an experimental study, the samples for compressive strength test are cylindrical premises size of 10 mm×20 mm. The porosity relation, compressive power, age and model of porosity relationship with SCC concrete compressive strength which using sea water is discussed in this paper. Compressive strength testing is following the standard ASTM 39/C 39-99. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used in the testing of compressive strength. A test specimen for porosity created by taking part of the cylinder and then slashed with a size of approximately 2 cm×3 cm with a 0.003 mm thick. The type and pore size and porosity were analyzed by using a polarizing petrography microscope Olympus BX 51-P. The result of the research was increased the compressive strength and density of microstructures in line with the decrease in porosity and pore size of concrete and concrete age. Compressive strength relations (σ ss ) and porosity (p ss ) the SCC used seawater can be approximated equation σ ss = σ o (1-p)K, with σ o = 119.6 and K = 7.502.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Using Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Powder and Rice Husk Asn on Compressive Strength and Intital Setting Time of Alkaline-Activated Mortar

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012070 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 921 (1) ◽

pp. 012070

Author(s):

M Sofyan ◽

A O Irlan ◽

A Rokhman ◽

D D Purnama ◽

R R R Utami

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Setting Time ◽

Strength Test ◽

Curing Temperature ◽

Test Results ◽

The Core ◽

Compressive Strength Test

Abstract Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Plastic Waste also contribute to environmental problems. Starting from the problem of CO2 emissions to ecosystem damage due to the accumulation of waste on the earth’s surface. Therefore, this study focuses on the use of Fly Ash, Rice husk ash and LLDPE Powder as a mixture of Alkaline-Activated Mortar. In this study, Fly Ash as a Pozzolanic Material mixed with Alkaline Activator Solution serves as a binder for Mortar. Rice husk ash is used as a substitute material for Fly ash while LLDPE powder functions as a substitute material for sand. The percentage of LLDPE powder used in the mortar mixture is from 0 to 15% of the total weight of the mixture. While the percentage of rice husk ash used in the mixture is 7%, Alkali Activator Solution 27% and Sand ranging from 24.5 to 39.5%. There are six variations of the mortar specimen (AAMP1, AAMP2, AAMP3, AAMP4, AAMP5, AAMP6). Initial setting time testing is done on binder mortar. The mortar compressive strength test was carried out at the age of 7 days after curing the oven at temperatures of 40°C and 60°C. From the test results obtained the highest compressive strength of 11.3 MPa on the AAMP6 test object with a curing temperature of 60°C where the percentage of LLDPE powder on the specimen is 15%. The core of the longest setting time is in the AAMP6 Alkaline-Activated Mortar binder variation, which is 180 minutes. The mortar compressive strength test was carried out at the age of 7 days after curing the oven at temperatures of 40°C and 60°C. From the test results obtained the highest compressive strength of 11.3 MPa on the AAMP6 test object with a curing temperature of 60°C where the percentage of LLDPE powder on the specimen is 15%. The core of the longest setting time is in the AAMP6 Alkaline-Activated Mortar binder variation, which is 180 minutes. The mortar compressive strength test was carried out at the age of 7 days after curing the oven at temperatures of 40°C and 60°C. From the test results obtained the highest compressive strength of 11.3 MPa on the AAMP6 test object with a curing temperature of 60°C where the percentage of LLDPE powder on the specimen is 15%. The core of the longest setting time is in the AAMP6 Alkaline-Activated Mortar binder variation, which is 180 minutes.

Download Full-text