scholarly journals TRIBOLOGICAL EFFECT OF PALM STERIN AND ENGINE OIL (CMEO) ON PURE ALUMINIUM PIN STEEL DISC WITH VARIES SPEED AND CONSTANT LOAD

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiman Y ◽  
Syahrullail S. ◽  
S. M. Azhar ◽  
Ummikalsom A. ◽  
Kameil A. H.
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Pure Aluminium ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Lubrication Performance ◽  
Steel Disc

Palm stearin has high biodegradability and produces low pollution to the environment. This oil can be improved based on its natural behaviour and can be an alternative to replace the widely used commercial mineral oils. Thus, the negative impact towards the environment can be reduced. This research is to study the performance of two type lubricants which is vegetable oil (Palm Stearin) and commercial mineral engine oil (CMEO). The sample will be tested using pin on disc tribotester machine that follows ASTM G99 standard. The materials used for this experiment are pure aluminium pin (A110) with spherical head and stainless steel disc (SKD11) with four grooves. The experiment will take one hour to finish one test. The conditions that were considered before the beginning of the experiment are constant loads of 1kg, varies sliding speed of 1.5 m/s to 3.5 m/s with incremental 1 m/s and 2.5 ml volume of oil. The wear rate and coefficient of friction can be determined in this experiment. From the result obtained, the coefficient of friction (COF) of palm stearin is 45% higher than CMEO and also the trend for both oils are inversely proportional with sliding speed. Besides that, the wear rate of palm stearin is also bigger than CMEO, which shows that CMEO has better lubrication performance when compared to palm stearin. The additives is needed for palm stearin so that the lubrication performance can compete with the CMEO. From the result also, vegetable oil shows a potential to be a commercial lubricant when the deficiencies can be overcome.

Paper 21: Variations in Friction and Wear between Unlubricated Steel Surfaces

1966 ◽  
Vol 181 (15) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
S. W. E. Earles ◽  
D. G. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Frictional Heating ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Track Condition ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Steel Disc

Experiments have been conducted in a normal atmosphere using a 0·25-in diameter mild-steel pin specimen sliding on a 10-in diameter mild-steel disc. The ranges of normal force and speed are 0·5–10·4 lbf and 20–190 ft/s respectively. Initially the coefficient of friction is comparatively large, and the wear is of the severe metallic form. However, frictional heating causes rapid oxidation of the surfaces and, if the sliding distance is sufficient, the eventual retention of an oxide layer causes a rapid decrease in the coefficient of friction and the wear rate decreases by 3–4 orders of magnitude. At speeds above about 75 ft/s and loads below about 5 lbf the formation, after several hours' sliding, of a continuous oxide layer on the track causes a further reduction in the pin wear rate. At higher loads and/or lower speeds this track condition is not attained. At speeds of 75 ft/s and above there exists a critical load (the magnitude of which depends on speed) above which periodic removals of the surface film(s) occur producing metallic wear and high friction. However, the subsequent increase in oxidation allows conditions of mild wear to be re-established generally within a few seconds. The steady-state coefficient of friction has been observed to be a function of load1/2 × speed, and periodic surface breakdowns found to occur when load1/2 × speed exceeds 170 lbf1/2 ft/s, the frequency decreasing with increasing load or speed.

Polyamide 6/Polyurethane/Graphite Composites Prepared by Anionic Polymerization Process. II. Friction and Wear

2012 ◽  
Vol 532-533 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Xin Deng ◽  
Du Xin Li ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Jun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Anionic Polymerization ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Chromium Steel ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Graphite Composites ◽  
Electronic Microscope

Polyamide 6-polyurethane (PA6-PU) block copolymers filled with graphite particles were prepared by anionic polymerization process. The friction and wear experiments were conducted using a UMT-3 machine with the chromium steel ball sliding on surface of the composites at high sliding speeds of 500rpm, 1000rpm and 1500rpm and loads of 78.5N and 157N. With adding of graphite, coefficient of friction and wear rate values of the composites decreased firstly, and then increased. And the influence of the applied load and sliding speed on tribological properties of the composites was explored in this study. The results showed coefficient of friction and wear rate values increased with the increasing of load. Coefficient of friction decreased and wear rate values increased with increasing of sliding speed. Microstructure of wear surface of the tested composites was inspected by scanning electronic microscope(SEM) and wear mechanism of the composites was studied.

Paper 19: Unlubricated Sliding at High Speeds between Copper and Steel Surfaces

1966 ◽  
Vol 181 (15) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Kadhim ◽  
S. W. E. Earles
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Steel Disc ◽  
Steel Surfaces

Experiments are described in which stationary copper specimens are rubbed in a normal atmosphere against a rotating S62 steel disc under normal loads up to 4·5 lbf. The coefficient of friction is measured at sliding speeds of 93, 220, 328, and 490 ft/s using ⅛-in diameter specimens. Except at the lowest speed a gradual buildup of a continuous copper oxide layer on the disc track is observed with increasing normal load together with a corresponding decrease in the coefficient of friction. Having established an oxide layer on the track the coefficient of friction observed is low for all normal loads. The coefficient of friction is shown to decrease with normal load N and sliding speed U, to be a function of N1/2 U, and to depend on the state of the disc surface. Wear of -in diameter specimens is measured by weighing before and after a test. The wear rate is shown to decrease with sliding speed and increase with load, and for speeds of 220 and 328 ft/s to be a function of N/U. The wear rates measured at 93 ft/s are the same function of N/U for low values of N/U.

Effect of Diluted Nano-Oil on the Anti-Wear and Friction Properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 452-456
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah ◽  
Mohd Fadzli bin Abdollah ◽  
Hilmi Amiruddin ◽  
Noreffendy Tamaldin ◽  
Nur Rashid Mat Nuri
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Optimal Composition ◽  
Standard Result ◽  
Wear And Friction ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sonication Technique

Experimental work procedures on the anti-wear and friction properties were conducted to investigate the effect of nano-oil diluted with biodiesel fuel. In this work, an optimal composition (0.5 vol.%) of 70nm hBN nanoparticles was dispersed into SAE15W40 diesel engine oil by using sonication technique as a nano-oil. The homogenize nano-oil then was diluted by four difference percentages of B100 biodiesel fuel (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%). The anti-wear and friction tests were performed using four-ball tribometer according to the ASTM D-4172 standard. Result found that the addition of biodiesel fuel into homogenize nano-oil increases the coefficient of friction (COF) drastically by 25 ~ 96%, as compared with nano-oil and the wear rate also increase approximately by 9.68 ~ 19.50%.

Effect of Micro-Size Cenosphere Content on Friction and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Vinylester Composites – A Taguchi Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 585 ◽  
pp. 569-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Chauhan ◽  
Sunil Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Applied Normal Load ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Distance

In this paper the friction and wear characteristics of vinylester and vinylester composites have been investigated under dry sliding conditions for different applied normal load, sliding speed and sliding distance. The experiments have been carried on a pin on disc arrangement at normal room temperature conditions. The influence of friction and wear parameters like normal load, speed, sliding distance and percentage of filler content on the friction and wear rate has been investigated. In this study, a plan of experiments based on the techniques of Taguchi was performed to acquire data in a controlled way. An orthogonal array L27 (313) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to investigate the influence of process parameters on the coefficient of friction and sliding wear behaviour of these composites. The Taguchi design of experiment approach eliminates the need for repeated experiments and thus saves time, material and cost. The results showed that with increase in the applied normal load and sliding speed the coefficient of friction and specific wear rate decreases under dry sliding conditions. It is also found that a thin film formed on the counterface seems to be effective in improving the tribological characteristics. The results showed that the inclusion of cenosphere as filler materials in vinylester composites will increase the wear resistance of the composite significantly.

Experimental Study on Friction and Wear Behaviors of Ball Bearings under Gas Lubricated Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Fadzli Abdollah ◽  
Mohd Afiq Azfar Mazlan ◽  
Hilmi Amiruddin ◽  
Noreffendy Tamaldin
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Specific Wear Rate ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Air Lubrication ◽  
Sliding Distance

Friction and wear behaviors of ball bearings made from carbon-chrome steel were experimentally simulated using a modified ball-on-disc tribometer. The test was performed over a broad range of applied loads (W), sliding velocities (v) and sliding distances (L) under gas lubricated conditions using a Taguchi method. The results found that gas blown to the sliding surfaces in air effectively reduced the coefficient of friction as compared with the air lubrication at higher applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance. In addition, a specific wear rate is constant throughout the tests under gas lubricated conditions. However, under air lubrication, the specific wear rate decreases with increasing applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance. By using the optimal design parameters, a confirmation test successfully verify the N2-gas lubrication reduced average coefficient of friction and simultaneously improved wear resistance about 24% and 50%, respectively. This is in accordance with a significant reduction of wear scar diameter and smoother worn surface on a ball.

Tribological properties of Al 7075 alloy and Al 7075 metal matrix composite reinforced with SiC, sliding under dry, oil lubricated, and inert gas environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil K Shrivastava ◽  
Kalyan K Singh ◽  
Amit R Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Aluminum Matrix ◽  
Matrix Alloy ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Al 7075 ◽  
7075 Alloy

Tribological properties of silicon carbide-based aluminum metal matrix composite and aluminum matrix alloy have been studied for various sliding speeds of 3.14 and 3.77 m/s and load range from 10 to 30 N under dry, lubricated, and inert gas (argon) environment. Pin-on-disk tribometer were used for experiments. The composite was fabricated by stir casting route by using aluminum 7075 alloy as the matrix and 10% by weight silicon carbide as reinforced material. Results have revealed that the value of coefficient of friction is found to be maximum in case of inert condition in matrix alloy at sliding speed 3.77 m/s and minimum in case of lubricated condition in composite at sliding speed 3.14 m/s. The wear rate is least for both the alloy and the composite under lubricated condition compared with dry and inert condition. Wear rate increases with the normal load and sliding speed and it is maximum in inert condition of matrix alloy at 30 N. Uniform distribution of silicon carbide in aluminum matrix alloy reduces the values of coefficient of friction and wear rate for composites compared to aluminum matrix alloy under dry, lubricated, and inert condition which increases the life of the composites for longer duration. Silicon carbide significantly improves the strength the aluminum matrix alloy in dry, lubricated, and inert condition and acts as load-bearing members.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Machining Lubricants and Its Tribological Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1902-1906
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Cutting Fluids ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Mahua Oil ◽  
Oil Emulsions

Use of vegetable oil as a base for the preparation of machining fluids for the replacement for mineral oil is a growing research area because of the harmful effects to the environmental degradation of soil and water affecting plants and aquatic species, health hazards to the workers, bio-degradability and carcinogenic effects. Further most of the research work is carried out by formulating cutting fluids from vegetable oils using petroleum based emulsifiers, which defeats the purpose of using vegetable oils. In the present study lubricants from vegetable oil based emulsions were formulated with food grade emulsifier polysorbate 80. Cutting fluids were formulated by using vegetable oils as a base in an aqueous solution with emulsifying agent in the ratio of 1: 20. The tribological properties of these vegetable oil emulsions were investigated using a rotary type tribometer. The tribometer has a stationary loaded pin made from EN8-steel (workpiece material) which slides over the rotating disc made of EN31-steel. The experiments were performed with two different sliding speeds and four different loads. Coefficient of friction, friction force, wear rate and surface roughness were recorded and analysed. The wear rate of the pins while lubricating with castor oil and mahua oil emulsions was low as compared to palm oil emulsion. At low speed the friction was low with castor oil emulsion, while at higher speed the coefficient of friction was low with mahua oil emulsion. A conclusion has been arrived from the experiments that the castor oil emulsion gave better lubrication properties as compare to palm, mahua and mineral oil emulsions

scholarly journals Tribological Aspects, Optimization and Analysis of Cu-B-CrC Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4217
Author(s):  
Üsame Ali Usca ◽  
Mahir Uzun ◽  
Mustafa Kuntoğlu ◽  
Serhat Şap ◽  
Khaled Giasin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Tribological Characteristics ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Four Levels

Tribological properties of engineering components are a key issue due to their effect on the operational performance factors such as wear, surface characteristics, service life and in situ behavior. Thus, for better component quality, process parameters have major importance, especially for metal matrix composites (MMCs), which are a special class of materials used in a wide range of engineering applications including but not limited to structural, automotive and aeronautics. This paper deals with the tribological behavior of Cu-B-CrC composites (Cu-main matrix, B-CrC-reinforcement by 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt.%). The tribological characteristics investigated in this study are the coefficient of friction, wear rate and weight loss. For this purpose, four levels of sliding distance (1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 m) and four levels of applied load (10, 15, 20 and 25 N) were used. In addition, two levels of sliding velocity (1 and 1.5 m/s), two levels of sintering time (1 and 2 h) and two sintering temperatures (1000 and 1050 °C) were used. Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array was used to statistically analyze the aforementioned input parameters and to determine their best levels which give the desired values for the analyzed tribological characteristics. The results were analyzed by statistical analysis, optimization and 3D surface plots. Accordingly, it was determined that the most effective factor for wear rate, weight loss and friction coefficients is the contribution rate. According to signal-to-noise ratios, optimum solutions can be sorted as: the highest levels of parameters except for applied load and reinforcement ratio (2500 m, 10 N, 1.5 m/s, 2 h, 1050 °C and 0 wt.%) for wear rate, certain levels of all parameters (1000 m, 10 N, 1.5 m/s, 2 h, 1050 °C and 2.5 wt.%) for weight loss and 1000 m, 15 N, 1 m/s, 1 h, 1000 °C and 0 wt.% for the coefficient of friction. The comprehensive analysis of findings has practical significance and provides valuable information for a composite material from the production phase to the actual working conditions.

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