Hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose isolated from waste seeds of Leucaena leucocephala for glucose production

The waste seeds of Leucaena leucocephala (LLS) used in this study were unused residues obtained after oil and polysaccharides extraction. The microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was isolated from LLS by acid treatment. MCC produced was, then, further converted to glucose by using sulphuric acid at 121 °C by varying the acid concentration and reaction time. The sugar composition was analyzed by using the phenol-sulfuric acid method and pre-column derivatization HPLC technique. The yield of glucose ranging from 70–85% could be obtained from MCC hydrolyzates, depending on the hydrolysis factors, which corresponding to around 57-75% of the percentage conversion of MCC to glucose.Cellulose isolated from LLS was, therefore, potentially suitable to be utilized in liquid biofuels and other value-added chemicals such as bioethanol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF), and levulinic acid.

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Eco-friendly consolidated process for co-production of xylooligosaccharides and fermentable sugars using self-providing xylonic acid as key pretreatment catalyst

Biotechnology for Biofuels ◽

10.1186/s13068-019-1614-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Xin Zhou ◽

Yong Xu

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Glucose Production ◽

Gluconobacter Oxydans ◽

Fermentable Sugars ◽

Acid Pretreatment ◽

Cellulose Conversion ◽

Xylonic Acid ◽

Balance Analysis ◽

High Yields ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Abstract Background Obtaining high-value products from lignocellulosic biomass is central for the realization of industrial biorefinery. Acid pretreatment has been reported to yield xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and improve enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, xylose, an inevitable byproduct, can be upgraded to xylonic acid (XA). The aim of this study was to valorize sugarcane bagasse (SB) by starting with XA pretreatment for XOS and glucose production within a multi-product biorefinery framework. Results SB was primarily subjected to XA pretreatment to maximize the XOS yield by the response surface method (RSM). A maximum XOS yield of 44.5% was achieved by acid pretreatment using 0.64 M XA for 42 min at 154 °C. Furthermore, XA pretreatment can efficiently improve enzymatic digestibility, and achieved a 90.8% cellulose conversion. In addition, xylose, the inevitable byproduct of the acid-hydrolysis of xylan, can be completely converted to XA via bio-oxidation of Gluconobacter oxydans (G. oxydans). Subsequently, XA and XOS can be simultaneously separated by electrodialysis. Conclusions XA pretreatment was explored and exhibited a promising ability to depolymerize xylan into XOS. Mass balance analysis showed that the maximum XOS and fermentable sugars yields reached 10.5 g and 30.9 g per 100 g raw SB, respectively. In summary, by concurrently producing XOS and fermentable sugars with high yields, SB was thus valorized as a promising feedstock of lignocellulosic biorefinery for value-added products.

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The Formation of Plasma Acid at Atmospheric Pressure and its Application in Hydrolysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1626 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 750-752 ◽

pp. 1626-1629

Author(s):

Bo Yuan ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Ying Chao Ji ◽

Qiu Hong Wang

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

High Performance ◽

Barrier Discharge ◽

Ph Value ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Dielectric Barrier ◽

Integrated Optical ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Single Factor Experiment

In this paper, plasma acid was obtained by treating distilled water with dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure in order to hydrolyze cellulose. The acidity of plasma acid was studied through a single factor experiment. A plasma acid with pH value of 1.42 was obtained and used to hydrolyze microcrystalline cellulose at 80°C for 60min. Under this condition, the integrated optical density (IOD) of the hydrolysis sample was 0.589. Based on standard glucose curve, the total reducing sugar (TRS) was calculated to be 53.75mg and the TRS yield was 53.75%. The filtrate was evaporated to get the solid hydrolysis sample to be analyzed by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the sample mainly consisted of glucose, which proved that microcrystalline cellulose could be hydrolyzed by plasma acid. Therefore, it could be concluded that it was an environmentally friendly and economical method to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose by plasma acid.

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The role of cellulase concentration in determining the degree of synergism in the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2550895 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 255 (3) ◽

pp. 895-899 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

J Woodward ◽

M Lima ◽

N E Lee

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Apparent Relationship ◽

Beta Glucosidase ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Microcrystalline cellulose (10 mg of Avicel/ml) was hydrolysed to glucose by different concentrations of the purified cellulase components endoglucanase (EG) II and cellobiohydrolases (CBH) I and II, alone and in combination with each other, in the presence of excess beta-glucosidase. At a concentration of 360 micrograms/ml (160 micrograms of EG II/ml, 100 micrograms of CBH I/ml and 100 micrograms of CBH II/ml) the degree of synergism among them was negligible. As the concentration of cellulase decreased, the degree of synergism increased, reaching an optimum at 20 micrograms/ml (5 micrograms of EG II/ml, 10 micrograms of CBH I/ml and 5 micrograms of CBH II/ml). There was no apparent relationship between the ratio of the components and the degree of synergism. The latter is probably due, though it could not be proved, to the level of saturation of the substrate with each component. Inhibition of Avicel hydrolysis was observed when the substrate was incubated with saturating and nonsaturating concentrations of a mixture of EG II and CBH I respectively. A similar result was also observed with a combination of EG I and EG II.

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Evaluation of thermomechanical pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of pure microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose from Brewers’ spent grain

Journal of Cereal Science ◽

10.1016/j.jcs.2011.06.004 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 305-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Guillaume Pierre ◽

Frédéric Sannier ◽

Romain Goude ◽

Armelle Nouviaire ◽

Zoulikha Maache-Rezzoug ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Spent Grain ◽

Hydrolysis Of

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Novel hybrid process for the conversion of microcrystalline cellulose to value-added chemicals: part 2: effect of constant voltage on product selectivity

Cellulose ◽

10.1007/s10570-017-1457-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (11) ◽

pp. 4729-4741 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Okan Akin ◽

Asli Yuksel

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Value Added ◽

Hybrid Process ◽

Product Selectivity ◽

Constant Voltage

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Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11111343 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1343

Author(s):

Mpho S. Mafa ◽

Brett I. Pletschke ◽

Samkelo Malgas

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Product Yield ◽

Cellulose Hydrolysis ◽

Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽

Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽

Key Factors ◽

Cellulose Conversion ◽

Lignocellulosic Feedstocks ◽

Polysaccharide Monooxygenases ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Lignocellulose has economic potential as a bio-resource for the production of value-added products (VAPs) and biofuels. The commercialization of biofuels and VAPs requires efficient enzyme cocktail activities that can lower their costs. However, the basis of the synergism between enzymes that compose cellulolytic enzyme cocktails for depolymerizing lignocellulose is not understood. This review aims to address the degree of synergism (DS) thresholds between the cellulolytic enzymes and how this can be used in the formulation of effective cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. DS is a powerful tool that distinguishes between enzymes’ synergism and anti-synergism during the hydrolysis of biomass. It has been established that cellulases, or cellulases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), always synergize during cellulose hydrolysis. However, recent evidence suggests that this is not always the case, as synergism depends on the specific mechanism of action of each enzyme in the combination. Additionally, expansins, nonenzymatic proteins responsible for loosening cell wall fibers, seem to also synergize with cellulases during biomass depolymerization. This review highlighted the following four key factors linked to DS: (1) a DS threshold at which the enzymes synergize and produce a higher product yield than their theoretical sum, (2) a DS threshold at which the enzymes display synergism, but not a higher product yield, (3) a DS threshold at which enzymes do not synergize, and (4) a DS threshold that displays anti-synergy. This review deconvolutes the DS concept for cellulolytic enzymes, to postulate an experimental design approach for achieving higher synergism and cellulose conversion yields.

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One-Pot Ionic Liquid-Mediated Bioprocess for Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Rice Straw with Ionic Liquid-Tolerance Bacterial Cellulase

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering9010017 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Malinee Sriariyanun ◽

Nichaphat Kitiborwornkul ◽

Prapakorn Tantayotai ◽

Kittipong Rattanaporn ◽

Pau-Loke Show

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Enzymatic Saccharification ◽

Value Added ◽

Specific Enzyme ◽

One Pot ◽

The One ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Bacterial Cellulase ◽

Value Added Products

Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment of lignocellulose is an efficient method for the enhancement of enzymatic saccharification. However, the remaining residues of ILs deactivate cellulase, therefore making intensive biomass washing after pretreatment necessary. This study aimed to develop the one-pot process combining IL pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification by using low-toxic choline acetate ([Ch][OAc]) and IL-tolerant bacterial cellulases. Crude cellulases produced from saline soil inhabited Bacillus sp. CBD2 and Brevibacillus sp. CBD3 were tested under the influence of 0.5–2.0 M [Ch][OAc], which showed that their activities retained at more than 95%. However, [Ch][OAc] had toxicity to CBD2 and CBD3 cultures, in which only 32.85% and 12.88% were alive at 0.5 M [Ch][OAc]. Based on the specific enzyme activities, the sugar amounts produced from one-pot processes using 1 mg of CBD2 and CBD3 were higher than that of Celluclast 1.5 L by 2.0 and 4.5 times, respectively, suggesting their potential for further application in the biorefining process of value-added products.

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Bleaching of Microcrystalline Cellulose Produced by Gas-Phase Hydrolysis

Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal) ◽

10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-173-183 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 173-183

Author(s):

Alexander I. Sizov ◽

◽

Sergey D. Pimenov ◽

Anastasia D. Stroiteleva ◽

Katherine D. Stroiteleva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Gas Phase ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

High Rate ◽

Subsequent Formation ◽

Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽

Yellow Tint ◽

Hydrolysis Of

One of the main consumers of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is the pharmaceutical industry, where MCC is used as a binder and filler in direct compression of tablets. MCC is produced by acidic hydrolysis of cellulose, which usually results in a decrease in whiteness. This is due to the destruction of sugars formed during hydrolysis and the subsequent formation of colored products. The composition and properties of these products depend on the method of hydrolysis, acid concentration, temperature, and process duration. One of the most promising methods for producing MCC is gas-phase hydrolysis of cellulose with hydrogen chloride gas-air mixtures. The method has a high rate of hydrolysis, low reagent and energy consumption. The requirements of the pharmaceutical industry determine the need to produce MCC with high whiteness. The research purpose is to select bleaching modes for MCC using sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide as bleaching agents. MCC produced by gas-phase hydrolysis of bleached wood pulp was used during the study. The whiteness and intensity of the yellow tint of MCC in the bleaching process were determined by digital colorimetry on a flatbed scanner. The paper shows that sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide allow achieving the whiteness not less than 90 % and the intensity of the yellow tint not more than 3 standard units. High-quality bleaching can be carried out even for MCC samples with an initial whiteness of about 40 %. The most effective bleaching agent is sodium hypochlorite when the pH of the bleaching solution is 2–3. Hydrogen peroxide also provides high whiteness of MCC at pH of 10–11. However, the consumption of active oxygen (AO) for bleaching is more than three times higher in comparison with the consumption of active chlorine (ACh). It was found that the dyes of MCC produced by gas-phase hydrolysis consist of two chromophore groups that decolorize at different rates. The easily oxidized group of components makes up about 90 % of the total amount of dyes, and the resistant to oxidation components make up about 10 % and determine the intensity of the yellow tint of MCC. The modes of bleaching MCC with sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide to product samples with whiteness comparable to that of imported samples were determined. For citation: Sizov A.I., Pimenov S.D., Stroiteleva A.D., Stroiteleva K.D. Bleaching of Microcrystalline Cellulose Produced by Gas-Phase Hydrolysis. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 173–183. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-173-183

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