scholarly journals Definition of the overall udder score for the Czech Fleckvieh Cattle

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Kučera ◽  
Tomáš Kopec ◽  
Tao Yong ◽  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Jaroslav Kopecký
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values ◽  
Score Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Type Classification ◽  
Different Levels

Based on the linear type classification of 49 246 young cows of the Czech Fleckvieh breed the overall udder score was proposed. Calculation of the overall udder score is derived from the particular type traits, especially from those traits, where the optimal development is not scored by maximum. Cubic regression coefficients were used for recalculation and obtained a new scale for traits such as udder depth, teat length, teat thickness, teat position and teat placement. These re-calculated traits together with other particular traits described on the udder were combined to the model for overall udder score – model 1. In the model 2 the same proportion of the particular traits was used with restriction by extreme development of the udder dept, where two different levels of penalization (−3 and −6 points) were used. Both models were compared with the current used system, where the x = 77.1, s = 5.22; for model 1 x = 84.94 (s = 2.65); for model 2 x = 84.40, s = 2.74. In both proposed models the distribution of the overall score for udder showed significantly smooth distribution, than in current system.The coefficient of correlation between current system and new proposals reached r = 0.799. Estimated breeding values for new models decreased from x = 0.199, s = 0.946 by the current used system, to x = 0.087 for model 1, x = 0.089 for model 2 respectively. Also the variability of the breeding values decreased. Estimated coefficients of heritability also decreased from 0.22 by the current system to 0.15 by the model 1 and 0.15 by the model 2, respectively.

Development and Evaluation of Fuzzy Criteria for the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Adlassnig ◽  
G. Kolarz ◽  
H. Leitich
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
American Rheumatism Association ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Sensitivity Rate ◽  
Fuzzy Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Specificity Rate

Abstract:In 1987, the American Rheumatism Association issued a set of criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to provide a uniform definition of RA patients. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic were used to transform this set of criteria into a diagnostic tool that offers diagnoses at different levels of confidence: a definite level, which was consistent with the original criteria definition, as well as several possible and superdefinite levels. Two fuzzy models and a reference model which provided results at a definite level only were applied to 292 clinical cases from a hospital for rheumatic diseases. At the definite level, all models yielded a sensitivity rate of 72.6% and a specificity rate of 87.0%. Sensitivity and specificity rates at the possible levels ranged from 73.3% to 85.6% and from 83.6% to 87.0%. At the superdefinite levels, sensitivity rates ranged from 39.0% to 63.7% and specificity rates from 90.4% to 95.2%. Fuzzy techniques were helpful to add flexibility to preexisting diagnostic criteria in order to obtain diagnoses at the desired level of confidence.

scholarly journals Relationship between longevity and selected production, reproduction and type traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Strapák ◽  
J. Candrák ◽  
J. Aumann
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Dairy Traits ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values

The correlations between longevity, functional longevity, stayability and selected milk, reproductive and type traits were estimated; it was done on the basis of estimated breeding values for longevity, functional longevity, dairy traits, reproductive traits and stayability rates at the age of 60, 72, 84, and 96 months. The correlation between breeding values for longevity and functional longevity was 0.69. The correlations between longevity and stayability at 60, 72, 84, and 96 months of age were around 0.75 (from 0.73 to 0.76) whereas the correlation with stayability at 48 months was considerably lower (0.64). The breeding values for dairy traits showed a positive relationship with longevity (from 0.37 to 0.46) and a slightly negative correlation with breeding values for functional longevity (from –0.10 to –0.20). A low relationship was found between longevity and reproductive traits. Between the type traits and longevity traits only the conformation score for the form (0.18) and for the udder showed a positive correlation (0.24). The correlation between the form and functional longevity remained approximately on the same level whereas the correlation with the main udder score decreased to 0.08, which indicated a positive relationship between milk traits and udder scores.  

Predicting breeding values for herd life of Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle from lifespan and type

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Brotherstone ◽  
R. F. Veerkamp ◽  
W. G. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Type Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Indirect Information ◽  
Type Information

AbstractData comprised information on herd life from two different sources: actual lifespan and type data. The optimum way of predicting breeding values (BVs) for herd life from both these sources is a multivariate best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) analysis of lifespan and the linear type traits most closely related to it. To reduce computing requirements, we suggest a bivariate BLUP analysis, where the direct information is lifespan, measured in lactations and the indirect information is a phenotypic index of type traits weighted by their economic values. Such an index is shown to be almost as efficient as using the individual traits.Genetic correlations between functional lifespan and the linear type traits were estimated, and based on these foot angle (rg = 0·22) udder depth (rg = 0·24) and teat length (rg = -0·44) were chosen to predict herd life. Breeding values for herd life were predicted in a BLUP analysis for around 500 000 heifers. The traits were lifespan and the phenotype index offoot angle, udder depth and teat length. For bulls with a minimum of 10 daughters BVs ranged from -0·9 lactations to +1·0 lactations, indicating a difference of approximately one lactation between the daughters of extreme bulls. For sires with at least 50 daughter records for lifespan, type information contributed little to the accuracy of herd life BVs.

scholarly journals Holophyly and associated concepts if the unknown is unclassifiable

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yegor Shɨshkin
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Unknown Species ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Physical Particle ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Concise Definition

In natural sciences, the key criterion for proving the existence of an object (like a physical particle of a previously unknown kind, an atom of a previously unknown element or an organism of a previously unknown species) is its observation and/or observation of traces of the existence of this object (radiation, remains of vital activity etc.). Only objects that meet this criterion can be classified (e.g. introduced in the periodic table of elements or described as a species). Single unknown organisms or species can not enter the classification. Despite this, the current system of phylogenetic terms (holo-/monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly as they are currently defined) is not adapted to the separation of known and unknown organisms (as well as populations, species, etc.) including ancestral ones. There are longstanding confusion and controversy regarding these “phyletic states”. There seem only two ways in such a situation. The first way is to directly include unknown ancestors in taxa somehow, describe species for them and unavoidably to introduce at least one paraphyletic subtaxon during dividing each taxon. The second way is do not include unknown ancestors in taxa directly and amend the system of concepts and terms. Here the second way was followed and the possible definitions of the main phylogenetic concepts for the views of dealing only with known group members were proposed. Inability to provide a concise definition of holophyly using the existing terms indicates the lack of more basic concepts. These concepts were also proposed here and holophyly was defined using them near the end of the paper. The intersection of four basic “phyly” (enophyly, merophyly, kollitophyly, and schizophyly) results in the unambiguous triad of holophyly, paraphyly, and schizophyly. The definitions of the terms in this triad are believed to be unambiguous unlike the widespread definitions of holo-(mono-), para- and “polyphyly”. Here, many terms were defined using others in order not to make the definitions too cumbersome. Nevertheless, the “primary phyly” seem not less useful in phylogenetic discussions than the phyly of the triad. The same is true for the terms inprestor, rendestor, ancessure, drade and skade as well as for the more precisely defined term clade. The first two terms seem to be necessary and important regardless of the views on the classification of unknown organisms.

scholarly journals REGIONAL APPROACH TO INFRASTRUCTURE CLASSIFICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
S.V. Avilkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Educational Infrastructure ◽  
Regional Approach ◽  
Hierarchical Structuring ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels

The relevance of studying the issues of infrastructure classification is due to the problems of regional asymmetry of Russian regions and the need to assess their infrastructural potential, identify infrastructural facilities that meet the needs of organizations of both the region and territorial entities of different levels. In connection with the processes of changing technological structures, the intellectualization of the economy, the formation of approaches to assessing the educational and scientific and educational infrastructure of the region becomes relevant. The purpose of the article is to describe the regional approach to the classification of infrastructure, as well as to substantiate the influence of educational infrastructure on the development of the economy. The analysis of existing approaches to the definition of the concept of «infrastructure» and its classification is applied. The proposed classification is based on the idea of structuring the infrastructure in accordance with the requests of researchers of the regional economy and the needs arising at different levels of state and corporate governance. As a result of the study, a regional approach to the classification of infrastructure objects was proposed. The advantages of this approach are described. A hierarchical structuring of infrastructural potential based on the identification of different regional levels is proposed. Based on the application of the stakeholder approach with identifying the list of users of the infrastructure object, the following types of regions were identified: «regions — infrastructure donors» and «regions — infrastructure recipients». The argumentation of the thesis «educational infrastructure is an industrial infrastructure» is given, which is based on the analysis of indicators included in the methods of assessing the innovative development of the economy; analysis of the parameters used by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia for forecasting the rate of economic growth; analysis of the potential of higher education as an important element in the development of the knowledge economy. The approaches of researchers to the concept of «scientific and educational infrastructure» are analyzed and the author’s approach to the analysis of the regional potential of scientific and educational infrastructure as an element of the industrial infrastructure of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is proposed. The materials of the article can be used by researchers of regional development problems, heads of organizations and government bodies for structuring infrastructure facilities in the region, identifying the infrastructural potential of individual facilities, highlighting objects of scientific and educational infrastructure. Key words: regional economy, classification of infrastructure, higher education, infrastructure potential of the territory, scientific and educational infrastructure.

scholarly journals FACTOR OF DELEGITIMIZATION IN THE PROCESS OF DESTABILIZATION OF THE POLITICAL REGIME

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Democratic Transformation ◽  
Institutional Space ◽  
Different Levels

The factors of legitimation and delegitimization of power in the context of the functioning of transitional states are considered and analyzed. The peculiarity of such states is the problem of consolidation of citizens on the basis of common values, the absence of which gradually leads to the delegitimization of the political regime. Particular attention is paid to classical and modern interpretations of legitimacy and related concepts. An understanding of the definition of «legitimacy» is given as an order in which the power of the rulers and the voluntary subordination of the governed, i.e. free recognition by each member of the legal society. It is established that there are different political institutions with different levels of legitimacy in society. The main factors and phases of legitimacy are analyzed, on the example of Ukraine, allocated factors that lead to the delegitimization of a political regime. The problem of the functioning of the institutional process in the post-Soviet states through the phenomenon of double institutionalization, which is characterized by public consent to the functioning of old and new institutions at the same time, is considered separately. The nature of such a phenomenon, which is characterized by a destructive impact on the democratic transformation of society due to the congestion of the new institutional space, has been established. A number of factors of delegitimization of the political regime are analyzed and the classification of factors into economic, geographical, political. The dependence of different factors on different conditions of power is determined. The peculiarity of the delegitimization process in Ukraine, which is characterized by multifactorial with elements of adaptability, has been established. Based on all the theories presented, it is concluded that legitimacy is not only a set of values, it has both cognitive and normative aspects.

scholarly journals Ontology-Based Risk Knowledge Construction for Integrated Pipeline Corridors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Bao-Jiang Han
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Construction Management ◽  
Knowledge Construction ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Risk Knowledge ◽  
Different Levels

In the construction process of different integrated pipe corridors, there exist a large number of similar and reusable risk analysis results. In order to improve the efficiency of risk analysis and the efficiency of dealing with accidents in the process of construction management of integrated pipeline corridors and systematize the fragmented risk analysis knowledge, this paper will build ontology-based knowledge for risk response in integrated pipeline corridors. This ontology knowledge base can not only standardize and informatize knowledge through the definition of knowledge attributes and classification of knowledge, which can help reuse risk management metaknowledge at different levels and greatly improve the efficiency of risk management, but also reason out the risk-causing mechanism and response strategy of new integrated pipeline corridor risk through the similarity between risks and the correlation between risk-causing factors, so as to realize the repeated application of risk knowledge.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF INFORMATICS STUDIED AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
S. I. Zenko
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of

The article raises the problem of classification of the concepts of computer science and informatics studied at secondary school. The efficiency of creation of techniques of training of pupils in these concepts depends on its solution. The author proposes to consider classifications of the concepts of school informatics from four positions: on the cross-subject basis, the content lines of the educational subject "Informatics", the logical and structural interrelations and interactions of the studied concepts, the etymology of foreign-language and translated words in the definition of the concepts of informatics. As a result of the first classification general and special concepts are allocated; the second classification — inter-content and intra-content concepts; the third classification — stable (steady), expanding, key and auxiliary concepts; the fourth classification — concepts-nouns, conceptsverbs, concepts-adjectives and concepts — combinations of parts of speech.

Ways and Voices in the Psychoanalysis of Links According to Enrique Pichon-Rivière

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Jaitin
Keyword(s):  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Different Levels

This article covers several stages of the work of Pichon-Rivière. In the 1950s he introduced the hypothesis of "the link as a four way relationship" (of reciprocal love and hate) between the baby and the mother. Clinical work with psychosis and psychosomatic disorders prompted him to examine how mental illness arises; its areas of expression, the degree of symbolisation, and the different fields of clinical observation. From the 1960s onwards, his experience with groups and families led him to explore a second path leading to "the voices of the link"—the voice of the internal family sub-group, and the place of the social and cultural voice where the link develops. This brought him to the definition of the link as a "bi-corporal and tri-personal structure". The author brings together the different levels of the analysis of the link, using as a clinical example the process of a psychoanalytic couple therapy with second generation descendants of a genocide within the limits of the transferential and countertransferential field. Body language (the core of the transgenerational link) and the couple's absences and presence during sessions create a rhythm that gives rise to an illusion, ultimately transforming the intersubjective link between the partners in the couple and with the analyst.

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