FOURIER ANALYSIS OF THE TRAFFIC FLOW INTENSITY

The relevance of this work is determined by the need to find modern ways to process the information about traffic flows for regulating and controlling the movement of transport and pedestrians, to reduce congestion, road accidents, etc. The object of study is a part of road with heavy two-way traffic, equipped with a software and hardware complex that allows to measure the characteristics of the transport flow. The subject of the study is the daily intensity of the cars flow during the week, from Monday to Sunday. The purpose of this study is to analyze the amplitudes, frequencies, and periods of harmonic functions obtained by decomposing the time series of road traffic intensities to identify the main patterns of traffic flow formation. As a theoretical and methodological approach, the decomposition of the function of the traffic flow intensity in the Fourier series with respect to harmonic functions is used. The approach developed by the authors using the fast Fourier transform procedure made it possible to determine the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the time series under consideration, which is a scientific novelty of the analysis. It is proposed to use the «period-amplitude» characteristics as physically more meaningful instead of the «frequency-amplitude» dependencies traditionally used for the analysis. The processing of data obtained from software and hardware complexes allowed us to determine dependences of the car flow intensity on the road of the Perm city at different averaging intervals, to describe the features of the motor transport movement on the road under consideration. As a result of the study, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of time series are obtained. It is shown that the individual harmonics of the Fourier series expansion of the traffic flow intensity, which exhibits the properties of a random function, duplicate the periodicity of the global, local, and intermediate extremes of the original function and have similar periods. The practical significance consists in the use of the decomposition of the function of the traffic flow intensity in the Fourier series of harmonic functions for predicting traffic flows, controlling the operation of traffic lights, monitoring the operation of equipment, as well as in the reconstruction, design and construction of roads and road objects. The study will continue in the direction of obtaining, processing and determining the «period-amplitude» characteristics for time series of traffic flow intensity for other road networks.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING TOOLS AND METHODS FOR INSTRUMENTAL DIAGNOSTICS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS OF TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT IN OPERATION

Heat exchangers are used to stabilize and maintain the temperature regime of various units and systems of cars. The technical condition of heat exchangers in operation is different and unstable. At a certain operating time interval, the technical condition of any of the heat exchangers can become limiting due to the influence of various kinds of operational factors. The article analyzes the possibility of improving the means and methods of diagnostic support of automobile heat exchangers in operation. In the design and manufacture of automotive heat exchangers, they are tested in specialized laboratories equipped with test stands characterized by high capital and operating costs. The use of these stands for diagnosing heat exchangers in operation is not applicable. Due to the limitations and imperfections of the known methods and means of diagnosing automobile heat exchangers in operation, an objective assessment of their current technical condition is difficult and requires the search for new, more advanced diagnostic options. The relevance of the topic of the article lies in the search for ways to improve the diagnostic support, adapted for a quantitative assessment of the technical condition of heat exchangers in operation. The aim of the work is to improve the method and means of diagnosing heat exchangers in operation on the basis of modernizing the design of the test bench for radiator modules. Potentially a possible upgrade option was chosen previously developed by the authors stand for testing modules of automobile radiators, which is distinguished by the effect of resource saving when obtaining the test result. Achievement of the goal requires updating the architecture of the structural elements of the stand, and the search for design and technological solutions that contribute to the achievement of the goal. The methodological research toolkit is based on dialectically interrelated methods: analysis of a problem situation and subsequent design and technological synthesis. Scientific novelty lies in the development of conditions for modernization, allowing to expand the functionality of the basic structure of the stand. The practical significance of the results lies in the choice of the direction of research, with a new set of technical proposals and conditions for achieving the goal of the work.

USING THE COMPLEX OF PHOTO AND VIDEO RECORDING OF TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS TO IDENTIFY DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC COMPONENTS OF THE TRAFFIC FLOW INTENSITY

The relevance of the manuscript is due to the need to process and analyze the information accumulated by the complexes of photo-video recording of traffic violations, which will further develop mathematical, computational and simulation models of road transport, solve problems of optimization and management of traffic flows, make management decisions to reduce the number of congestion and reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment. The object of the study is a part of a three-lane road with heavy one-way traffic, equipped with a software and technical complex that allows measuring the main characteristics of the traffic flow (vehicle speeds, including the average values on the controlled road part, driving time, etc.). The subject of the study is the traffic flow intensity during a 7-day time (from Monday to Sunday). The analysis of the obtained dependences allowed us to formulate a hypothesis about the presence of determin- istic and stochastic components in the traffic flow intensity, which is a random function of time, and the verification of which is the purpose of this study. Statistical processing of the obtained data is used as a theoretical and methodological approach, as well as the assumption that the traffic flow intensity can be represented by the sum of deterministic and stochastic components. The developed approach using the smoothing procedure allowed us to select both components, and this is a scientific novelty of the analysis performed. As a result of the study, it is shown that the deterministic component of the traffic flow intensity for working days is qualitatively different from the deterministic component for weekends. Statistical indicators of probabilistic distributions of traffic flow intensities and random components selected from them are determined. Estimates of the correspondence of the selected curves to the normal law of probability distribution are obtained using the Kolmogorov and Pearson criteria, which contradict each other. Practical significance consists in the use of a deterministic component for predicting traffic flows, controlling the operation of traffic lights, monitoring the operation of equipment, as well as in the reconstruction, design and construction of roads and road objects. The direction of further research is to obtain, statistically process and generalize data on the traffic flows intensity in other parts of the road network.

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE AIR FLOW VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN FRONT OF THE RADIATOR OF A CAR COOLING SYSTEM

The growth of environmental and economic requirements for the performance properties of internal combustion engines makes it necessary to constantly improve them. One of the ways to improve the design of engines is to improve the performance of its cooling system, which determines the stability of its thermal regime, on which the engine life and performance indicators directly depend. To increase the efficiency of the cooling system, you can increase the speed of the air flow flowing through the radiator and created by the fan. Flow velocity can be increased by reducing the aerodynamic drag in the air path of the engine cooling system. To do this, you need to know the actual distribution of air flow velocities in front of the radiator at its various points. The purpose of this work was to experimentally determine the air flow rates in front of the radiator at its various points at different values of the supply voltage. In accordance with the developed research methodology, a laboratory installation was developed that allows you to place the radiator assembly with the fan unit and determine the speed of the air flow in front of it with reference to its specific points, measure the speed of rotation of the fan blades and the power consumed by its engine. As a result of experimental studies, approximating response surfaces were constructed that describe the distribution of air flow velocities in front of the radiator at different values of the supply voltage, and the influence of the supply voltage values on the change in the amount of power consumed by the fan motor was established. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained, it was found that a slight decrease in voltage does not reduce the blowing area, but somewhat reduces the air flow rate, which can negatively affect the cooling of the engine itself by the air flow coming out of the fan. The scientific novelty of this work is the experimentally obtained distributions of the values of the air flow velocity in front of the radiator and the research methodology. The research results can be used to improve the efficiency of the fan installation of the engine cooling system. The direction of further research is to study the influence of the resistances at the outlet of the radiator fan casing on the distribution pattern and the air flow velocity.

DETERMINATION OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROJECT PORTFOLIO OF THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY TO EXTERNAL FACTORS

The oil and gas sector of the economy in many states remains the main source of foreign exchange and tax revenues to the budget. Moreover, its share, for example, in Russia, accounts for about 12 % of all industrial production. However, this sector, as the practice of world oil prices shows, is experiencing not only a rise, but also a decline. Consequently, the problem of forming a balanced portfolio of oil and gas assets is an object of close attention on the part of national oil and gas companies. The issues of choosing the optimal combination of oil and gas assets in the portfolio are no less urgent, especially among the tasks that all oil and gas companies face, both in Russia and abroad. An investment portfolio or a portfolio of oil and gas assets, which includes new projects for the commissioning of fields, as well as measures to enhance oil recovery, and exploration are objects of real investment. The high volatility of the oil and gas industry is influenced by various factors, including: macroeconomic, innovation risks and a number of others. These circumstances stimulate the sector to increase the resilience of its project portfolios in order to respond flexibly to changes. In an increasingly challenging and uncertain environment, oil and gas companies around the world face constant pressures as difficult strategic decisions and building long-term plans lead to a sustainable portfolio. In order to achieve their goals and maximize profitability, companies should apply certain algorithms in their practice. The article substantiates the role and importance of project portfolio management in achieving the goals of the state and companies in the oil and gas sector. The main goal of the article is to build an algorithm that is aimed both at determining the stability of the portfolio and the ability to flexibly respond to changes in the environment. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the determination of an algorithm for assessing the sustainability of a portfolio of projects of oil and gas companies. Application of this algorithm will allow oil and gas companies to take into account the influence of external factors. The research methodology is based on such methods as analysis of internal regulations and reporting of companies for project portfolio management, risk analysis, project ranking; grouping and classification method.

TOURISM AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE RURAL SETTLEMENT ZARECHNOYE IN VELIKOUSTYUG DISTRICT OF THE VOLOGDA REGION)

Currently, a significant part of the rural territories of the regions of Russia is characterized by low production potential, a low level of agricultural development. For such territories, tourism could be the driver of socio-economic growth and innovative development in time. It was therefore increasingly important to develop a conceptual approach to rural development based on tourism innovations, which was the aim of the study. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: conceptual approach to rural development, economic and statistical methods, sociological survey, expert assessment, data capture and other methods of analysis and synthesis. The results of the survey: an analysis of the socio-economic situation of the rural territory was carried out on the example of the rural settlement of Zarechnoye in the Veliko-Ustyug district of the Vologda region, the main problems were identified: demographic and infrastructural, as well as a low level of productive potential. Based on the analysis, a conceptual approach to rural development was proposed through the development of tourism innovations. The conceptual goal is to increase the attractiveness and innovative development of the rural settlement of Zarechnoye based on its natural and cultural and historical potential. The projects proposed within the framework of the approach were aimed at improving and increasing the attractiveness of the territory for internal (local population) and external entities — investors, tourists, to promote the settlement in the external environment as a promising area for life and a favorable place for recreation. The target indicators for the development of rural settlement had been set: an annual increase in the number of residents registered on the territory of the settlement, and the formation of a stable inbound tourist flow. Scientific novelty: the originality of the author’s conceptual approach to the development of rural areas was determined by the possibility of their integrated development through the creation of a coastal tourist and recreational zone, which made it possible to fully realize the cultural, historical and natural potential of rural settlements. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used by regional and local authorities and management to develop programs and projects for the development of tourist activities in rural areas. Conclusion: The study suggests that the creation of tourist and recreational areas in rural areas, taking into account the cultural and natural heritage of settlements, will contrib¬ute to the effective realization of their tourism potential and can become an incentive for innovative development of rural areas in modern conditions.

APPROACHES TO FORMALIZING THE CONCEPT OF TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR OF THE POPULATION OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS

The article deals with the field of knowledge about the transport behavior of passengers in complex transport systems of megacities, large cities and their agglomerations, in which there is a great variety of transport systems. These systems form hierarchies, where each level is described by mathematical models of homogeneous transport systems and serves as a decision-making area for implementing collective transport behavior. A review of the works of foreign and domestic authors dealing with the definition of the concept of “transport behavior”, its semantic content, a new approach to the definition of transport behavior is presented. The functional description of the “transport system of individual behavior” is presented as a collective result of the decisions made on trips that occur at certain time intervals in the transport system of the agglomeration. The mathematical description of the transport system based on the theory of macrosystems is given as a multicomponent heterogeneous open system, in which there are many decisions about the trip and the corresponding set of transport processes that ensure the achievement of the efficiency criterion.

OBJECT STATUS IN MODERN ONTOLOGIES

The philosophical discourse of the XX–ХХI, in the face of the latest ontologies, is characterized by a change in the way of speaking about things (objects), the restoration of their philosophical rights, almost completely, excluding one of the central ontological roles of a person in access to the surrounding reality. The purpose of this study was to identify the features of ideas about the ontological status of an object in modern philosophical and ontological theories. Achievement of the stated goal of the research was ensured by complex application, based on the comparative approach, dialectical and hermeneutic methods, as well as the method of ontological differentiation. In the course of the study, the features of the vision of an object, characteristic of postclassical ontologies of the 20th century, were considered. In the course of the research, the features of the object vision characteristic of post-classical ontologies of the XX century (actor-network theory, flat ontologies) were considered. Based on the ideas of plurality, heterogeneity, anti-essentialism and relationalism in the philosophical discourse of our time, the author presents a modern interpretation of the ontological statuses of objects. By analyzing the relationship of postclassical ontologies to the category of truth, the epistemological and methodological nature of the above ontological theories has been revealed. A critical analysis of the features of the status that is attributed to the object within their framework is carried out. The author substantiates the idea that the ontological status of an object in modern ontologies is reduced exclusively to its communicative and intermediary nature. The article ends with a brief presentation of the author’s views that the ontological status of an object is a fundamental issue of the connection between the idea of essence and the idea of subjectivity, which is inherent in intentionality as the ability to cognize an object. At the same time, it is pointed out that the researcher must concentrate exclusively on «cognition» and not on the «construction» of the object. The author notes that modern specialists, operating with traditional ontological terms (being, existence) in the sphere of the considered ontologies, and trying to create a new «ontology of the social», miss their original intention. In this connection, the idea turns into a new epistemology and, as a consequence, the construction of a completely different methodological framework for the cognitive process, but not an integral ontological concept.

BANKRUPTCY AS A RISK AND A TOOL FOR PREVENTIVE RESPONSE IN ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY

The evolution of economic relations, changes in the regimes and conditions of doing business naturally contributed to the formation of the institution of bankruptcy, which has economic and legal characteristics and content. The institution of bankruptcy is a mechanism for regulating macroeconomic and market processes by the state, controlling the stability of financial and economic activities in the regions of the country, regardless of the level of risk and industry affiliation of business entities. Bankruptcy of an enterprise —is an economic state of insufficient liquid assets to cover urgent obligations (subjective bankruptcy), which can be fixed in court (objective bankruptcy). One of the reasons that lead any business structure to ruin is the mistakes of the management structure when making strategic decisions regarding the alternative development of the company. Thus, the main component of effective enterprise development and forecasting of potential risks is a rationally developed management strategy. The purpose of the study is to clarify the substantive and procedural aspects of bankruptcy as a complex intersectoral institution and to develop a model of preventive and anti-crisis management of the risk of bankruptcy of enterprises. The main research methods are historical-legal, content-analysis of normative-legal acts regulating the issues of insolvency, analysis of statistical data on the studied problem, modeling. The article considers various directions of scientific and theoretical interpretation of the concept and signs of bankruptcy. The effectiveness of regulatory and economic methods and institutions of bankruptcy regulation in Russia has been evaluated. The stages of development of the conceptual foundations of insolvency related to the formation of legislation are presented. The structure of bankruptcy as a complex intersectoral institution is presented, taking into account the substantive and procedural aspects. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a model of preventive and anti-crisis management of the risk of bankruptcy of enterprises, the significance of which lies in the predictive determination of key risks, taking into account the strategy and tactics of entrepreneurial activity. Successful foresight of negative changes in the external and internal environment, development of scenarios of compensation of consequences are most important in the prevention of insolvency. The directions of future research are related to the formation of a strategic management system focused on the characteristics of small and medium-sized businesses and the development of parameters for predicting the risk of bankruptcy.

ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF FLEXIBLE PROJECT MANAGEMENT MODELS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF MANAGERIAL PROCESSES

The enhanced penetration of digital technologies into the business processes of enterprises creates the need to review the existing project management tools and models at the enterprise. Digital transformation has had a significant impact on the product development velocity, openness and accessibility of all company processes, and also increased the value of intermediate interactions between project stakeholders. Such a transition has demonstrated the limitations of traditional managerial approaches and created the need to search for new management tools that meet the digital economy requirements. The author proposes is to consider agile project management models as such tools. The aim of article is to analyze the existing models and methods of agile project management under digitalization of the economy. The hypothesis of article is the assumption that models of agile project management may act as a successful alternative to traditional approaches of project management in the digital economy. To verify the hypothesis such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis and modeling were used. The paper studies the conceptual framework of digital economy management, concludes that the existing definitions are limited, and proposes an alternative definition. A special attention is given to the digital economy peculiarities, which act as a decision-making criteria on the possibility of using existing models of agile project management. The key point in the article is given to an analytical review of models and methods of agile project management. The paper presents characteristics of each frameworks from the standpoint of a number of criteria, which makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the possibility or limitations using its under new type of economic relations. The results can be used in practice in the process of choosing and implementing a project management model under digitalization of the industry. It is proposed to study the practical experience of applying agile project management models under digitalization of the economy as one of the promising directions for further research.