Combustion Assessment of a 50% Algae-Based HRD76 Fuel and 50% Conventional F76 Military Diesel Fuel Blend

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. MacKinnon ◽  
Jesse D. Shaw ◽  
Martin Quiñones
Keyword(s):  
United States Navy ◽  
Carbon Deposition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Primary Zone ◽  
Exit Temperature ◽  
The Impact

As part of the United States Navy green energy initiative, engineers at Rolls-Royce and NAVSEA conducted a combustion assessment for a blend of 50% algae-derived HRD76 biofuel and 50% conventional F76 military diesel. The assessment consisted of combustion rig testing with Rolls-Royce Model 501-K34 gas turbine combustion system hardware. Identical tests were performed with the biofuel blend and a baseline fuel consisting of 100% F76 military diesel. The test results quantified the impact of the alternative fuel blend on ignition, lean blow-out, combustor exit temperature profile, combustion system hardware temperatures, primary zone flame radiance, carbon deposition, and emissions. This paper discusses the methods and results of the combustion rig tests.

Combustion Assessment of a 50% Algae-Based HRD76 Fuel and 50% Conventional F76 Military Diesel Fuel Blend

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. MacKinnon ◽  
Jesse D. Shaw ◽  
Martin Quiñones
Keyword(s):  
United States Navy ◽  
Carbon Deposition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Primary Zone ◽  
Exit Temperature ◽  
The Impact

As part of the United States Navy green energy initiative, engineers at Rolls-Royce and NAVSEA conducted a combustion assessment for a blend of 50% algae-derived HRD76 biofuel and 50% conventional F76 military diesel. The assessment consisted of combustion rig testing with Rolls-Royce Model 501-K34 gas turbine combustion system hardware. Identical tests were performed with the biofuel blend and a baseline fuel consisting of 100% F76 military diesel. The test results quantified the impact of the alternative fuel blend on ignition, lean blow-out, combustor exit temperature profile, combustion system hardware temperatures, primary zone flame radiance, carbon deposition, and emissions. This paper discusses the methods and results of the combustion rig tests.

scholarly journals The Effect of Primary Zone Design on the Performance of a High Heat Release Rate Propulsion Engine Combustor

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Myers ◽  
M. Cardenas ◽  
B. Reynolds ◽  
R. Srinivasan ◽  
C. Arana
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Spray Cone ◽  
Primary Zone ◽  
Exit Temperature ◽  
The Impact

The primary reaction zone of a modern propulsion engine combustion system has a profound effect on overall combustor performance, including efficiency, lean stability, exit temperature pattern factor, and emissions production rates. A unique full-annular, throughflow combustion system with interchangeable fuel injectors, dome mixing devices, and liners was used to evaluate the effects of several primary zone design variables on efficiency and exit temperature distribution. The combustor was tested in a rig designed for extreme exit temperatures, at heat release rates up to 30 M Btu/hr-ft3-atm (0.31 kW/M3-atm) and exit temperatures in excess of 3500F (1927C), through a range of overall fuel/air ratios up to stochiometric. An automated, six-port, rotating exit gas sampling system was used to map the exit gas concentrations for determining gas temperatures and combustion efficiency. Both liquid (JP-4) and natural gas fuels were used to examine the impact of evaporation and fuel momentum effects. Gaseous fuel was injected through nozzles designed to mimic the initial fuel spatial distribution and spray cone angle of the liquid nozzles. Thick thermal barrier coatings on the liners eliminated the need for and interference of film cooling. The high reference velocity, short residence time, and absence of any dilution zone further highlighted the primary zone design impact on exit conditions. Test results show that combustor efficiency becomes volume-limited at a point lean of stochiometric, with both the shape of the efficiency curve and the fuel/air ratio for maximum efficiency dependent on the primary zone design and fuel type. The average exit temperature raidal profile was outside diameter (OD)-peaked at low fuel/air ratios, rotating toward a flat profile at stochiometric for all of the configurations.

scholarly journals Impact of the Memory of Kurofune (Black Ships) on the Course of Industrialization in Early Meiji Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Odanaka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
United States Navy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Meiji Japan ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
David Ricardo ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the impact and influence of the memory of kurofune (black ships), iron-armored battleships of the United States Navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry (1794-1858) that came to Japan in 1853, exerted over the course of industrialization in early Meiji Japan, which is the period from the Meiji Restoration (1868) to the Sino-Japanese war (1894-5). Using the comparative advantage theory formalized by David Ricardo (1772-1823) as an analytical tool, we consider the arguments of major contemporary Japanese policymakers as the object of analysis. We have three conclusions. First, the economic policy adopted by early Meiji policymakers generally followed the comparative advantage theory. Second, their goal was not the monoculturization of the comparative advantage goods, but the heavy industrialization necessary for avoiding the colonization: export of comparative advantage goods was a means to collect money for it. Third, they regarded the development of transportation-related industries as important because it would hasten the “movement” of men and goods, which would lead to the increased wealth and which was symbolized by the kurofune in the collective memory.

Chitosan oligomer and zinc oxide nanoparticles for treating wastewaters: US20190134086 patent evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Guimarães Valverde ◽  
Daniela Droppa-Almeida ◽  
Francine Ferreira Padilha
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
The Impact

: With the utilisation of algae, wastewater reuse is becoming a viable option for the energy industry, especially green energy. The growth of these algae in these wastewaters provides an alternative source for bioenergetics, however, the growth of other microorganisms can directly affect the production of bioenergy, requiring the removal and reduction of contaminants in these waters, in addition to being a source of contamination for workers. Therefore, the use of nanoparticles in bioremediation has been an alternative to mitigate the contamination of these wastewaters that have microorganisms capable of reducing the algae growth capacity. The objective of this work was to verify in the United States Patent and Trademarker office database (USPTO) patents that used chitosan nanoparticles as a form of wastewater treatment and to carry out the analysis of patent US20190134086, which addresses the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles associated with chitosan that was developed and used to evaluate their antibacterial activity against resistant microorganisms and biofilm producers present in wastewater. Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the microorganisms involved in the evaluated invention, bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract, of clinical and environmental importance. The synthesized nanoparticles are arranged as a pharmaceutically acceptable and toxic vehicle against resistant bacteria, thus being described as nanoremediators. Given the analyzed patent, it was possible to verify the importance of alternatives to reduce the impact that pollution, in general, has on the environment, in addition to the proposed technology serving to maintain the survival and development capacity of the algae that will be able to produce green energy, the nanoparticles with antibacterial potential can help indirectly reduce these pathogenic strains with resistance to several antibiotics in the environment.

scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of US Energy Policy on world oil prices

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Larisa G. Chuvakhina ◽  
Nikolai A. Moldenhauer ◽  
Anahita Nasirbeik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Barack Obama ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

The development of the energy sector in the United States of America (USA) represents a rivalry between two different approaches, which has intensified under the last three American administrations. The competition of approaches is expressed in the confrontation between supporters of energy based on renewable sources and supporters of traditional energy resources. A comparative analysis of changes in the energy sector, depending on the prevalence of a particular approach to energy development, shows that external conditions play a key role in promoting the energy strategy. The strategy of priority development of “green” energy carried out under Barack Obama could not be realized because of the shale boom. As a result, many companies working with renewable energy sources did not stand up to the competition. The opposite approach of Donald Trump’s focus on developing traditional energy resources to ensure US energy security and to increase jobs has been hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has virtually nullified the US administration’s efforts under this approach. The current concept of President J. Biden is aimed at continuing the strategy of Barack Obama for the development of “green” energy in the United States. Proponents of this concept hope for the possibility of its at least partial implementation in the absence of a shale boom. The lifting of the embargo on the export of American oil has led to an increase in oil supplies abroad. As of 2018, the United States has overtaken Saudi Arabia in terms of oil and gas exports, taking a leading position in the global oil market. In 2019-2020, the United States retained the first place in the world in oil production. This article examines the conceptual approaches of American administrations to the issue of energy policy and analyzes the statistical data that characterize the traditional and “clean energy” industries. An important factor is the degree of influence of the US energy policy on global oil prices. To analyze this issue, this research uses curved regression equations to assess the impact of US energy policy on world oil prices under the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The results of the correlation show that a more effective interaction between the variables was carried out during the presidency of Barack Obama, when Exports of Crude Oil influenced the price dynamics of oil quotes with an inverse relationship. With the arrival of the Biden administration, the strategy started under Obama in favor of developing clean energy was continued. In the context of the spread of covid-19, the growth of crisis phenomena in the national economy, the growth of production costs in the oil and gas industry, and the fall in the world energy prices, the development of green energy can have a certain effect, given the Biden administration’s approach to energy development. The subsequent actions of the Biden administration may offset Trump’s efforts to develop traditional energy to strengthen the economic potential of the United States and strengthen the position of American companies in the global oil market.

Impact of Secondary Air Flow on Combustor Emissions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassam S. Mohammad ◽  
Brian Volk ◽  
Keith McManus
Keyword(s):  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Exit Temperature ◽  
Combustion Systems ◽  
Secondary Air ◽  
The Impact

Abstract It is a common practice to relate emissions performance of Dry Low Emissions (DLE) combustion systems to the flame temperature that is estimated from the mass flows of air and fuel flowing through the premixer. In many combustion systems, the exit temperature (or turbine nozzle inlet temperature) is quite low and is not a good parameter for estimating combustion emissions. The difference between the combustion flame temperature and exit temperature is mainly due to secondary air dilution. To our knowledge there are no detailed published data that quantify the impact of this temperature difference on combustion emissions. The target of this study is to quantify the impact of secondary air variation on emissions, both globally and locally. High pressure experiments are conducted at H class gas turbine operating conditions using a DLE combustion system. In the context of this DLE system, secondary air refers to cooling and leakage flows because direct air dilution of the combustion gasses is not necessary. This is because the flame stabilized downstream of the premixer is well mixed and fuel-lean. With NOx requirements moving toward single digit (ppm) levels, it becomes essential to accurately quantify the impact of reducing the secondary air percentage on emissions performance. In addition to the need to carefully study the impact of local interaction of the secondary air with the flame. The combustion system is configured with two independently controlled mixers along with a variable secondary air circuit that can change the secondary air fraction from 14 to 8%. Multiple emissions rakes are used at the combustor exit to delineate the interaction and relate it to the flame structure. The system is configured to enable sampling from individual rakes to study local emissions and the rakes can be ganged together to measure the bulk-averaged combustion emissions. This research provides a quantification of the improvement of the NOx margin with a decrease in the secondary air percentage. The study shows that the increase in margin is not a simple re-estimate of the combustor emissions using the NOx design curve due to flame quenching effects. The results also show that the secondary air can be used to improve the NOx emissions via controlling the interaction with the primary flame. The impact is quantified in terms of emissions, acoustics and metal temperatures.

scholarly journals Combustion Characteristics of the GE LM2500 Combustor With Hydrogen-Carbon Monoxide-Based Low Btu Fuels

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Sabla ◽  
G. G. Kutzko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Gas Flows ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Exit Temperature ◽  
Alternate Fuels ◽  
The Impact

An experimental test program was conducted with the objective of evaluating the combustion performance of fuel gases comprised of mixtures of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen. These gases were intended to be representative of alternate fuels that might be produced by air blown coal or biomass gasifiers. The purpose of this test program was to identify if the LM2500 combustion system would burn fuels at heating values (150 Btu/SCF – 250 Btu/SCF) typical of those produced by gasifier processes. Two combustor configurations were tested and two representative gas compositions were evaluated. The objectives of this test were to determine the flammability or burning limits for the two combustor designs and the impact of the low heating value gas on combustor exit temperature performance. Both designs exhibited burning limits substantially below the target caloric level. The exit temperature measurement showed the exit temperature distribution quality was adversely affected due to the high volumetric gas flows. However, this exit temperature distribution degradation is not severe enough to make the burning of a low heating value fuel prohibitive in the LM2500 engine.

The Development of a Culturally Adapted Pilot Intervention for African American Family Members of Homicide Victims: A Preliminary Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya L. Sharpe ◽  
Derek Kenji Iwamoto ◽  
Johari M. Massey ◽  
Lynn Murphy Michalopoulos
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Complicated Grief ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Family ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Culturally Adapted ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Pilot Intervention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Preliminary Support

African Americans are disproportionately impacted by homicide in the United States. Individuals who have lost a relative to homicide often experience symptoms of complicated grief. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of a culturally tailored psychoeducational pilot intervention whose development was informed by a conceptual model of coping for African American survivors of homicide victims and was designed to (a) educate participants about the manifestation of complicated grief and symptoms and (b) help participants develop ways to cope with their grief. Pre- and post-test results indicate preliminary support for this encouraging intervention in achieving its intended outcomes to help participants identify complicated grief symptoms, supports, and services to help them manage their grief. Implications for posthomicide research and practice are discussed.

Impact of COVID-19 Social Distancing Mandates on Gastrointestinal Pathogen Positivity: Secondary Data Analysis (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanner Palmer ◽  
L. Scott Benson ◽  
Christina Porucznik ◽  
Lisa H. Gren
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Acute gastrointestinal illnesses are of the most common problems evaluated by physicians, and some of the most preventable. There is evidence of GI pathogen transmission when people are in close contact. The COVID-19 pandemic led to the sudden implementation of wide spread social distancing measures in the United States. There is strong evidence that social distancing measures impact the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and a growing body of research indicates that these measures also decrease the transmission of other respiratory pathogens. OBJECTIVE To our knowledge, there are no peer-reviewed studies examining the impact of social distancing measures on the transmission of GI pathogens. This study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19 social distancing mandates on the GI pathogen positivity rates. METHODS De-identified gastrointestinal panel PCR test results from a routinely collected diagnostic database from January 2019 through August 2020 were analyzed for positivity percentage. An interrupted time series was performed, using social distancing mandate issuance dates as the intervention date. Three target organisms were chosen for the final analysis to represent different primary transmission routes: adenovirus F40/41, norovirus GI/GII, and Escherichia coli O157. RESULTS In total, 84,223 total test results from nine states were included in the final dataset. With the exception of E. coli O157 in Kansas, Michigan and Nebraska, we observed an immediate decrease in positivity percentage during the week of social distancing mandates for all other targets and states. Norovirus GI/GII showed the most notable drop in positivity, while E. coli O157 appeared to be least impacted by social distancing mandates. While we acknowledge the analysis has a multiple testing problem, the majority of our significant results showed significance even at the 0.01 level. CONCLUSIONS This study aimed to investigate the impact of social distancing mandates meant for COVID-19 on GI pathogen positivity, and we discovered that social distancing measures did in fact decrease positivity initially. The use of similar measures may prove useful in GI pathogen outbreaks. The use of a unique diagnostic database in this study exhibits the potential for its use as a public health surveillance tool.

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