scholarly journals Special Section on Mass and Charge Transport in Fuel Cells and Metal-ion Batteries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Yinshi Li ◽  
Lei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Charge Transport ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Electrochemical Kinetics ◽  
Ions Transport

Abstract Given the increasing energy demand and carbon dioxide emission, countries all over the world are vigorously developing sustainable and clean energy. Fuel cells and metal-ion batteries that directly convert chemical energy into electric energy have been receiving ever-increasing attention for energy conversion and storage in several applications such as portable, mobile, and stationary applications. Nowadays, not understanding mass and charge transport in fuel cells and metal-ion batteries, which results in low performance and durability, are still challenges for their large-scale commercialization. For example, the insufficient interaction of catalyst/ionomer/reactant as a result of fuel cells lacking the ion-conducting, reactant-delivering, or proton-conducting pathways leads to the deactivated triple-phase boundary. Meanwhile, the metal-ions transport in the interface of solid active materials and electrolyte, and the charge transport including ions transport in the electrolyte, and electron transport in the solid phase, are not well known in advanced metal-ion batteries. An ideal electrode architecture that boosts the performance and durability of cells and batteries needs the electrode design to meet all the requirements of electrochemical kinetics and mass and charge transport characteristics.

Ethanol Logistics for Fuel Cells Applications in Brazil

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egberto Gomes Franco ◽  
Paulo Lucas Dantas Filho ◽  
Flavio Taioli ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Rollo Ribeiro ◽  
Geraldo Francisco Burani
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Global Player ◽  
The Impact

One important element to reduce the impact of the present economic development model in nature is the energy generation. The need for more efficient sources of energy is evident, as the world relies on fossil fuel sources that become scarcer and expensive. Furthermore, imposes the use of clean fuels, like hydrogen and renewable primary fuels in large scale. The fuel cells technology have shown to be an interesting and very promising alternative, among others, to solve the problem of generating clean energy with high efficiency, using hydrogen, natural gas and ethanol. Hydrogen production from ethanol is an attractive technique, due to it renewable source, allowing clean energy generation. To permit that, the logistics of ethanol plays an essential role, allowing easy and full access to this fuel also in remote areas. In this article, we identify the necessary infra-structure to lead Brazil as a global player in the Hydrogen Economy. The costs of natural gas and ethanol as “carriers” were identified, pointing out weaknesses and strongest points of these primary fuels. The combination of these two technologies could drive Brazil to a clean and renewable energy source, mainly in remote areas.

scholarly journals Anion Exchange Membranes with 1D, 2D and 3D Fillers: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3887
Author(s):  
Riccardo Narducci ◽  
Emanuela Sgreccia ◽  
Philippe Knauth ◽  
Maria Luisa Di Vona
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Anion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Fuel Cell Performance ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC) are clean energy conversion devices that are an attractive alternative to the more common proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), because they present, among others, the advantage of not using noble metals like platinum as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. The interest in this technology has increased exponentially over the recent years. Unfortunately, the low durability of anion exchange membranes (AEM) in basic conditions limits their use on a large scale. We present in this review composite AEM with one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional fillers, an approach commonly used to enhance the fuel cell performance and stability. The most important filler types, which are discussed in this review, are carbon and titanate nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide, layered double hydroxides, silica and zirconia nanoparticles. The functionalization of the fillers is the most important key to successful property improvement. The recent progress of mechanical properties, ionic conductivity and FC performances of composite AEM is critically reviewed.

scholarly journals Future Power Train Solutions for Long-Haul Trucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2225
Author(s):  
Ralf Peters ◽  
Janos Lucian Breuer ◽  
Maximilian Decker ◽  
Thomas Grube ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Achieving the CO2 reduction targets for 2050 requires extensive measures being undertaken in all sectors. In contrast to energy generation, the transport sector has not yet been able to achieve a substantive reduction in CO2 emissions. Measures for the ever more pressing reduction in CO2 emissions from transportation include the increased use of electric vehicles powered by batteries or fuel cells. The use of fuel cells requires the production of hydrogen and the establishment of a corresponding hydrogen production system and associated infrastructure. Synthetic fuels made using carbon dioxide and sustainably-produced hydrogen can be used in the existing infrastructure and will reach the extant vehicle fleet in the medium term. All three options require a major expansion of the generation capacities for renewable electricity. Moreover, various options for road freight transport with light duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) are analyzed and compared. In addition to efficiency throughout the entire value chain, well-to-wheel efficiency and also other aspects play an important role in this comparison. These include: (a) the possibility of large-scale energy storage in the sense of so-called ‘sector coupling’, which is offered only by hydrogen and synthetic energy sources; (b) the use of the existing fueling station infrastructure and the applicability of the new technology on the existing fleet; (c) fulfilling the power and range requirements of the long-distance road transport.

scholarly journals Advances in the Applications of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites in Clean Energy Materials

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Yiqiu Xiang ◽  
Ling Xin ◽  
Jiwei Hu ◽  
Caifang Li ◽  
Jimei Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Energy Storage And Conversion ◽  
Thermoelectric Conversion

Extensive use of fossil fuels can lead to energy depletion and serious environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to solve these problems by developing clean energy. Graphene materials own the advantages of high electrocatalytic activity, high conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, strong flexibility, large specific surface area and light weight, thus giving the potential to store electric charge, ions or hydrogen. Graphene-based nanocomposites have become new research hotspots in the field of energy storage and conversion, such as in fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells and thermoelectric conversion. Graphene as a catalyst carrier of hydrogen fuel cells has been further modified to obtain higher and more uniform metal dispersion, hence improving the electrocatalyst activity. Moreover, it can complement the network of electroactive materials to buffer the change of electrode volume and prevent the breakage and aggregation of electrode materials, and graphene oxide is also used as a cheap and sustainable proton exchange membrane. In lithium-ion batteries, substituting heteroatoms for carbon atoms in graphene composite electrodes can produce defects on the graphitized surface which have a good reversible specific capacity and increased energy and power densities. In solar cells, the performance of the interface and junction is enhanced by using a few layers of graphene-based composites and more electron-hole pairs are collected; therefore, the conversion efficiency is increased. Graphene has a high Seebeck coefficient, and therefore, it is a potential thermoelectric material. In this paper, we review the latest progress in the synthesis, characterization, evaluation and properties of graphene-based composites and their practical applications in fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells and thermoelectric conversion.

scholarly journals A simple and efficient automated microvolume radiosynthesis of [18F]Florbetaben

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia Lisova ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
Philip H. Chao ◽  
R. Michael van Dam
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Acetonitrile Solution ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Pet Tracers ◽  
Molar Activity ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Sufficient Concentration

Abstract Background Current automated radiosynthesizers are generally optimized for producing large batches of PET tracers. Preclinical imaging studies, however, often require only a small portion of a regular batch, which cannot be economically produced on a conventional synthesizer. Alternative approaches are desired to produce small to moderate batches to reduce cost and the amount of reagents and radioisotope needed to produce PET tracers with high molar activity. In this work we describe the first reported microvolume method for production of [18F]Florbetaben for use in imaging of Alzheimer’s disease. Procedures The microscale synthesis of [18F]Florbetaben was adapted from conventional-scale synthesis methods. Aqueous [18F]fluoride was azeotropically dried with K2CO3/K222 (275/383 nmol) complex prior to radiofluorination of the Boc-protected precursor (80 nmol) in 10 μL DMSO at 130 °C for 5 min. The resulting intermediate was deprotected with HCl at 90 °C for 3 min and recovered from the chip in aqueous acetonitrile solution. The crude product was purified via analytical scale HPLC and the collected fraction reformulated via solid-phase extraction using a miniature C18 cartridge. Results Starting with 270 ± 100 MBq (n = 3) of [18F]Fluoride, the method affords formulated product with 49 ± 3% (decay-corrected) yield,> 98% radiochemical purity and a molar activity of 338 ± 55 GBq/μmol. The miniature C18 cartridge enables efficient elution with only 150 μL of ethanol which is diluted to a final volume of 1.0 mL, thus providing a sufficient concentration for in vivo imaging. The whole procedure can be completed in 55 min. Conclusions This work describes an efficient and reliable procedure to produce [18F]Florbetaben in quantities sufficient for large-scale preclinical applications. This method provides very high yields and molar activities compared to reported literature methods. This method can be applied to higher starting activities with special consideration given to automation and radiolysis prevention.

scholarly journals Characterization of Pharmaceutical Tablets Using UV Hyperspectral Imaging as a Rapid Line to Line Analysis Tool

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4436
Author(s):  
Mohammad Al Ktash ◽  
Mona Stefanakis ◽  
Barbara Boldrini ◽  
Edwin Ostertag ◽  
Marc Brecht
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Sample Set

A laboratory prototype for hyperspectral imaging in ultra-violet (UV) region from 225 to 400 nm was developed and used to rapidly characterize active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in tablets. The APIs are ibuprofen (IBU), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and paracetamol (PAR). Two sample sets were used for a comparison purpose. Sample set one comprises tablets of 100% API and sample set two consists of commercially available painkiller tablets. Reference measurements were performed on the pure APIs in liquid solutions (transmission) and in solid phase (reflection) using a commercial UV spectrometer. The spectroscopic part of the prototype is based on a pushbroom imager that contains a spectrograph and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The tablets were scanned on a conveyor belt that is positioned inside a tunnel made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in order to increase the homogeneity of illumination at the sample position. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to differentiate the hyperspectral data of the drug samples. The first two PCs are sufficient to completely separate all samples. The rugged design of the prototype opens new possibilities for further development of this technique towards real large-scale application.

The Research of Wasting Wind Power and Methods of its Consumption Based on that of Fuxin

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 622-629
Author(s):  
Tian Long Shao ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Xu Nan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Grid Structure ◽  
Wind Power Integration

As a kind of renewable clean energy, the constant access of wind power to power grids is bound to have a great impact on the power system. Based on the grid structure in Fuxin, this paper will state the difficulty of peak regulation and the matter of wasting wind power caused by the large-scale wind power integration and put forward some reasonable methods for using the wasting wind power in the heating in winter. The relevant results indicate that capacity of local consumption of wasting wind power can be improved. Under the circumstances, it can be conductive to solve the problem of wasting wind power results from the difficulty of peak regulation as well as inspire the power system planners.

Highly Selective Separation and Enrichment of Phosphopeptides by Uranyl-Salophen Immobilized Silica Gel Material

2015 ◽  
Vol 1095 ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Hui Xu ◽  
Guang Liang Zhang ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Xi Lin Xiao ◽  
Chang Ming Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Tetradentate Ligand ◽  
Peptide Mixtures ◽  
New Material ◽  
Solid Phase Material

The characterization of phosphoproteins requires highly specific methods for the separation and enrichment of phosphopeptides. Here we report a novel metal ion-immobilized solid phase material for the separation and enrichment of phosphopeptides. The material is uranyl-salophen-silica gel (USSG) particles in which salophen is a tetradentate ligand of uranyl ion. In USSG salophen is connected on the surface of silica gel and uranyl is bound on the surface through its coordination with salophen. Phosphopeptides can be selectively retained by USSG because uranyl-salophen can bind phosphate moiety with strong affinity and high selectivity. The new material USSG has been successfully used for the separation of phosphopeptides from peptide mixtures with the separation efficiency of 97.0% to 97.4%.

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