Design Objectives and Experience With Processor Based Gas Turbine Controls

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans D. Lenz
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
The Cost

This paper describes the control system requirements to reduce operating costs of gas turbine driven equipment, and the features and technologies available from up-to-date control systems to meet these requirements. Modern control systems can affect the cost of operation in the following areas: - Reduction of downtime. - Optimizing of performance during all operating conditions. - Long-term trending and failure diagnostics to maintain optimum efficiency and for preventive maintenance. Advances in electronic technology, especially microprocessors, make it possible to achieve improvements in these areas. Programming methods, an important tool in the application of this technology, are discussed. Applications of control systems are used to illustrate their effectiveness. Guidelines are presented to judge the value of different types of control systems in gas turbine and other applications and a look at future developments is presented.

Method for calculating the thrust and specific thrust of a double-flow gas turbine engine based on the results of tests at the laboratory unit «Flame»

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
S.M. Sergeev ◽  
◽  
V.A. Kudriashov ◽  
N.V. Petrukhin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbine Engine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Similarity Criteria ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Laboratory Unit ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Specific Thrust ◽  
The Cost

The main technical characteristics of jet engines depend on the fuel quality: thrust and fuel consumption. As a rule, the comparative assessment of real engines is carried by specific values. Specific thrust is one of the most important parameters of the gas turbine engine (GTE). The larger it is, the smaller the required air flow rate through the engine at a given thrust and therefore its dimensions and mass. To date, a system for evaluating the performance properties of fuels based on qualification methods has been created. However, these methods do not allow calculating the thrust and specific thrust of the engine and potentially assessing the effect of fuels on these characteristics. Therefore, the issues of efficient use of fuels for GTE are solved almost exclusively on the basis of tests at testing units with full-scale engines, which are carried out repeatedly, which leads to a significant increase in the cost of testing. The article proposes a method for calculating the thrust and specific thrust of a double-flow gas turbine engine according to the results of tests at a constant volume laboratory unit of bypass type “Flame”. The method is based on modeling the engine operating conditions using the similarity criteria of the bench reactor and the real engine and allows reducing significantly the material and time costs for testing. The experimental of the combustion characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels and the rated values of their thrust and specific thrust for a double-flow gas turbine engine are presented.

scholarly journals Methodical approach to forecasting costs for updating and using arms and military equipment park

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Oleksii Leontiev ◽  
Maryna Naumenko
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Residual Service Life ◽  
Purchase Price ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
The Cost

A methodological approach to forecasting the cost costs at the main stages of the life cycle of a sample of weapons and military equipment, as one of the most important carriers of the capabilities of military organizational-staff formations, is proposed, which is carried out when substantiating measures for developing the capabilities of troops in the course of long-term and medium-term defense planning. The methodological approach is based on the use of the concept of a typical distribution of the cost of the life cycle of a sample by stages and stages, which allows in a formalized form to link costs at each stage of the purchase price of a serial product of a sample of weapons and military equipment of a specific type and type, taking into account the choice of a specific way of obtaining weapons and military equipment. It is proposed to forecast the volume of necessary costs at the stage of operation and support, taking into account the uneven distribution of these costs during this stage of the life cycle of a separate product. For this, it is proposed to divide the entire period of the duration of the operation stage into two main parts. The first part corresponds to the operating conditions of the product with a constant failure rate of the equipment after the completion of a short running-in process, and the operating costs per unit of time on it are considered the same throughout its duration. A formalized expression is proposed for obtaining the predicted value of these costs depending on the purchase price of the product. In the second part of the period of operation and support of a product of weapons and military equipment, operating costs per unit of time change over time according to an exponential law, reflecting the fact that operating costs increase with an increase in the failure rate as it approaches the assigned service life, which corresponds to the laws, known from the general theory of reliability of technology. The specifics of forecasting the costs of operation and support of a product obtained by import and which has already been in operation and has a residual service life have been determined.

An Investigation of Turbine Erosion by Combustor Generated Carbon in a Light Weight Marine Gas Turbine

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Russell ◽  
J. J. Witton
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Marine Application ◽  
Mineral Dusts

A study has been made of the turbine erosion problem encountered in a marinized aero gas turbine which arose from the change of fuel type necessitated by the marine application. The work has involved the development of a technique for collecting carbon shed from the combustion chamber under engine operating conditions. Tests using the collector were made with a single combustor test rig and compared to engine experience. Combustion chamber modifications were developed having low solids emissions and their emissions characterized using the collector. The data from the collector show that smaller particles than hitherto collected can produce significant long-term erosion and that reduction on both size and quantity of particles is necessary to reduce erosion to acceptable levels. The data obtained in this study are compared with other published information on the basic erosion process and erosion in gas turbines by natural mineral dusts. The implications of the results to current and future engines are discussed.

scholarly journals Scheduling of Preventive Maintenance in Healthcare Buildings Using Markov Chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5263
Author(s):  
Jaime González-Domínguez ◽  
Gonzalo Sánchez-Barroso ◽  
Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Markov Chains ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Policies ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Specific Degradation

The optimization of maintenance in healthcare buildings reduces operating costs and contributes towards increasing the sustainability of the healthcare system. This paper proposes a tool to schedule preventive maintenance for healthcare centers using Markov chains. To this end, the authors analyzed 25 healthcare centers belonging to the three Healthcare Districts of Spain and built between 1985 and 2005. Markov chains proved useful in choosing the most suitable maintenance policies for each healthcare building without exceeding a specific degradation boundary, which enabled achieving an ideal maintenance frequency and reduced the use of resources. Markov chains have also proven useful in optimizing the periodicity of routine maintenance tasks, ensuring a suitable level of maintenance according to the frequency of the failures and reducing the cost and carbon footprint. The healthcare centers observed during the study managed to save more than 700 km of journeys, reduce emissions in its operations as a whole by 174.3 kg of CO2 per month and increase the overall efficiency of maintenance operations by 15%. This approach, therefore, renders it advisable to plan the maintenance of healthcare buildings.

Extensive Dynamic Analyses to Achieve Stringent Noise and Vibration Levels for an Offshore Reciprocating Compressor System

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre´ Eijk ◽  
Hans Elferink
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Reciprocating Compressor ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Noise And Vibration ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
The North ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
System Requirements

During the lifetime of an existing gas well, located in the D15FA/FB field in the North Sea, the pressure has dropped and consequently production is reduced. A depletion compressor had to be added to this existing platform to increase the production. This sounds easy but has been very challenging due to physical, noise and vibration restrictions. For this platform it appeared that a reciprocating compressor was the best choice based on its flexibility with respect to the specified operating conditions, available power, and efficiency. However, despite of several advantages a disadvantage of a reciprocating compressor is that it generates additional vibrations and noise in the living quarters, which are located close to the compressor system. The specified requirements, not to exceed the allowable noise limits in the living quarters and the vibration limits of the complete compressor system, could in this specific case, not be met with straightforward solutions. This presentation will explain the dynamic analysis and the efforts taken in compressor, skid, motor, piping and deck design to meet the very stringent specified requirements and to ensure a safe and reliable system for the long term operation. Special attention will be given to the measures taken to reduce the excitations acting on the platform, and the mechanical and acoustical analysis that have led to the final design of this reciprocating compressor system. The solutions that have been developed can be regarded as non-standard and have resulted in new directions in solving very demanding system requirements.

Long Term Thermal Stability of Several Gas Turbine Alloys

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Pike ◽  
S. K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Haynes 230 ◽  
One Year ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Ever increasing demands for lower gas turbine operating costs have led to the need for longer lasting components. This in turn, requires the availability of alloys which are reliable to such long lifetimes. In the mill produced condition, most alloys have desirable microstructures and mechanical properties. However, after exposure to the harsh temperatures found in gas turbine engines, the microstructures of most alloys will begin to change. The effects on the mechanical properties of such microstructural changes can range from mild deterioration to significant degradation. In this paper, the effects of thermal exposures at temperatures from 1200 to 1600°F for durations up to one year on the mechanical properties of three wrought gas turbine alloys will be reported. The alloys will include HAYNES® 188 alloy (Co-Ni-Cr-W), HAYNES 230® alloy (Ni-Cr-W), and HAYNES HR-120® alloy (Fe-Ni-Cr-Nb-N).

scholarly journals Rail Track with Rail Compression

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-242
Author(s):  
V. N. Sukhodoev
Keyword(s):  
Effective Property ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Rail Track ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost

The problem of damping the noise on the track, arising from the movement of the train, is solved sufficiently but it is simple, if the rail with spacers is laid inside the longitudinally located band sleeper-mechanism. The result is a layered rail thread, consisting of belts: a rail tape with elastic spacers on three sides, a tie-mechanism tape and a ballast layer. The unity of the layers is carried out due to their own mass. This is the static track without external load. Rail compression is an effective property of rail tracks. It is formed in the sleeper mechanism under the influence of vertical forces with displacements and their horizontal derivatives. When loading the track, the compression is carried out repeatedly with subsequent unloading.n this case, each previous changes in the conditions in work of the track are taken into account in the subsequent cycle of loading and unloading. A rail track with a rail compression is a kind of self-adapting linear system, which is necessary with frequent changes in load and operating conditions for silent performance of a functional purpose. The specificity of this path is that the movement of the wheel creates rail vibration and noise, which are immediately damped by compression with damping. The balance between the occurrence of noise and its suppression is achieved by the ratio of the lengths of half-sleeper shoulders as a lever. The condition for the appearance of a shift of the compression forces in the direction from vertical shoulder of the half-sleepers is the unequal settlements of the horizontal shoulder of the L-shaped half-sleepers and its eccentric loading. As a result of the research, the advantages of a rail track with rail compression have been revealed, which is a guarantor of the stability of the design parameters during long-term operation of the track. The cost of a rail track with rail reduction is halved as a result of steel savings, lower labor costs and operational needs.

Reducing operating costs for struvite formation with a carbon dioxide stripper

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Fattah ◽  
N. Sabrina ◽  
D. S. Mavinic ◽  
F. A. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
University Of British Columbia ◽  
Water Matrix ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University

One of the major operational costs of phosphorus recovery as struvite is the cost of caustic chemical that is added to maintain a desired level of operative pH. A study was conducted at the Lulu Island Wastewater Treatment Plant (LIWWTP), Richmond, BC, using a struvite crystallizer and a cascade stripper designed at the University of British Columbia (UBC). The stripper was tested under different operating conditions to determine the effectiveness of CO2 stripping in increasing the pH of the water matrix and thereby reducing caustic chemical use. This reduction is expected to reduce the operational costs of struvite production. Throughout the project, a high percentage (90%) of phosphorus removal was achieved under each condition. The cascade stripper was very effective in saving caustic usage, ranging from 35% to 86%, depending on the operating conditions. However, the stripper showed relatively poor performance regarding ammonia stripping.

A Sequential Approach for Gas Turbine Power Plant Preventative Maintenance Scheduling

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 796-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjun Zhao ◽  
Vitali Volovoi ◽  
Mark Waters ◽  
Dimitri Mavris
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maintenance Scheduling ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Sequential Approach ◽  
Gas Turbine Power Plant

Traditionally, gas turbine power plant preventive maintenance schedules are set with constant intervals based on recommendations from the equipment suppliers. Preventive maintenance is based on fleet-wide experience as a guideline as long as individual unit experience is not available. In reality, the operating conditions for each gas turbine may vary from site to site and from unit to unit. Furthermore, the gas turbine is a repairable deteriorating system, and preventive maintenance usually restores only part of its performance. This suggests a gas turbine needs more frequent inspection and maintenance as it ages. A unit-specific sequential preventive maintenance approach is therefore needed for gas turbine power plant preventive maintenance scheduling. Traditionally, the optimization criteria for preventive maintenance scheduling is usually cost based. However, in the deregulated electric power market, a profit-based optimization approach is expected to be more effective than the cost-based approach. In such an approach, power plant performance, reliability, and the market dynamics are considered in a joint fashion. In this paper, a novel idea that economic factors drive maintenance frequency and expense to more frequent repairs and greater expense as equipment ages is introduced, and a profit-based unit-specific sequential preventive maintenance scheduling methodology is developed. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, a conceptual level study is performed using a base load combined cycle power plant with a single gas turbine unit.

scholarly journals Cost efficiency and financial situation of local governments in the Canary Isles during the recession

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Prior ◽  
Ignacio Martín-Pinillos-Castellanos ◽  
Gemma Pérez-López ◽  
José L. Zafra-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stage Analysis

This paper examines cost efficiency in the Spanish municipal public sector, in a specific geographic area (the Canary Isles, Spain), with respect to financial condition and different types of municipal debt. The study focuses on municipalities dependent on tourism and on the consequences to them of the Great Recession, doing so via a two-stage analysis. In the first, the order-m method is used to evaluate the cost efficiency of 77 Canary Isles municipalities, for the period 2008-12. In the second stage, we examine the effect produced on cost efficiency by different types of borrowing (long term, short term, financial and commercial) together with other financial, economic, political and quality variables, using the model developed by Simar and Wilson (2007), based on a truncated bootstrap regression with panel data. Empirical analysis shows that in times of crisis there is a significant relationship between the components of financial condition and cost efficiency. In conclusion, municipal cost efficiency increases with commercial debt, but decreases with financial debt. Furthermore, certain socioeconomic variables affect the levels of cost efficiency. Este trabajo examina la eficiencia de costes para el caso particular del sector público municipal español, concretamente, para el caso de los municipios canarios, poniendo especial énfasis en áreas relacionadas con la condición financiera y diferentes tipologías de deuda, teniendo en cuenta las características propias que estos municipios poseen, como un índice turístico elevado. En primer lugar, se utiliza el método de orden m para evaluar la eficiencia de costes de 77 municipios de las Islas Canarias, para el período 2008-12. En la segunda etapa, examinamos el efecto producido en la eficiencia de costes por diferentes tipologías de endeudamiento (largo plazo, corto plazo, financiero y comercial) junto con otras variables financieras, económicas, políticas y de calidad, utilizando el modelo desarrollado por Simar y Wilson (2007), basado en una regresión truncada con datos de panel. Nuestro análisis empírico muestra que en tiempos de crisis existe una relación significativa entre los componentes de la condición financiera y la eficiencia de costes. En particular, concluye que mientras la eficiencia de los costes municipales aumenta con la deuda comercial, disminuye con la deuda financiera. Además, mostramos que ciertas variables socioeconómicas afectan los niveles de eficiencia de costes.

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