Localised Pre-Heating to Improve Inter-Layer Delamination Strength in Fused Deposition Modelling

Additive Manufacture ◽

Print Quality ◽

Air Gaps ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Air Temperatures

Abstract Additive manufacture, specifically Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), is an advancing manufacture method opening up new possibilities in design previously impossible to machine, in a relatively affordable way. However, its use in functional products is limited due to anisotropic strength and reduced strength from injection molded components. This paper aims to increase the tensile strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) in the weakest direction (Z axis), where poor interlayer fusion and air gaps between extruded trails reduce strength. Extra thermal energy was applied to the top surface layer during the printing process (through hot air) to encourage more polymer chain diffusion across the boundary, and spreading out to fill air gaps. Multiple tensile test samples were printed at a variety of heat levels. The ultimate tensile strength σuts was plotted against these temperatures and a weak positive correlation was found. However, only air temperatures above 81°C increased strength past the control to a maximum of 1.4MPa. Heat application has proven to increase tensile strength, but needs to be applied with a more precise method, to the boundary interface, to allow greater thermal energy transfer without sacrificing print quality.

The Influence of Manufacturing Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of PLA and ABS Pieces Manufactured by FDM: A Comparative Analysis

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11081333 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Adrián Rodríguez-Panes ◽

Juan Claver ◽

Ana Camacho

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Mechanical Behaviour ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Layer Orientation ◽

Lower Variability

This paper presents a comparative study of the tensile mechanical behaviour of pieces produced using the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing technique with respect to the two types of thermoplastic material most widely used in this technique: polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The aim of this study is to compare the effect of layer height, infill density, and layer orientation on the mechanical performance of PLA and ABS test specimens. The variables under study here are tensile yield stress, tensile strength, nominal strain at break, and modulus of elasticity. The results obtained with ABS show a lower variability than those obtained with PLA. In general, the infill percentage is the manufacturing parameter of greatest influence on the results, although the effect is more noticeable in PLA than in ABS. The test specimens manufactured using PLA perform more rigidly and they are found to have greater tensile strength than ABS. The bond between layers in PLA turns out to be extremely strong and is, therefore, highly suitable for use in additive technologies. The methodology proposed is a reference of interest in studies involving the determination of mechanical properties of polymer materials manufactured using these technologies.

Volume 1: Development and Characterization of Multifunctional Materials; Modeling, Simulation, and Control of Adaptive Systems; Integrated System Design and Implementation ◽

Electrical Properties of Additively Manufactured Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite

10.1115/smasis2018-8002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Dominic Thaler ◽

Nahal Aliheidari ◽

Amir Ameli

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Extrusion Process ◽

Print Quality ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Additive manufacturing is an emerging method to produce customized parts with functional materials without big investments. As one of the common additive manufacturing methods, fused deposition modeling (FDM) uses thermoplastic-based feedstock. It has been recently adapted to fabricate composite materials too. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the most widely used material as FDM feedstock. However, it is an electrically insulating polymer. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) on the other hand are highly conductive. They are attractive fillers because of their high aspect ratio, and excellent mechanical and physical properties. Therefore, a nanocomposite of these two materials can give an electrically conductive material that is potentially compatible with FDM printing. This work focuses on the investigation of the relationships between the FDM process parameters and the electrical conductivity of the printed ABS/CNT nanocomposites. Nanocomposite filaments with CNT contents up to 10wt% were produced using a twin-screw extruder followed by 3D printing using FDM method. The starting material was pellets from a masterbatch containing 15 wt% CNT. Compression-molded samples of ABS/CNT were also prepared as the bulk baselines. The effects of CNT content and nozzle size on the through-layer and in-layer electrical conductivity of the printed nanocomposites were analyzed. Overall, a higher percolation threshold was observed in the printed samples, compared to that of the compression-molded counterparts. This resulted in the conductivity of the printed samples that is at least one order of magnitude lower. Moreover, at CNT contents up to 5 wt%, the in-layer conductivity of the printed samples was almost two orders of magnitudes higher than that in the through-layer direction. In ABS/3 wt% CNT samples, the through-layer conductivity continuously decreased as the nozzle diameter was decreased from 0.8 mm to 0.35 mm. These variations in the electrical conductivity were explained in terms of the CNT alignment, caused by the extrusion process during the print, quality of interlayer bonding during deposition, and the voids created due to the discrete nature of the printing process.

Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength Testing of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Materials for Biomimetic Robotic Applications

Journal of Biomimetics Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.20.11 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 11-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tran Linh Khuong ◽

Zhao Gang ◽

Muhammad Farid ◽

Rao Yu ◽

Zhuang Zhi Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

3D Printing ◽

Rapid Prototyping ◽

Printing Technology ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Biomimetic robots borrow their structure, senses and behavior from animals, such as humans or insects, and plants. Biomimetic design is design ofa machine, a robot or a system in engineeringdomain thatmimics operational and/orbehavioral model of a biological system in nature. 3D printing technology has another name as rapid prototyping technology. Currently it is being developed fastly and widely and is applied in many fields like the jewelry, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industry, education, geographic information system, civil engineering, guns. 3D printing technology is able to manufacture complicated, sophisticated details that the traditional processing method cannot manufacture. Therefore, 3D printing technology can be seen as an effective tool in biomimetic, which can accurately simulate most of the biological structure. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a technology of the typical rapid prototyping. The main content of the article is the focusing on tensile strength test of the ABS-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene material after using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology, concretization after it’s printed by UP2! 3D printer. The article focuses on two basic features which are Tensile Strength and Determination of flexural properties.

Vibration Analysis of Fused Deposition Modelling Printed Lattice Structure Bar for Application in Automated Device

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16614 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3.17) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M S. Azmi ◽

R Ismail ◽

R Hasan ◽

M R. Alkahari

Keyword(s):

Natural Frequencies ◽

Lattice Structure ◽

Force Sensor ◽

Body Part ◽

Vibration Testing ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Vibration Technique

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of size of strut radius to the natural frequencies of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer lattice-structure bar material by using vibration technique. The lattice structured cellular material parts with body-centered-cubic (BCC) topological design are manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing (AM) technique with aim to reduce the overall weight of automated device. The specimens are tested by using set up consist of fabricated test rig, accelerometer, force sensor, power amplifier, shaker and signal generator/analyzer. The first mode natural frequency obtained from the vibration testing for specimen with 1.0 mm strut radius is 278 Hz while specimen with 1.2 mm strut radius is 441 Hz. The results obtained from vibration testing show that bigger size of strut radius will yield higher natural frequencies and the lattice structure bar is suitable for use as arm body part in automated device. By utilizing FDM AM, industry will be able to benefit in term of saving in fabrication cost as well as energy consumption.

Experimental Testing of Materials Used in Fused Deposition Modeling Rapid Prototyping Technology

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.597 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 740 ◽

pp. 597-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ludmila Novakova-Marcincinova ◽

Jozef Novak-Marcincin

Keyword(s):

Rapid Prototyping ◽

Experimental Testing ◽

Advanced Materials ◽

Initial State ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Materials Used ◽

Solid Liquid

In this paper are presented information about common and advanced materials used for manufacturing of products by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) rapid prototyping technology. In different rapid prototyping technologies the initial state of material can come in either solid, liquid or powder state. The current range materials include paper, nylon, wax, resins, metals and ceramics. In FDM are mainly used as basic materials ABS - Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene and polypropylene. Main part of the paper is focused on experimental testing of rapid prototyping materials realized by different research teams and presents outputs of testing of ABS material in FDM technology realized by authors.

Influence of ABS print parameters on a 3D open-source, self-replicable printer

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-10-2019-0267 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 1733-1738

Author(s):

André Luiz Alves Guimarães ◽

Vicente Gerlin Neto ◽

Cesar Renato Foschini ◽

Maximiliano dos Anjos Azambuja ◽

Luiz Antonio Vasques Hellmeister

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Open Source ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Printing Parameters

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the influence of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) print by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The mechanical properties of ABS are highly influenced by printing parameters, and they determine the final product quality of printed pieces. Design/methodology/approach For the paper’s purpose, five main parameters (extrusion temperature, infill pattern, air gap, printing speed and layer thickness) were selected and varied during ABS printing on an open-source and self-replicable FDM printer. Three different colors of commercially available ABS were also used to investigate color and printing parameter’s influence on the tensile strength. Findings The research results suggest that two parameters (infill pattern and layer thickness) were most influential on the mechanical properties of print ABS, being able to enhance its tensile strength. Another key influential factor was material color selected prior to printing, which influenced the tensile strength of the print specimen. Originality/value This study provides information on print parameters’ influence on the tensile strength of ABS print on replicable open-source three-dimensional (3D) printers. It also suggests the influence of materials’ color on print pieces’ tensile strength, indicating a new parameter for materials selection for 3D printing.

An experimental study of FDM parameters effects on tensile strength, density, and production time of ABS/Cu composites

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics ◽

10.1177/0095244320916838 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 009524432091683 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mojtaba Nabipour ◽

Behnam Akhoundi

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Taguchi Method ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Production Time ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Raster Angle ◽

Nozzle Temperature

Recently, applications of three-dimensional (3-D) printers have extensively been increased in various industries. Fused deposition modeling process is one of the most widely used 3-D printing methods in this area due to its simplicity, reliability, and the ability to produce complex parts made of thermoplastic materials. In this research, composite sample parts consisted of copper particles with a constant 25 wt% of metallic powder as a filler and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene granules as a polymeric matrix. A filament production line to acquire printable filaments was applied and its optimum parameters were reported. Four printing parameters involved nozzle diameter, layer height, raster angle, and nozzle temperature were chosen in three levels for investigation of composite samples’ tensile strength, density, and production time as a new study. The Taguchi method, a well-known design of experiment tool, was employed to find the effect of each parameter and optimum levels with including the main effect, signal-to-noise ratio, and analysis of variance. Finally, optimum composite specimens manufactured by 3-D printer verified Taguchi method analysis and results.

A Study on Melt Flow Index on Copper-ABS for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Feedstock

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.8 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 773-774 ◽

pp. 8-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Noor Mu'izzah Ahmad Isa ◽

Nasuha Sa'ude ◽

M. Ibrahim ◽

Saiful Manar Hamid ◽

Khairu Kamarudin

Keyword(s):

Injection Molding ◽

Melt Flow Index ◽

Internal Force ◽

Flow Index ◽

Melt Flow ◽

Volume Percentage ◽

Fused Deposition

This paper presents of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) as feedstock used in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) machine. This study discussed on the development of a new PMC material by the injection molding machine. The material consist of copper powder filled in an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), binder and surfactant material. The effect of metal filled in ABS and binder content was investigated experimentally by the Melt Flow Index (MFI) machine. Based on the result obtained, an increment of copper filled in ABS by volume percentage (vol. %) effected on melt flow index results. With highly filled copper in PMC composites increase the melt flow index results. It was concluded that, the propensity of the melt flow allow an internal force in PMC material through the injection molding and FDM machine.

Testing of the ABS Materials for Application in Fused Deposition Modeling Technology

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.309.133 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 309 ◽

pp. 133-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ludmila Novakova-Marcincinova ◽

Jozef Novak-Marcincin

Keyword(s):

Rapid Prototyping ◽

Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽

Lead Zirconate ◽

Material Structure ◽

Initial State ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Materials Used

In paper are presented knowledge about types and properties of materials used for production of models using by rapid prototyping Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) method. In today used rapid prototyping technologies is used material in initial state as solid, liquid or powder material structure. In solid state are used various forms such as pellets, wire or laminates. Basic range materials include paper, nylon, wax, resins, metals and ceramics. In FDM rapid prototyping technology are mainly used as basic materials ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene and polypropylene. For advanced FDM applications are used special materials as silicon nitrate, PZT (Piezoceramic Material - Lead Zirconate Titanate), aluminium oxide, hydroxypatite and stainless steel.

Preparation and Evaluation of the Tensile Characteristics of Carbon Fiber Rod Reinforced 3D Printed Thermoplastic Composites

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs5010008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Arivazhagan Selvam ◽

Suresh Mayilswamy ◽

Ruban Whenish ◽

Rajkumar Velu ◽

Bharath Subramanian

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Carbon Fiber ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Shell Thickness ◽

Thermoplastic Composites ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling

The most common method to fabricate both simple and complex structures in the additive manufacturing process is fused deposition modeling (FDM). Many researchers have studied the strengthening of FDM components by adding short carbon fibers (CF) or by reinforcing solid carbon fiber rods. In the current research, we sought to enhance the mechanical properties of FDM components by adding bioinspired solid CF rods during the fabrication process. An effective bonding interface of bioinspired CF rods and polylactic acid (PLA) was achieved by triangular interlocking sutures and by employing synthetic glue as the binding agent. In particular, the tensile strength of solid CF rod reinforced PLA samples was studied. Critical parameters such as layer thickness, extruder temperature, extruder speed, and shell thickness were considered for optimization. Significant process parameters were identified through leverage plots using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum parameters were found to be layer thickness of 0.04 mm, extruder temperature of 215 °C, extruder speed of 60 mm/s, and shell thickness of 1.2 mm. The results revealed that the bioinspired solid CF rod reinforced PLA (CFRPLA) composite exhibited a tensile strength of 82.06 MPa, which was approximately three times higher than the pure PLA (28 MPa, 66% lower than CFRPLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) (28 MPa, 66% lower than CFRPLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) (34 MPa, 60% lower than CFRPLA), and nylon (34 MPa, 60% lower than CFRPLA) samples.