Influence of ABS print parameters on a 3D open-source, self-replicable printer

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the influence of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) print by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The mechanical properties of ABS are highly influenced by printing parameters, and they determine the final product quality of printed pieces. Design/methodology/approach For the paper’s purpose, five main parameters (extrusion temperature, infill pattern, air gap, printing speed and layer thickness) were selected and varied during ABS printing on an open-source and self-replicable FDM printer. Three different colors of commercially available ABS were also used to investigate color and printing parameter’s influence on the tensile strength. Findings The research results suggest that two parameters (infill pattern and layer thickness) were most influential on the mechanical properties of print ABS, being able to enhance its tensile strength. Another key influential factor was material color selected prior to printing, which influenced the tensile strength of the print specimen. Originality/value This study provides information on print parameters’ influence on the tensile strength of ABS print on replicable open-source three-dimensional (3D) printers. It also suggests the influence of materials’ color on print pieces’ tensile strength, indicating a new parameter for materials selection for 3D printing.

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Experimental study on tensile strength of copper microparticles filled polymer composites printed by fused deposition modelling process

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-08-2020-0199 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Hamed Adibi ◽

Mohammad Reza Hashemi

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Noise Analysis ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Process Parameter ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Filling Pattern

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variables of the fused deposition modelling (FDM) process and improve their effect on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) components reinforced with copper microparticles. Design/methodology/approach In the experimental approach, after drying the ABS granule, it was mixed with copper microparticles (at concentrations of 5%, 8% and 10%) in a single screw extruder to fabricate pure ABS and composite filaments. Then, by making the components by the FDM process, the tensile strength of the parts was determined through tensile strength tests. Taguchi DOE method was used to design the experiments in which nozzle temperature, filling pattern and layer thickness were the design variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise analysis were conducted to determine the effectiveness of each FDM process parameter on the ultimate tensile strength of printed samples. Following that, the main effect analysis was used to optimize each process parameter for pure ABS and its composite at different copper contents. Findings The study allows the layer thickness and filling pattern had the highest effects on the ultimate tensile strength of the printed materials (pure and composite) in the FDM process. Moreover, the results show that the ultimate tensile strength of the ABS composite containing 5% copper was nearly 12.3% higher than the pure ABS part. According to validation tests, the maximum error of experiments was about 0.96%. Originality/value In this paper, the effect of copper microparticles (as filling agent) was investigated on the ultimate tensile strength of printed ABS material during the FDM process.

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Effects of In-Process Temperatures and Blending Polymers on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Blends

Inventions ◽

10.3390/inventions6040093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 93

Author(s):

Muhammad Harris ◽

Johan Potgieter ◽

Hammad Mohsin ◽

Karnika De Silva ◽

Marie-Joo Le Guen

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Large Scale ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

High Thermal Resistance ◽

3D Printed ◽

First Time ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a renowned commodity polymer for additive manufacturing, particularly fused deposition modelling (FDM). The recent large-scale applications of 3D-printed ABS require stable mechanical properties than ever needed. However, thermochemical scission of butadiene bonds is one of the contemporary challenges affecting the overall ABS stability. In this regard, literature reports melt-blending of ABS with different polymers with high thermal resistance. However, the comparison for the effects of different polymers on tensile strength of 3D-printed ABS blends was not yet reported. Furthermore, the cumulative studies comprising both blended polymers and in-process thermal variables for FDM were not yet presented as well. This research, for the first time, presents the statistical comparison of tensile properties for the added polymers and in-process thermal variables (printing temperature and build surface temperature). The research presents Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to explain the thermochemical reasons behind achieved mechanical properties. Overall, ABS blend with PP shows high tensile strength (≈31 MPa) at different combinations of in-process parameters. Furthermore, some commonalities among both blends are noted, i.e., the tensile strength improves with increase of surface (bed) and printing temperature.

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Effect of Printing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Parts Fabricated with Open-Source 3D Printers in PLA by Fused Deposition Modeling

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.2478/mme-2018-0070 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 895-908

Author(s):

M. Ouhsti ◽

B. El Haddadi ◽

S. Belhouideg

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printers ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Printed Materials ◽

Printing Parameters

Abstract3D polymer-based printers have become easily accessible to the public. Usually, the technology used by these 3D printers is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The majority of these 3D printers mainly use acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) to fabricate 3D objects. In order for the printed parts to be useful for specific applications, the mechanical properties of the printed parts must be known. The aim of this study is to determine the tensile strength and elastic modulus of printed materials in polylactic acid (PLA) according to three important printing parameters such as deposition angle, extruder temperature and printing speed. The central composite design (CCD) was used to reduce the number of tensile test experiments. The obtained results show that the mechanical properties of printed parts depend on printing parameters. Empirical models relating response and process parameters are developed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the validity of models relating response and printing parameters. The optimal printing parameters are determined for the desired mechanical properties.

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Effect of process parameters on tensile strength of FDM printed PLA part

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-06-2017-0134 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 1317-1324 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Shilpesh R. Rajpurohit ◽

Harshit K. Dave

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Type I ◽

Content Type ◽

Layer Height ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Anisotropic Mechanical Properties ◽

Raster Angle

PurposeThe purpose of this paper to study the tensile strength of the fused deposition modelling (FDM) printed PLA part. In recent times, FDM has been evolving from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing where parts fabricated by FDM process can be directly used for application. However, application of FDM fabricated part is significantly affected by poor and anisotropic mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of FDM part can be improved by proper selection of process parameters.Design/methodology/approachIn the present study, three process parameter, namely, raster angle, layer height and raster width, have been selected to study their effect on tensile properties. Parts are fabricated as per ASTM D638 Type I standard.FindingsIt has been observed that the highest tensile strength obtained at 0° raster angle. Lower value of layer height is observed to be good for higher tensile strength because of higher bonding area between the layers. At higher value of raster width, tensile strength is improved up to certain extent after which presence of void reduces the tensile strength.Originality/valueIn the present investigation, layer height and raster width have been also varied along with raster angle to study their effect on the tensile strength of FDM printed PLA part.

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Effect of fused deposition modelling process parameters on mechanical properties of 3D printed parts

World Journal of Engineering ◽

10.1108/wje-09-2018-0329 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 550-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Abhinav Chadha ◽

Mir Irfan Ul Haq ◽

Ankush Raina ◽

Rana Ratna Singh ◽

Narendra Babu Penumarti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Primary Layer ◽

Bed Temperature ◽

3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to explore the effect of bed temperature, primary layer thickness and infill pattern (rectilinear, honeycomb, triangular) on the mechanical properties of tensile strength and bending strength of 3D printed parts. Design/methodology/approach Samples in accordance to various ASTM standards were printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM) method by varying the various input paramaters such as bed temperature, primary layer thickness and infill pattern (rectilinear, honeycomb, triangular). Tensile and bending testing was carried out on the printed parts, and post to the testing, fractography has been carried out using scanning electron microscope. Findings With increase in bed temperature tensile strength and flexural strength first increases then decreases. With the increase in primary layer thickness, tensile strength and flexural strength increase. With regard to infill patterns, triangular and honeycomb exhibit better tensile strength and better flexural strength. Practical implications The 3D printing is increasingly becoming important for manufacturing of engineering parts, determining the process parameters which could result in better mechanical and physical properties shall certainly help designers and manufacturers globally. Originality/value This work elucidates the effect of various process parameters of FDM on tensile and flexural properties of the samples.

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Effects of processing conditions on mechanical properties of PLA printed parts

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-02-2019-0048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 381-389

Author(s):

Morteza Behzadnasab ◽

Ali Akbar Yousefi ◽

Dariush Ebrahimibagha ◽

Farahnaz Nasiri

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

3D Printing ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Temperature Pattern ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Processing Conditions ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition

Purpose With recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM), polymer-based three-dimensional (3D) printers are available for relatively low cost and have found their way even in domestic and educational uses. However, the optimum conditions for processing and post-processing of different materials are yet to be determined. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of printing temperature, pattern and annealing conditions on tensile strength and modulus of samples printed with polylactic acid (PLA). Design/methodology/approach This study focuses on fused deposition modelling according to ISO/ASTM 52900 material extrusion AM. To print parts with maximum mechanical properties, the printing variables must be optimised. To determine the printing and annealing condition on physical and mechanical properties of PLA-based parts, dogbone-shaped tensile samples were printed at four different nozzle temperatures and five different filling patterns embedded in a 3D printing software. The samples were further annealed at three different temperatures for three different time intervals. The mechanical properties were evaluated and the changes in mechanical properties were analysed with the help of rheometrical measurements. Findings The results showed that printing condition has a significant influence on final properties, for example, the strain at break value increases with increasing nozzle temperature from 34 to 56 MPa, which is close to the value of the injected sample, namely, 65 MPa. While tensile strength increases with printing temperature, the annealing process has negative effects on the mechanical properties of samples. Originality/value The authors observed that traditional findings in polymer science, for example, the relationship between processing and annealing temperature, must be re-evaluated when applied in 3D printing because of major differences in processing conditions resulting from the layer-by-layer manufacturing.

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Printing with mechanically interlocked extrudates using a custom bi-extruder for fused deposition modelling

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-03-2017-0046 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 921-934 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mohammad Abu Hasan Khondoker ◽

Asad Asad ◽

Dan Sameoto

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Easy Access ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Content Type ◽

Immiscible Polymers ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Functionally Gradient ◽

Different Sources ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Purpose This paper aims to target to print functionally gradient materials (FGM) devices made of immiscible polymers in multi-material fused deposition modelling (FDM) systems. The design is intended to improve adhesion of dissimilar thermoplastics without the need for chemical compatibilization so that filaments from many different sources can be used effectively. Therefore, there is a need to invent an alternative solution for printing multiple immiscible polymers in an FDM system with the desired adhesion. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors have developed a bi-extruder for FDM systems which can print two thermoplastics through a single nozzle with a static intermixer to enhance bonding between input materials. The system can also change the composition of extrudates continuously. Findings The uniqueness of this extruder is in its easy access to the internal channel so that a static intermixer can be inserted, enabling deposition of mechanically interlocked extrudates composed of two immiscible polymers. Without this intermixer, the bi-extruder extrudes with simple side-by-side co-extrusion having no mechanical interlocking. The bi-extruder was characterized by printing objects using pairs of materials including polylactic acid, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and high impact polystyrene. Microscope images of the cross-sections of the extrudates confirm the ability of this bi-extruder to control the composition as desired. It was also found that the mechanically interlocked extrudates composed of two immiscible polymers substantially reduces adhesion failures within and between filaments. Originality/value In this study, the first-ever FDM extruder with a mechanical blending feature next to the nozzle has been designed and used to successfully print FGM objects with improved mechanical properties.

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The Influence of Manufacturing Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of PLA and ABS Pieces Manufactured by FDM: A Comparative Analysis

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11081333 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Adrián Rodríguez-Panes ◽

Juan Claver ◽

Ana Camacho

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Mechanical Behaviour ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Layer Orientation ◽

Lower Variability

This paper presents a comparative study of the tensile mechanical behaviour of pieces produced using the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing technique with respect to the two types of thermoplastic material most widely used in this technique: polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The aim of this study is to compare the effect of layer height, infill density, and layer orientation on the mechanical performance of PLA and ABS test specimens. The variables under study here are tensile yield stress, tensile strength, nominal strain at break, and modulus of elasticity. The results obtained with ABS show a lower variability than those obtained with PLA. In general, the infill percentage is the manufacturing parameter of greatest influence on the results, although the effect is more noticeable in PLA than in ABS. The test specimens manufactured using PLA perform more rigidly and they are found to have greater tensile strength than ABS. The bond between layers in PLA turns out to be extremely strong and is, therefore, highly suitable for use in additive technologies. The methodology proposed is a reference of interest in studies involving the determination of mechanical properties of polymer materials manufactured using these technologies.

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Preliminary Study on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Multimaterials ABS/PC Parts: Effect of Printing Parameters

Journal of Physical Science ◽

10.21315/jps2021.32.2.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 87-104

Author(s):

Pui-Voon Yap ◽

Ming-Yeng Chan ◽

Seong-Chun Koay

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Young’S Modulus ◽

Young's Modulus ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Nozzle Diameter ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Printing Parameters ◽

Printing Speed

This research work highlights the mechanical properties of multi-material by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The specimens for tensile and flexural test have been printed using polycarbonate (PC) material at different combinations of printing parameters. The effects of varied printing speed, infill density and nozzle diameter on the mechanical properties of specimens have been investigated. Multi-material specimens were fabricated with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as the base material and PC as the reinforced material at the optimum printing parameter combination. The specimens were then subjected to mechanical testing to observe their tensile strength, Young’s modulus, percentage elongation, flexural strength and flexural modulus. The outcome of replacing half of ABS with PC to create a multi-material part has been examined. As demonstrated by the results, the optimum combination of printing parameters is 60 mm/s printing speed, 15% infill density and 0.8 mm nozzle diameter. The combination of ABS and PC materials as reinforcing material has improved the tensile strength (by 38.46%), Young’s modulus (by 23.40%), flexural strength (by 23.90%) and flexural modulus (by 37.33%) while reducing the ductility by 14.31% as compared to pure ABS. The results have been supported by data and graphs of the analysed specimens.

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Process Parameter Optimization in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-122421/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Salman Mustafa ◽

Muhammad Qasim Zafar ◽

Muhammad Arslan Muneer ◽

Muhammad Arif ◽

Farrukh Arsalan Siddiqui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Response Surface ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Printing Parameters

Abstract Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a widely adopted additive manufacturing process to produce complex 3D structures and it is typically used in the fabrication of biodegradable materials e.g. PLA/PHA for biomedical applications. However, FDM as a fabrication process for such material needs to be optimized to enhance mechanical properties. In this study, dogbone and notched samples are printed with the FDM process to determine optimum values of printing parameters for superior mechanical properties. The effect of layer thickness, infill density, and print bed temperature on mechanical properties is investigated by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum printing parameters are identified for tensile and impact strength and an empirical relation has been formulated with response surface methodology (RSM). Furthermore, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the experimental results to determine the influence of the process parameters and their interactions. ANOVA results demonstrate that 44.7% infill density, 0.44 mm layer thickness, and 20C° printing temperatures are the optimum values of printing parameters owing to improved tensile and impact strength respectively. The experimental results were found in strong agreement with the predicted theoretical results.

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