Model Based Gas Turbine Parameter Corrections

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Kurzke
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Parameter Correction

Ambient conditions have a significant impact on the temperatures and pressures in the flow path and on the fuel flow of any gas turbine. Making observed data comparable requires a correction of the raw data to sea level Standard Day conditions. The most widely applied gas turbine parameter correction method is based on keeping some dimensionless Mach number similarity parameters invariant. These similarity parameters are composed of the quantity to be corrected multiplied by temperature to the power ‘a’ and pressure to the power ‘b’ with exponent ‘a’ being theoretically either 0, +0.5 or −0.5 and ‘b’ either 0 or 1.0. To improve the accuracy of this approach it is common practice to empirically adapt the temperature and pressure exponents ‘a’ and ‘b’ in such a way that the correction process leads to a better correlation of the data. Finding empirical exponents requires either many consistently measured data that cover a wide range of ambient temperatures and pressures or a computer model of the engine. A high fidelity model is especially well suited for creating optimally matched exponents and for exploring the phenomena that make these exponents deviate from their theoretical value. This paper discusses the questions that arise when creating empirical exponents with a thermodynamic model of the gas turbine. The gas turbine parameter correction method based on Mach number similarity parameters can get complex if effects like humidity, bleed air or power off-take, free power turbines, switching between various fuel types (Diesel and natural gas), water respectively steam injection, variable geometry or afterburners have to be considered. In such a case it might be simpler — and certainly more accurate — to use the thermodynamic model for the gas turbine parameter correction. Computing power required for running a model is nowadays of no relevance and the better consistency of the data available for engine performance monitoring can yield a significantly improved performance diagnostic capability.

Design, Development and Application of Vehicle Gas Turbine Engines

1966 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-172
Author(s):  
P. A. Phillips ◽  
Peter Spear
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cycle Temperature

After briefly summarizing worldwide automotive gas turbine activity, the paper analyses the power plant requirements of a wide range of vehicle applications in order to formulate the design criteria for acceptable vehicle gas turbines. Ample data are available on the thermodynamic merits of various gas turbine cycles; however, the low cost of its piston engine competitor tends to eliminate all but the simplest cycles from vehicle gas turbine considerations. In order to improve the part load fuel economy, some complexity is inevitable, but this is limited to the addition of a glass ceramic regenerator in the 150 b.h.p. engine which is described in some detail. The alternative further complications necessary to achieve satisfactory vehicle response at various power/weight ratios are examined. Further improvement in engine performance will come by increasing the maximum cycle temperature. This can be achieved at lower cost by the extension of the use of ceramics. The paper is intended to stimulate the design application of the gas turbine engine.

The Effects of Ambient Conditions on Gas Turbine Emissions—Generalized Correction Factors

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 640-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Donovan ◽  
T. Cackette
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Emission ◽  
Wide Range

A set of factors which reduces the variability due to ambient conditions of the hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen emission indices has been developed. These factors can be used to correct an emission index to reference day ambient conditions. The correction factors, which vary with engine rated pressure ratio for NOx and idle pressure ratio for HC and CO, can be applied to a wide range of current technology gas turbine engines. The factors are a function of only the combustor inlet temperature and ambient humidity.

Validation of Surface Temperature Measurements on a Combustor Liner Under Full-Load Conditions Using a Novel Thermal History Paint

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Krewinkel ◽  
Jens Färber ◽  
Martin Lauer ◽  
Dirk Frank ◽  
Ulrich Orth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal History ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Lanthanide Ions ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Oxide Ceramic ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Wide Range

The ever-increasing requirements on gas turbine efficiency, which are at least partially met by increasing firing temperatures, and the simultaneous demand for reduced emissions, necessitate much more accurate calculations of the combustion process and combustor wall temperatures. Thermocouples give locally very accurate measurements of these temperatures, but there is a practical limit to the amount of measurement points. Thermal paints are another established measurement technique, but are toxic and at the same time require dedicated, short-duration tests. Thermal History Paints (THPs) provide an innovative alternative to the aforementioned techniques, but so far only a limited number of tests has been conducted under real engine conditions. THPs are similar in their chemical and physical make-up to conventional thermographic phosphors which have been successfully used in gas turbine applications for on-line temperature detection before. A typical THP comprises of oxide ceramic pigments and a water based binder. The ceramic is synthesized to be amorphous and when heated it crystallizes, permanently changing the microstructure. The ceramic is doped with lanthanide ions to make it phosphorescent. The lanthanide ions act as atomic level sensors and as the structure of the material changes, so do the phosphorescent properties of the material. By measuring the phosphorescence the maximum temperature of exposure can be determined through calibration, enabling post operation measurements at ambient conditions. This paper describes a test in which THP was applied to an impingement-cooled front panel from a combustor of an industrial gas turbine. Since this component sees a wide range of temperatures, it is ideally suited for the testing of the measurement techniques under real engine conditions. The panel was instrumented with a thermocouple and thermal paint was applied to the cold side of the impingement plate. THP was applied to the hot-gas side of this plate for validation against the other measurement techniques and to evaluate its resilience against the reacting hot gas environment. The durability and temperature results of the three different measurement techniques are discussed. The results demonstrate the benefits of THPs as a new temperature profiling technique. It is shown that the THP exhibited greater durability compared to the conventional thermal paint. Furthermore, the new technology provided detailed measurements down to millimeters indicating local temperature variations and global variations over the complete component.

Two-Stage Turbocharging Solutions for Tier 4 Rail Applications

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Bernasconi ◽  
Ennio Codan ◽  
David Yang ◽  
Pierre Jacoby ◽  
German Weisser
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Optimum Performance ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
High Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Turbocharging System

With the introduction of the EPA Tier 4 NOx emission limits for rail diesel engines this year, engine developers are forced to implement more advanced emission control technologies such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or cooled external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The integration and control of these systems for ensuring optimum performance throughout the operating range brings about new challenges on top of the well-known requirement for unconstrained operability in a very wide range of conditions. As a consequence, engines and their subsystems have to be designed for maximum flexibility. The turbocharging system in particular needs to be capable of dealing with extreme ambient conditions associated with high altitudes, hot summers, severe winters, tunnel operation, etc. This flexibility must be achieved without compromising reliability and while ensuring continuous in-use compliance with the emissions standards throughout the life of the installation. At the same time, engine performance should be maintained at the highest level possible. This study demonstrates that all of these targets can be met by combining two-stage turbocharging and EGR with suitable control elements. Two-stage turbocharging, which has become increasingly popular in other industry sectors due to its potential for improving the bsfc / NOx emissions trade-off when used in combination with correspondingly optimized valve actuation (Miller timing), is starting to be adopted also for rail applications. A variety of EGR concepts was proposed or put into practice over the past few years, and the most important or promising of these have been taken into consideration for this study. Extensive simulations of the resulting engine and turbocharging systems have been performed using ABB’s in-house simulation platform, based on a generic engine model that can be considered representative of the rail sector. It is shown that integration of EGR, two-stage turbocharging and appropriate control elements is highly attractive as it offers outstanding operational flexibility and very high fuel efficiency without any compromise in terms of reliability. The selection and specification of control elements and turbocharging system components depends on the EGR concept applied. As is shown below, this can be tailored to the application to ensure optimum performance and flexibility. In view of these obvious benefits, we are very confident that such integrated EGR / two-stage turbocharging systems will be adopted more widely on railway engines.

scholarly journals Performance Monitoring of Gas Turbines for Failure Prevention

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Dundas ◽  
Daniel A. Sullivan ◽  
Frank Abegg
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Data Acquisition System ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Injection Control ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Operating Points

The concept of performance monitoring for prevention of certain serious failures in gas turbines is described. The use of compressor mapping as the key to avoiding surge is developed, and an example is presented showing how the compressor in a steam-injected gas turbine can be much closer to surge in one of two nearly-identical operating points on a steam-injection control envelope than the compressor in the other. The technique of monitoring blade-path temperature spread in the exhaust of a gas turbine is then described, and examples of its value in preventing combustor burnout and turbine blade failures in high-frequency fatigue are given. Next, a concept of diagnosing internal deterioration by recognizing patterns of deviation of operating parameters from baseline data is described, and illustrated for a single-shaft generator-drive gas turbine. Finally, the use of a modern computer-controlled data acquisition system to perform the above monitoring functions in real time is demonstrated.

Design Flexibility Permits a 35000 HP Industrial Gas Turbine to Meet a Wide Range of Application Requirements

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Kuly
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Heat ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

Two recent applications for a heavy duty industrial gas turbine engine are discussed. The principal design requirements for both cases are compared and the design changes necessary to meet the requirements are illustrated. In the case of a main pipeline compressor driver, the need for high thermal efficiency over a wide range of loads is met by use of a regenerative cycle and by reprogramming the loading sequence. Long term step increases in engine capability were provided by incorporating a unique engine convertability feature. In the case of a process air compressor driver with exhaust heat recovery, the engine exhaust temperature and gas flow imposed constraints on engine capability during high ambient temperature operation and on engine operation at low ambient temperature conditions. The constraints were met by the use of steam injection to augment power at high ambient temperature conditions and by the use of variable inlet guide vanes to control exhaust flow at the low temperatures.

Digital Solutions for Power Plant Operators in a Dynamic Market Place: An Advanced Automated Gas Turbine Combustion Tuning for Low Emissions and Operational Flexibility

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Demougeot ◽  
Alexander Steinbrenner ◽  
Wenping Wang ◽  
Matt Yaquinto
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
System Development ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operational Flexibility ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Combustion Dynamics

Abstract Since the advent of premix combustion technology in industrial gas turbines, regular manual combustion tuning and engine adjustments have been necessary to maintain engines within emission regulatory limits and to control combustion dynamics (pulsations) for hardware integrity. The emissions and pulsation signatures of premix combustors are strongly driven by ambient conditions, engine performance, degradation and fuel composition. As emissions limits became more stringent over the years, higher combustion dynamics were encountered and challenges to maintain acceptable settings after yearly combustion inspections were regularly encountered. This challenge was further increased as sites operating advanced Gas Turbines (GT) eliminated Combustion Inspections (CI) and required uninterrupted generation at optimum settings for up to three years. The case for automated tuning systems became evident for the Industrial Gas Turbine (IGT) market in the mid 2000’s and different IGT manufacturers and service providers began developing them. Power Systems Manufacturing (PSM) developed the AutoTune (AT) system in 2008 and has since installed it in over fifty units, accumulating close to a million hours of operation. The history of PSM’s AT system development as well as a description of its fundamental principles and capabilities are discussed. The power generation market is changing rapidly with the injection of renewables, thus driving the demand for operational flexibility, the design of PSM’s multi-platform compatible, AutoTune system; allowing for increased peak power, extended turndown and transient tuning is discussed. The paper also describes, how, using the same tuning principles, the application for an AutoTune system can be extended to the Balance Of Plant (BOP) equipment.

Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Performance Depending on Ambient Conditions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Brusca ◽  
R. Lanzafame
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine

A mathematical model of a heavy duty gas turbine has been implemented using GateCycle™ code. This model is able to simulate the engine behavior running on syngas and fuel oil. Also engine control logic is implemented using Microsoft Excel™ VBA language. The model implemented has been finely tuned and tested with measured data. Test results show that it is able to simulate engine running in on-design and off-design conditions. Using this model, an extensive thermodynamic analysis of light fuel oil and syngas fed engine performance has been carried out in respect of ambient conditions. As it is possible to see in the results of the thermodynamic analysis, at high air temperatures performance reduction occur. Relative humidity have a slightly effect on engine performance when the latter is running on syngas. Instead it doesn’t have a relevant effect on the performance of the engine running on light liquid fuel oil in all the range of ambient temperature investigated. Results of this analysis also show the correct replication of the engine control system. In conclusion, the developed mathematical model is able to simulate gas turbine operations with low errors. So that, it could be used in order to optimise engine performance at the ambient conditions that occur for the site of the IGCC Complex in which gas turbine has integrated as topper.

Gas Turbine Combustor Analysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-618
Author(s):  
D. A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Compressor Pressure Ratio ◽  
Machine Speed

The pressure, temperature, and fuel-to-air ratio of a gas turbine combustor vary with ambient conditions, machine speed, and load. Only a few of these parameters are independent. An analysis has been developed which predicts the combustor operating parameters. The analysis includes low heating value fuel combustion, water injection, and three modes of steam injection. The analysis is used to predict the combustor operation for a simple-cycle gas turbine, but it is not restricted to this case. In addition, a simplified analysis is deduced and shown to be surprisingly accurate. Special solutions are presented which permit direct calculation of the firing temperatures, fuel heating value, or air extraction required to achieve a specified compressor pressure ratio. Finally, the analysis is compared with experimental results.

Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Performance and Endurance Testing: The NovaLT™16 Experience

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Asti ◽  
Francesco Gamberi ◽  
Giuseppe Del Vescovo ◽  
Riccardo Carta ◽  
Nicola Giannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Endurance Testing

The NovaLT™16 gas turbine recently developed in Baker Hughes, a GE company (BHGE), is part of a larger class of gas turbines (LT class) aiming at covering a wide space in the small power range segment and at introducing in the market a state of the art technology engine for what concerns performance, emissions, operability, durability and maintainability. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the entire validation campaign that was performed at BHGE facilities. This campaign can be divided into 3 different phases. The first phase focused on measuring engine performance in a new, clean and unaltered configuration. The second phase focused on emissions, vibration, thermal distribution, auxiliary system performances and the like, in order to validate the design assumption and calculation results across the full operational range. In this phase, more than 2000 sensors were installed across the entire engine, covering all modules, and all functional tests were performed (inside and outside of design space) to guarantee reliable engine behavior. At the end of this test phase, a full engine teardown was performed to allow a detailed parts inspection that confirmed the achievement of the design intent. The standard maintenance plan of the engine requires 35Kh continuous running. Therefore, the third part of the test aimed at validating engine durability with a full endurance test that allowed the identification and correction of any possible remaining operation problem. In this phase, the engine was still equipped with more than 1000 sensors, and was operated continuously following a well-defined operating profile in order to simulate both mechanical drive and power generation modes. This campaign successfully allowed to fine tune several engine control logic details, to monitor emissions behavior across a wide range of ambient temperature and load condition (the test spans from hot to cold day), to analyze trends of standard engine parameters and special instrumentation and, through planned borescope inspection, to evaluate individual component status versus selected operating profile. Data reported in this paper represent a summary of all the data acquired and post processing results, and illustrate how an endurance test can help tuning machine performance predictions in a wide operating range.

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