A New Transient Bio-Heat Model of the Human Body

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Salloum ◽  
N. Ghaddar ◽  
K. Ghali
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Current Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
System Model ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
The Core

A new mathematical multi-segmented model based on an improved Stolwijk model is developed for predicting nude human thermal and regulatory responses within body segments and the environment. The passive model segments the body into the 15 cylindrical parts. Each body part is divided into four nodes of core, skin, artery blood, and vein blood. The body nodes interact with each other through convection, perfusion and conduction. In any body element, the blood exiting the arteries and flowing into the capillaries is divided into blood flowing in the core (exchanges heat by perfusion in the core) and blood flowing into the skin layer (exchanges heat by perfusion in the skin). The model calculates the blood circulation flow rates based on exact physiological data of Avolio [1], real dimensions, and anatomic positions of the arteries in the body. The circulatory system model takes into consideration the pulsatile blood flow in the macro arteries with its effect on the convective heat transport. The inclusion of calculated blood perfusion in both the tissue and the skin, based on the arterial system model and the heart rate is unique for the current model. The bio-heat human model is capable of predicting accurately nude human transient physiological responses such as the body’s skin, tympanic, and core temperatures, sweat rates, and the dry and latent heat losses from each body segment. The nude body model predictions are compared with published theoretical and experimental data at a variety of ambient conditions and activity. The current model agrees well with experimental data during transient hot exposures. The nude human model has an accuracy of less than 8% for the whole-body heat gains or losses and ±0.48°C for skin temperature values.

HUMAN POSTURE RECONSTRUCTION AND ANIMATION FROM MONOCULAR IMAGES BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHMS

2005 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 371-395
Author(s):  
JIANHUI ZHAO ◽  
LING LI ◽  
KWOH CHEE KEONG
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Criterion Function ◽  
Skeleton Model ◽  
Human Posture ◽  
Monocular Image

The paper aims to propose a new approach towards human posture reconstruction and animation from monocular video sequences that contain any kind of human postures and movements. This is a way towards low cost motion capture and at the same time it avoids many limitations of those classical methods. A parameterized human skeleton model based on anatomy is adopted where the angular constraints are encoded in the joints. Criterion Function is defined to represent the residuals between feature points in the monocular image and the corresponding points resulted from projecting the human model to the projection plane. By transforming each segment of the human model to achieve the minimum value of the Criterion Function, the proper human posture that resembles the one represented by the monocular image can be generated. Different kinds of adjustments are utilized to adjust the body parts into the proper locations and orientations in 3D space without camera calibration. In order to find the optimal solution effectively in a high-dimensional parameter space by considering all the parameters simultaneously, the method of Genetic Algorithms is proposed. A procedure is developed to recover the whole body posture, and then a human animation system is developed to animate a series of human movements from monocular image sequences, during which information between consecutive frames is considered to improve the accuracy. Our technique makes it feasible to reconstruct any possible human postures, and experimental results from many monocular images and video sequences are encouraging.

Transport of fluid and solutes in the body II. Model validation and implications

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. H1228-H1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Gyenge ◽  
B. D. Bowen ◽  
R. K. Reed ◽  
J. L. Bert
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
System Variables ◽  
Saline Solutions

A mathematical model of short-term whole body fluid, protein, and ion distribution and transport developed earlier [see companion paper: C. C. Gyenge, B. D. Bowen, R. K. Reed, and J. L. Bert. Am. J. Physiol. 277 ( Heart Circ. Physiol. 46): H1215–H1227, 1999] is validated using experimental data available in the literature. The model was tested against data measured for the following three types of experimental infusions: 1) hyperosmolar saline solutions with an osmolarity in the range of 2,000–2,400 mosmol/l, 2) saline solutions with an osmolarity of ∼270 mosmol/l and composition comparable with Ringer solution, and 3) an isosmotic NaCl solution with an osmolarity of ∼300 mosmol/l. Good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data was obtained with respect to the trends and magnitudes of fluid shifts between the intra- and extracellular compartments, extracellular ion and protein contents, and hematocrit values. The model is also able to yield information about inaccessible or difficult-to-measure system variables such as intracellular ion contents, cellular volumes, and fluid fluxes across the vascular capillary membrane, data that can be used to help interpret the behavior of the system.

Model Instantiations

2017 ◽  
pp. 72-101
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Model ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Research Domains ◽  
Generic System

In three specific model instantiations, this chapter demonstrates how URANOS can be applied to other research domains. The first instantiation, referred to as the body-mind continuum, addresses humans as holistic and spiritual beings embedded in their natural, informational and socio-cultural environments. The second instantiation provides a framework for integral thinking and designing based on the AQAL-model from K. Wilber (2007). The third instantiation addresses holistic and cognitive coordination processes in the context of multi-agent and cyber-physical systems. These three instantiations together build the core of our human-centered modeling approach. Each of them holds our generic system model at its core, but at the same time has its own specific extensions.

scholarly journals From Body Mantle To Internal Core - A Parallel Framework To Organ Systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yu Edwin Chau-Leung ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
The Core ◽  
System A ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Internal Core

A framework describing a body perspective that can be used under Western Medicine (WM) and Chinese Medicine (CM) in parallel would facilitate a concerted look at the body in both perspectives. The major body systems may be viewed as operating systems, while closely interactive organ clusters forming whole body subsystems sub serve life functions. The whole body is viewed in layers: with the Mantle as border zone, the under-layer Interface as interactional zone, the Core with organ systems, and the Deep biostratum of resources. The mantle acts as a barrier and interface, while the under-layer of fascial, circulatory and neurohumoral elements inter-relate with deeper provisions, supporting and stabilizing activities. The operating systems and life vigor subsystems function up to a surface border-zone to interact effectively and adaptively with the surrounding environment. While current academics consider the dynamic brain tightly integrated with the body as a self-organized system, a clinical framework is lacking. This paper provides a more or less seamless framework between social, physical, biochemical and cellular perspectives, which have formerly been dichotomizing with big gaps. With such a framework, WM workers can expand onto using some parts of the CM perspectives, not losing scientific emphasis of cellular studies, while recognizing that whole body processes in many clinical occasions can explain problems and be handled more effectively. This has implications in diagnosis and understanding pathophysiology. Accordingly, a spectrum of practice modes in medicine presented helps to understand clinical approaches, from lesion to complexity treatment.

Regional Blood Flow by Fractional Distribution of Indicators

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo A. Sapirstein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fractional Uptake

K42 Cl, Rb86Cl and iodoantipyrine (I131) were given in single intravenous injections to rats. The isotope content of the organs and the arterial blood concentrations were studied as a function of time. K42Cl and Rb86Cl reached a stable level in all organs other than the brain in 6–9 seconds and maintained this level until 64 seconds. The arterial concentration curves for the isotopes showed that the injected dose was almost completely transferred into the arterial system at about 6–8 seconds. The isotopes showed subsequent recirculation amounting to about 40% of the original dose between the first recirculation and 64 seconds. The organs which displayed stability during the period of recirculation must have had extraction ratios from zero time less than 1.00 but equal to that of the whole body. The fractional uptake of indicator by such organs must therefore have been equal to their blood flow fraction of the cardiac output. The brain reached its maximum content of Rb86 and K42 in 5–6 seconds; both isotopes then disappeared rapidly. The brain was thus shown to have a lower extraction ratio toward these isotopes than the body as a whole; its flow fraction could not therefore be measured by their use. Most organs failed to show stability of their iodoantipyrine content between 9 and 64 seconds; this indicator is not suitable for the measurement of the flow fraction of such organs. By combining values for the cardiac output and the fractional uptake of K42 in dog organs, regional blood flow values were obtained. For those other organs where flow values by other methods are available, the agreement was good. The following blood flow values were obtained in the major organs of the dog: Heart (coronary flow), 1.0 ml/gm/min.; kidney, 3.0 ml/gm/min.; liver, 1.2 ml/gm/min. (0.4 ml/gm/min. hepatic artery, 0.8 ml/gm/min. portal vein); skin, 0.07 ml/gm/min.

Validation of a Full Porcine Finite Element Model for Blast Induced TBI Using a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Gary Tan ◽  
Robert N. Saunders ◽  
Amit Bagchi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Shock Wave ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Viscoelastic Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fe Model

Current understanding of blast induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) mechanisms is incomplete and limits the development of protective and therapeutic measures. Animal testing has been used as a surrogate for human testing. The correlation of animals to human responses is not well understood with a limited set of experimental data, because of ethical concerns and cost of live animal tests. The validated computational animal models can be used to supplement and improve the granularity of available data at a significantly reduced cost. A whole-body porcine high-fidelity computational model was developed based on the image data. The hyper-viscoelastic model was used for soft tissues to capture the rate dependence and large strain nonlinearity of the material. The shock wave interaction with a porcine subject in a shock tube was simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, via a combination of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D numerical techniques. The shock wave loads were applied to the exterior of the porcine finite element (FE) model to simulate the pressure wave transmission through the body and capture its biomechanical response. The CFD and FE problems are solved using the explicit Eulerian and Lagrangian solvers, respectively, in the DoD Open Source code CoBi. The computational models were validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental data at specific instrumented locations. The predicted brain tissue stress-strain fields were used to determine the areas susceptible to blast induced TBI by using published mechanical injury thresholds. The validated porcine model can be used to better understand TBI and how injury in animals corresponds to injury in humans. The coupled Eurlerian and Lagrangian approaches developed in this paper can be extended to other simulations to improve the solution accuracy.

A Simple and Inexpensive Clinical Whole Body Counter

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
A. K. Basu ◽  
S. K. Guha ◽  
B. N. Tandon ◽  
M. M. Gupta ◽  
M. ML. Rehani
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Body Counter ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Whole Body Counter ◽  
Single Detector ◽  
Background Index ◽  
Iodide Crystal

SummaryThe conventional radioisotope scanner has been used as a whole body counter. The background index of the system is 10.9 counts per minute per ml of sodium iodide crystal. The sensitivity and derived sensitivity parameters have been evaluated and found to be suitable for clinical studies. The optimum parameters for a single detector at two positions above the lying subject have been obtained. It has been found that for the case of 131I measurement it is possible to assay a source located at any point in the body with coefficient of variation less than 5%. To add to the versatility, a fixed geometry for in-vitro counting of large samples has been obtained. The retention values obtained by the whole body counter have been found to correlate with those obtained by in-vitro assay of urine and stool after intravenous administration of 51Cr-albumin.

Force in Nature

2020 ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
David Carus
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Core ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
The Will ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter explores Schopenhauer’s concept of force, which lies at the root of his philosophy. It is force in nature and thus in natural science that is inexplicable and grabs Schopenhauer’s attention. To answer the question of what this inexplicable term is at the root of all causation, Schopenhauer looks to the will within us. Through will, he maintains that we gain immediate insight into forces in nature and hence into the thing in itself at the core of everything and all things. Will is thus Schopenhauer’s attempt to answer the question of the essence of appearance. Yet will, as it turns out, cannot be known immediately as it is subject to time, and the acts of will, which we experience within us, do not correlate immediately with the actions of the body (as Schopenhauer had originally postulated). Hence, the acts of will do not lead to an explanation of force, which is at the root of causation in nature. Schopenhauer sets out to explain what is at the root of all appearances, derived from the question of an original cause, or as Schopenhauer states “the cause of causation,” but cannot determine this essence other than by stating that it is will; a will, however, that cannot be immediately known.

Visualization of Invasion into the Body and Internal Diffusion of Nanoparticles

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 569-572
Author(s):  
Fumio Watari ◽  
Shigeaki Abe ◽  
I.D. Rosca ◽  
Atsuro Yokoyama ◽  
Motohiro Uo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Diffusion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Level ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Internal Body

Nanoparticles may invade directly into the internal body through the respiratory or digestive system and diffuse inside body. The behavior of nanoparticles in the internal body is also essential to comprehend for the realization of DDS. Thus it is necessary to reveal the internal dynamics for the proper treatments and biomedical applications of nanoparticles. In the present study the plural methods with different principles such as X-ray scanning analytical microscope (XSAM), MRI and Fluorescent microscopy were applied to enable the observation of the internal diffusion of micro/nanoparticles in the (1) whole body level, (2) inner organ level and (3) tissue and intracellular level. Chemical analysis was also done by ICP-AES for organs and compared with the results of XSAM mapping.

scholarly journals Making the choice between bioelectrical impedance measures for body hydration status assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry M. Davydov ◽  
Andrey Boev ◽  
Stas Gorbunov
Keyword(s):  
Body Schema ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Body Compartments ◽  
Fitting In

AbstractSituational or persistent body fluid deficit (i.e., de- or hypo-hydration) is considered a significant health risk factor. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has been suggested as an alternative to less reliable subjective and biochemical indicators of hydration status. The present study aimed to compare various BIA models in the prediction of direct measures of body compartments associated with hydration/osmolality. Fish (n = 20) was selected as a biological model for physicochemically measuring proximate body compartments associated with hydration such as water, dissolved proteins, and non-osseous minerals as the references or criterion points. Whole-body and segmental/local impedance measures were used to investigate a pool of BIA models, which were compared by Akaike Information Criterion in their ability to accurately predict the body components. Statistical models showed that ‘volumetric-based’ BIA measures obtained in parallel, such as distance2/Rp, could be the best approach in predicting percent of body moisture, proteins, and minerals in the whole-body schema. However, serially-obtained BIA measures, such as the ratio of the reactance to resistance and the resistance adjusted for distance between electrodes, were the best fitting in predicting the compartments in the segmental schema. Validity of these results should be confirmed on humans before implementation in practice.

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