scholarly journals From Body Mantle To Internal Core - A Parallel Framework To Organ Systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yu Edwin Chau-Leung ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
The Core ◽  
System A ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Internal Core

A framework describing a body perspective that can be used under Western Medicine (WM) and Chinese Medicine (CM) in parallel would facilitate a concerted look at the body in both perspectives. The major body systems may be viewed as operating systems, while closely interactive organ clusters forming whole body subsystems sub serve life functions. The whole body is viewed in layers: with the Mantle as border zone, the under-layer Interface as interactional zone, the Core with organ systems, and the Deep biostratum of resources. The mantle acts as a barrier and interface, while the under-layer of fascial, circulatory and neurohumoral elements inter-relate with deeper provisions, supporting and stabilizing activities. The operating systems and life vigor subsystems function up to a surface border-zone to interact effectively and adaptively with the surrounding environment. While current academics consider the dynamic brain tightly integrated with the body as a self-organized system, a clinical framework is lacking. This paper provides a more or less seamless framework between social, physical, biochemical and cellular perspectives, which have formerly been dichotomizing with big gaps. With such a framework, WM workers can expand onto using some parts of the CM perspectives, not losing scientific emphasis of cellular studies, while recognizing that whole body processes in many clinical occasions can explain problems and be handled more effectively. This has implications in diagnosis and understanding pathophysiology. Accordingly, a spectrum of practice modes in medicine presented helps to understand clinical approaches, from lesion to complexity treatment.

Restoration of thermoregulation after exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Ryan McGinn
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Thermal Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Internal Core ◽  
Body Core

Performing exercise, especially in hot conditions, can heat the body, causing significant increases in internal body temperature. To offset this increase, powerful and highly developed autonomic thermoregulatory responses (i.e., skin blood flow and sweating) are activated to enhance whole body heat loss; a response mediated by temperature-sensitive receptors in both the skin and the internal core regions of the body. Independent of thermal control of heat loss, nonthermal factors can have profound consequences on the body’s ability to dissipate heat during exercise. These include the activation of the body’s sensory receptors (i.e., baroreceptors, metaboreceptors, mechanoreceptors, etc.) as well as phenotypic factors such as age, sex, acclimation, fitness, and chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes). The influence of these factors extends into recovery such that marked impairments in thermoregulatory function occur, leading to prolonged and sustained elevations in body core temperature. Irrespective of the level of hyperthermia, there is a time-dependent suppression of the body’s physiological ability to dissipate heat. This delay in the restoration of postexercise thermoregulation has been associated with disturbances in cardiovascular function which manifest most commonly as postexercise hypotension. This review examines the current knowledge regarding the restoration of thermoregulation postexercise. In addition, the factors that are thought to accelerate or delay the return of body core temperature to resting levels are highlighted with a particular emphasis on strategies to manage heat stress in athletic and/or occupational settings.

Principles of surgery

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Al-Alaak
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Core ◽  
Surgical Disease ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Basic Body ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
Medicine Today ◽  
Surgical Operations

Modern surgery is possibly the most complete discipline in medicine today. It combines the need for understanding of the complete range of pathological processes that befall the human body from neoplasia and microbiological disease to degenerative and genetic related conditions. There is a need to be familiar with the latest concepts in how to monitor and manage the physiological processes of the body whilst still need­ing to understand when and how treatment, surgical and non-surgical, should be used. The modern student or trainee must be able to mas­ter all these disciplines. Integrating the understanding of basic body processes with the principles of how and when to support, prevent, or replace them forms the core of the principles of surgery. In the following sections, the questions will cover all these principles. This first chapter also covers the key points of the assessment of surgical disease by history and examination as well as how pathological processes in organ systems can affect patients coming to surgery. Lastly, every doctor needs to understand the basic facts about how surgical operations and procedures are conducted and how patients are kept safe during surgery.

scholarly journals Keeping still doesn't “make sense”: examining a role for movement variability by stabilizing the arm during a postural control task

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 846-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantelle D. Murnaghan ◽  
Mark G. Carpenter ◽  
Romeo Chua ◽  
J. Timothy Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Angular Displacements ◽  
Postural Task

Small-amplitude, higher frequency oscillations of the body or limb are typically observed when humans attempt to maintain the position of a body or limb in space. Recent investigations have suggested that these involuntary movements of the body during stance could be used as an exploratory means of acquiring sensory information. In the present study, we wanted to determine whether a similar phenomenon would be observed in an upper limb postural task that does not involve whole body postural control. Participants were placed in a supine position with the arm pointing vertically and were asked to maintain the position of the limb in space with and without visual feedback. The wrist was attached to an apparatus that allowed the experimenter to stabilize or “lock” movements of the arm without the participants' awareness. When participants were “locked,” the forces recorded predicted greater accelerations than those observed when the arm was freely moving with and without visual feedback. From unlocked to locked, angular accelerations increased in the eyes-closed condition and when participants were provided visual feedback of arm angular displacements. Irrespective of their origin, small displacements of the limb may be used as an exploratory means of acquiring sensory information from the surrounding environment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role of movement variability during a static limb position task is currently unknown. We tested whether variability remains in the absence of sensory-based error with an apparatus that stabilized the limb without the participant's knowledge during a static postural task. Increased forces observed during arm stabilization predicted movements greater than those observed when not externally stabilized. These results suggest movement variability during static postures could facilitate the gathering of sensory information from the surrounding environment.

scholarly journals What’s New for Clinical Whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) in the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (1115) ◽  
pp. 20200562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Tunariu ◽  
Matthew Blackledge ◽  
Christina Messiou ◽  
Giuseppe Petralia ◽  
Anwar Padhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Mri ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
Whole Body Mri ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Medical Radiation Exposure ◽  
Background Contrast

Whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) has evolved since its first introduction in the 1970s as an imaging technique to detect and survey disease across multiple sites and organ systems in the body. The development of diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) has added a new dimension to the implementation of WB-MRI on modern scanners, offering excellent lesion-to-background contrast, while achieving acceptable spatial resolution to detect focal lesions 5 to 10 mm in size. MRI hardware and software advances have reduced acquisition times, with studies taking 40–50 min to complete. The rising awareness of medical radiation exposure coupled with the advantages of MRI has resulted in increased utilization of WB-MRI in oncology, paediatrics, rheumatological and musculoskeletal conditions and more recently in population screening. There is recognition that WB-MRI can be used to track disease evolution and monitor response heterogeneity in patients with cancer. There are also opportunities to combine WB-MRI with molecular imaging on PET-MRI systems to harness the strengths of hybrid imaging. The advent of artificial intelligence and machine learning will shorten image acquisition times and image analyses, making the technique more competitive against other imaging technologies.

A New Transient Bio-Heat Model of the Human Body

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Salloum ◽  
N. Ghaddar ◽  
K. Ghali
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Current Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
System Model ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
The Core

A new mathematical multi-segmented model based on an improved Stolwijk model is developed for predicting nude human thermal and regulatory responses within body segments and the environment. The passive model segments the body into the 15 cylindrical parts. Each body part is divided into four nodes of core, skin, artery blood, and vein blood. The body nodes interact with each other through convection, perfusion and conduction. In any body element, the blood exiting the arteries and flowing into the capillaries is divided into blood flowing in the core (exchanges heat by perfusion in the core) and blood flowing into the skin layer (exchanges heat by perfusion in the skin). The model calculates the blood circulation flow rates based on exact physiological data of Avolio [1], real dimensions, and anatomic positions of the arteries in the body. The circulatory system model takes into consideration the pulsatile blood flow in the macro arteries with its effect on the convective heat transport. The inclusion of calculated blood perfusion in both the tissue and the skin, based on the arterial system model and the heart rate is unique for the current model. The bio-heat human model is capable of predicting accurately nude human transient physiological responses such as the body’s skin, tympanic, and core temperatures, sweat rates, and the dry and latent heat losses from each body segment. The nude body model predictions are compared with published theoretical and experimental data at a variety of ambient conditions and activity. The current model agrees well with experimental data during transient hot exposures. The nude human model has an accuracy of less than 8% for the whole-body heat gains or losses and ±0.48°C for skin temperature values.

Study of the impact of blood lead level on humoral immunity in humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
M ohammad Ayatollahi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
System A ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Impact

The objective was to study the impact of blood lead level (BLL) on serum immunoglobulin levels (SIL; IgG, IgM, IgA) in people with high-risk professions. It has been characterized that BLL / 25 g/dL can cause dysfunctions in different organ systems of the body, such as the immune system. A cross-sectional study was carried out in relation to this, by using a pretested questionnaire to collect data on demographic factors and socioeconomic status, which was completed by subjects studied, such as car battery shop workers, car painters and welders of car radiators and exhausts, printing office workers (typesetters and nontypesetters) who were aged between 15 and 70 years. Venous blood was sampled to measure the BLL (by atomic absorption spectroscopy) and SIL (by SRID). The results, when analysed, suggested a reduction in SIL with emphasis on IgG in comparison with standard levels.

scholarly journals ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Nina Horn ◽  
Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Lysyl Oxidase ◽  
Menkes Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Organ Systems

Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.

Electron Microscopy of Bacteriophage T7 Internal Head Proteins

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
P. Serwer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bacteriophage T7 ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Dna Molecule ◽  
The Core ◽  
Internal Core ◽  
Phage T7 ◽  
T7 Phage ◽  
Preparation Techniques ◽  
Internal Head

The genome of bacteriophage T7 is a duplex DNA molecule packaged in a space whose volume has been measured to be 2.2 x the volume of the B form of T7 DNA. To help determine the mechanism for packaging this DNA, the configuration of proteins inside the phage head has been investigated by electron microscopy. A core which is roughly cylindrical in outline has been observed inside the head of phage T7 using three different specimen preparation techniques.When T7 phage are treated with glutaraldehyde, DNA is ejected from the head often revealing an internal core (dark arrows in Fig. 1). When both the core and tail are present in a particle, the core appears to be coaxial with the tail. Core-tail complexes sometimes dislodge from their normal location and appear attached to the outside of a phage head (light arrow in Fig. 1).

A Simple and Inexpensive Clinical Whole Body Counter

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
A. K. Basu ◽  
S. K. Guha ◽  
B. N. Tandon ◽  
M. M. Gupta ◽  
M. ML. Rehani
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Body Counter ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Whole Body Counter ◽  
Single Detector ◽  
Background Index ◽  
Iodide Crystal

SummaryThe conventional radioisotope scanner has been used as a whole body counter. The background index of the system is 10.9 counts per minute per ml of sodium iodide crystal. The sensitivity and derived sensitivity parameters have been evaluated and found to be suitable for clinical studies. The optimum parameters for a single detector at two positions above the lying subject have been obtained. It has been found that for the case of 131I measurement it is possible to assay a source located at any point in the body with coefficient of variation less than 5%. To add to the versatility, a fixed geometry for in-vitro counting of large samples has been obtained. The retention values obtained by the whole body counter have been found to correlate with those obtained by in-vitro assay of urine and stool after intravenous administration of 51Cr-albumin.

An ayurvedic tablet formulation for ulcer protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Shiva Kumar K ◽  
Purushothaman M ◽  
Soujanya H ◽  
Jagadeeshwari S
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
System A ◽  
The World

Gastric ulcers or the peptic ulcer is the primary disease that affects the gastrointestinal system. A large extent of the population in the world are suffering from the disease, and the age group of people those who suffer from ulcers are 20-55years. Herbs are known to the human beings that are useful in the treatment of diseases, and there are a lot of scientific investigations that prove the pharmacological activity of herbal drugs. Practitioners have been using the herbal material to treat the ulcers successfully, and the same had been reported scientifically. Numerous publications have been made that proves the antiulcer activity of the plants around the world. The tablets were investigated for the antiulcer activity in two doses 200 and 400mg/kg in albino Wistar rats in the artificial ulcer those are induced by the ethanol. The prepared tablets showed a better activity compared to the standard synthetic drug and the marketed ayurvedic formulation. The tablets showed a dose-dependent activity in ulcer prevention and treatment. Many synthetic drugs are available for the ulcer treatment, and the drugs pose the other problems in the body by showing the side effects and some other reactions. This limits the use of synthetic drugs to treat ulcers effectively. Herbs are known to the human beings that are useful in the treatment of diseases, and there are a lot of scientific investigations that prove the pharmacological activity of herbal drugs.

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