Evaluation of the Thermodynamics of Deep Burnup HTGR Fuel With Plutonium Kernels

Author(s):  
N. N. Ponomarev-Stepnoy ◽  
V. M. Makarov ◽  
A. S. Ivanov ◽  
I. A. Belov ◽  
A. A. Rusinkevich ◽  
...  

Rosatom of the Russian Federation and the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration are developing the Gas-Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) for the disposition of weapons-grade plutonium. Cost effective disposition of this plutonium material can be achieved by use of very high burnup coated particle fuel in the GT-MHR. In this way essentially all of the valuable energy of the Pu can be efficiently converted to electricity in one pass of the fuel through the GT-MHR.

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
N. V. Chernykh

The paper analyzes the problems of ensuring a fair and cost-effective balance of interests of the parties to an employment contract in the development of various forms of atypical employment, including those revealed through the analysis of the norms on the provision of labor to employees (personnel). There are gaps in the legislation regarding the equal level of remuneration of transferred employees in comparison with the regular staff of the receiving party; the lack of opportunities to participate in collective-contractual setting of working conditions; inability to implement the employee’s right to training and additional professional education. The author examines the legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation expressed in the decision of 19.05.2020 No. 25-P "On constitutionality test of Art. 59 part 1 para. 8 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the complaint of I. A. Sysoev" regarding the conclusion of a fixed-term contract with transferred to other employers’ workers. The author concludes that the norms of Chapter 53.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation do not provide a fair and cost-effective balance of interests of the parties to the employment contract in the development of atypical employment. They may seem effective and useful to employers who use their own employees’ labor to minimize staff costs, but this efficiency is imaginary as it is based on short-term benefits and savings on the development of the organization in the future. In this regard, further development of both legislation and law enforcement practice should be based on ensuring a truly equal status of the regular employees and employees engaged by the employer under the contract for the provision of labor to employees (personnel). In the course of the research, the need to make changes to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation is justified.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
A. E. Katvalyan

The paper is devoted to the discussion of the principle of responsibility for the efficiency of provision of state and municipal needs, procurement efficiency. The paper investigates the balance between the principle of efficiency of procurement and the principle of efficiency of the use of budgetary funds consolidated in the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. The author underlines that the former principle complements the later. The author compares the principle of efficiency of procurement set forth in Federal Law of April 5, 2013, No. 44-FZ “On the contract system in the sphere of procurement of goods, works, services to ensure state and municipal needs,” and the principle of targeted and cost-effective spending of monetary funds enshrined in the Federal Law of July 18, 2011, No. 223-FZ “On procurement of goods, works, services by certain types of legal entities.” It is pointed out that in order to evaluate the effectiveness of procurement it is necessary to identify the main objectives and specific objectives, achievement of which will enable the evaluation of procurement as “effective” and “meaningful.”


Author(s):  
N. V. Rudakov ◽  
S. N. Shpynov ◽  
D. V. Trankvilevsky ◽  
N. D. Pakskina ◽  
D. A. Savel’ev ◽  
...  

The review presents an analysis of the epidemic situation on infections of rickettsial etiology, the causative agents of which are transmitted by Ixodidae ticks in the territory of the Russian Federation. The data obtained through molecular-biological verification allow to unite under the name of “tick-borne ricketsioses” a group of infections caused by R. sibirica subsp. sibirica, R. conorii, R. heilongjiangensis and other species of rickettsiae circulating in natural foci of various regions of Russia. Cases of tick-borne rickettsioses in Siberia and the Far East, caused by various species of rickettsiae, are registered under the name of “Siberian tick-borne typhus” due to the lack of available methods of differential laboratory diagnostics. The paper presents the assessment of the incidence of Siberian tick-borne typhus, indicating not only the varying degrees of epidemic hazard of endemic regions, but also changes in the distribution of risk areas, including the identification of new, epidemically significant foci. In accordance with the risk-oriented approach to prophylaxis, forecasting of epidemic situation on tick-borne rickettsioses was given and differentiation of the endemic territories of the Russian Federation as regards Siberian tick-borne typhus was carried out with distinguishing of epidemiological zones of low, medium, above average, high and very high risk of population infection.


Author(s):  
Matthew Kroenig

This chapter analyzes the Russian Federation through the lens of its domestic political system. Russia may pose the greatest near-term national security threat to the United States and its allies, but it has a key vulnerability: its domestic political institutions. Its autocratic system is undermining its international effectiveness. Its economy is smaller than Italy’s. It lacks effective alliances. And its military is overly focused on domestic threats and is ill-equipped for the strategic-technological competitions of the 21st century. It is dangerous and it can disrupt the U.S.-led order. But it will not be in a position to be a true peer competitor to the United States any time soon. So long as it continues to be ruled by President Vladimir Putin, or another similar dictator, Russia will not be able to mount a serious challenge to U.S. global leadership.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
Ирина Швец ◽  
Irina Shvets

Features of territorial development of Russia in determining the opportunities and limitations of spatial development suggest that the same parameter characteristics of the area can be a factor of development, and a mechanism that limits the realization of the potential of the individual regions of the country. Of course, the development of conceptual frameworks of spatial development should take into account these features. The aim of the article is to consider basic definitions of the factors that shape the opportunities and limitations of spatial development of the Russian Federation. The article defines the basic factors shaping the capabilities and limitations of spatial development of the Russian Federation. By the possibilities of spatial development of Russia include: cost-effective transit situation in the country; considerable industrial potential of the country, implemented not only by the mineral resource base; availability of rail and highways included in the international transport corridors; high scientific, innovative and educational potential; created conditions for the development of regional innovation clusters and increase their role, both in the national and regional economy, etc. Limitations of the spatial development of Russia are: narrow, primarily raw materials specialization of the country in global and regional division of labor; single-industry economy of most regions, improperly formed structure and the continued disintegration of the economy; the presence of factors that significantly reduce productivity and increase the riskiness of agricultural production; the state of the transport network, does not meet current transit capacity of the country´s economy, competition from neighboring countries in the development of trans-Eurasian latitude of international transport corridors; significant regional disparities, etc.


Author(s):  
V. S. Kaplin

   Bering E. proposed the principle of passive immunization at the end of the 19th century. Today, it is still used to treat tetanus, diphtheria, botulism, rabies and poisonous animal bites (snakes, spiders and scorpions). As before, equine antibodies or their fragments are used as an antidote. But the unique properties of antibodies from the yolks of chicken eggs (IgY) make it possible to use them for a wide range of therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. IgY-antibodies are used in several countries (Canada, Germany, Japan, China) on an industrial scale to produce medical and veterinary drugs to protect humans and animals against pathogens, providing highly effective immunological protection. The Romanian Romvac Company SA is a separate company in the series of manufacturers of these drugs. This company produces IgY preparations in limited batches against many antigens and practices the production of personalized antibodies directed at pathogens of a particular patient. This approach is guaranteed to damage the pathogen, however unique it may be. The authors have analyzed many review articles on the use of IgY-technology. These antibodies are nonaddictive, non-toxic, do not interact with rheumatoid factor, complement, or Fc-fragments of immunocompetent cells, and do not cause antibody-dependent reinforcement of infection. Oral administration of specific IgY-antibodies significantly reduces the manifestations of celiac disease and pathological conditions caused by activation of pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract. Passive immunization of young farm animals with IgY-antibodies is economical and practical against many mammals, birds and aquatic animals. The great potential of this new direction can provide a rapid and cost-effective breakthrough in improving the adequate food security of the Russian Federation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
pp. 418-425
Author(s):  
Marina N. Samodurova ◽  
Leonid A. Barkov ◽  
Yuliya S. Latfulina

The article describes the technology and equipment used at the enterprises of the Russian Federation in 70-90 years in the XX century for the production of bimetallic rods, the basis of the new technology is described, and the designs of mills with multi-roller calibers are presented. New mill designs, patented in the U.S., Japan, Europe and other countries, have a fairly simple design, with the use of multi-roller mills it is possible to use drives from conventional two-roller mills, the presence of radial and axial adjustment of the rolls extends the technological capabilities of the mill, the calibers of different sizes can be obtained on a single set of rolls. On such mills it is possible to obtain sections from low plastic, difficult to deform materials, as well as bimetallic compositions. These products are in high demand in aviation, space, engineering and many other industries, which are strategic directions of the state development.


Author(s):  
А.И. Гавришин

Ведущими факторами преобразования окружающей среды в регио- не являются угледобывающая и углеперерабатывающая промышленности. Под влиянием этих факторов формируется множество негативных последствий и, прежде всего, интенсивное загрязнение грунтовых вод. Цель исследований – оценить роль шахтных вод в управлении загрязненностью грунтовых вод в Вос- точном Донбассе. Методы исследования. Для решения поставленной задачи применены стандартные ме- тоды математической статистики, цифровая компьютерная классификационная технология АГАТ-2, метод оценки качества вод по суммарному показателю загрязненности. Выполнен детальный анализ закономер- ностей формирования химического состава и загрязненности шахтных и грунтовых вод в Восточном Дон- бассе. Шахтные воды содержат очень высокие концентрации многих компонентов, значительно превы- шающие ПДК. Результаты работы. Наибольшие концентрации отмечены по Fe и Mn, для которых превы- шения ПДК составляют сотни, а в отдельных случаях тысячи раз. Обычно превышение ПДК в десятки раз обнаружено для Al, Li, Be, Ni, Se, Cu и Zn. Из макрокомпонентов значительное загрязнение проявляется по концентрациям SO4, Na, Mg и M. В грунтовых водах наибольшую долю в загрязнение вод также вносят Fe и Mn, отмечается превышение ПДК по Al, Zn, Be, Li, Se, Cu, а также по SO4, Na, Mg и M. Сравнение списка компонентов загрязненности шахтных и грунтовых вод убедительно свидетельствует, что шахтные воды играют ведущую роль в управлении качеством грунтовых вод. Актуальность исследований заключается в том, что впервые для важного в промышленно-экономическом отношении региона РФ выполнена оценка качества шахтных вод и их влияния на загрязнение грунтовых по требованиям к ПДК вод в соответствии с нормативами США, ЕС и РФ. Очень высокий уровень загрязненности шахтных и грунтовых вод свиде- тельствует о настоятельной необходимости выполнения мониторинговых наблюдений, проведения мер по реабилитации состояния окружающей среды в регионе и совершенствования очистных технологий, в первую очередь, по уменьшению концентраций Fe, Mn и величины минерализации. Ключевые слова: шахтные, грунтовые воды, химический состав, показатель загрязненности, Вос- точный Донбасс Coal mining and coal-processing industries are the leading drivers of environmental transformation in the region. These factors are influenced by many negative effects and, above all, intense groundwater pollution. Aim of the research is to assess the role of mine water in the management of groundwater pollution in the Eastern Donbass. Methods. To solve the problem, standard methods of mathematical statistics, digital computer classification technology AGTA-2, and method of assessing water quality according to the total pollution indicator are used. A detailed analysis of the patterns of chemical composition and contamination of mine and groundwater in the Eastern Donbass has been carried out. Mine water contains very high concentrations of many components, much higher than MAC. Results. The highest concentrations are recorded by Fe and Mn, for which the excesses of MAC are hundreds, and in some cases thousands of times. Typically, the excess of MAC is found tenfold for Al, Li, Be, Ni, Se, Cu and Zn. Of the macro components, significant pollution is manifested by concentrations of SO4, Na, Mg and M. In groundwater, Fe and Mn also contribute to groundwater pollution, and there is an excess of MAC for Al, Zn, Be, Li, Se, Cu, as well as SO4, Na, Mg and M. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that for the first time for the industrial and economic region of the Russian Federation, an assessment of the quality of mine waters and their impact on groundwater pollution according to the requirements of the MAC of water in accordance with the regulations of the United States, the EU and the Russian Federation has been carried out. Comparison of the list of mine and groundwater pollution components strongly demonstrates that mine water plays a leading role in the management of groundwater quality. The very high level of mine and groundwater pollution demonstrates the urgent need to carry out monitoring observations, to rehabilitate the environment in the region and to improve treatment technologies, primarily to reduce the concentrations of Fe, Mn and mineralization


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