Nanoscale Studies of the Role of ZDDPs in the Wear Protection in the Automobile Engine

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Norton ◽  
Gavin Pereira ◽  
Yue-Rong Li ◽  
Andreas Lachenwitzer ◽  
Masoud Kasrai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Oil Additives ◽  
Wear Protection ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Dialkyl Dithiophosphates

The improvement of fuel consumption is an important driving force for research and development in the automobile industry in order to minimize greenhouse gas emissions as well as improving fuel economy. Aluminum alloys are a class of alternative materials that are being used to replace cast iron in motor components due to the concomitant weight savings which result in improved fuel efficiency, and cost savings. Our research focuses on these alternative Al-based alloys as well as traditional steel interfaces, and the protective films that form on the surfaces. Currently the zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates (ZDDPs) have been used as engine oil additives for over 60 years. They are important chemically-active additives, known for their antioxidant and antiwear characteristics. ZDDPs are known to form a protective film (tribofilms) at rubbed surfaces, typically on iron containing metals surfaces commonly used in the automotive industry; however ZDDPs and the products formed are not well suited for the environment as they can readily poison the catalytic converters and their efficacy on Al-Si alloys is not well established.

scholarly journals Using Social Media in Tourist Sentiment Analysis: A Case Study of Andalusia during the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3836
Author(s):  
David Flores-Ruiz ◽  
Adolfo Elizondo-Salto ◽  
María de la O. Barroso-González
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Social ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Media Data

This paper explores the role of social media in tourist sentiment analysis. To do this, it describes previous studies that have carried out tourist sentiment analysis using social media data, before analyzing changes in tourists’ sentiments and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the case study, which focuses on Andalusia, the changes experienced by the tourism sector in the southern Spanish region as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic are assessed using the Andalusian Tourism Situation Survey (ECTA). This information is then compared with data obtained from a sentiment analysis based on the social network Twitter. On the basis of this comparative analysis, the paper concludes that it is possible to identify and classify tourists’ perceptions using sentiment analysis on a mass scale with the help of statistical software (RStudio and Knime). The sentiment analysis using Twitter data correlates with and is supplemented by information from the ECTA survey, with both analyses showing that tourists placed greater value on safety and preferred to travel individually to nearby, less crowded destinations since the pandemic began. Of the two analytical tools, sentiment analysis can be carried out on social media on a continuous basis and offers cost savings.

The effects of DLC-coated journal on improving seizure limit and reducing friction under engine oil lubrication

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110129
Author(s):  
Hidemi Ogihara ◽  
Takumi Iwata ◽  
Yuji Mihara ◽  
Makoto Kano
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Main Bearing ◽  
Dlc Coating ◽  
Lubrication Regime ◽  
Mixed Lubrication Regime ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Internal combustion engines have been improved markedly in recent years through efforts to conserve resources, reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. In this regard, the authors have been working to reduce friction and improve the seizure properties of the crankshaft main journal and main bearing. These mechanical components of internal combustion engines incur large friction losses. In order to reduce friction, journals have been coated with a diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating, which has been reported to reduce friction in the fluid lubrication regime in recent years. Another current issue of journals and bearings is the need to improve seizure resistance. Therefore, these properties were evaluated for material combinations of aluminium alloy bearings and DLC-coated journals, which have low affinity. The results revealed that friction was reduced under a fluid lubrication regime and seizure resistance was improved under a mixed lubrication regime.

scholarly journals Tribological Behaviour of Graphene Nanoplatelets as Additive in Pongamia Oil

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 732
Author(s):  
Yeoh Jun Jie Jason ◽  
Heoy Geok How ◽  
Yew Heng Teoh ◽  
Farooq Sher ◽  
Hun Guan Chuah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Graphene Nanoplatelets ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Tribological Behaviour ◽  
Wear Reduction ◽  
Pongamia Oil ◽  
Interacting Surfaces ◽  
Worn Surface

This study investigated the tribological behaviour of Pongamia oil (PO) and 15W–40 mineral engine oil (MO) with and without the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The friction and wear characteristics were evaluated in four-ball anti-wear tests according to the ASTM D4172 standard. The morphology of worn surfaces and the lubrication mechanism of GNPs were investigated via SEM and EDS. This study also focuses on the tribological effect of GNP concentration at various concentrations. The addition of 0.05 wt % GNPs in PO and MO exhibits the lowest friction and wear with 17.5% and 12.24% friction reduction, respectively, and 11.96% and 5.14% wear reduction, respectively. Through SEM and EDS surface analysis, the surface enhancement on the worn surface by the polishing effect of GNPs was confirmed. The deposition of GNPs on the friction surface and the formation of a protective film prevent the interacting surfaces from rubbing, resulting in friction and wear reduction.

Abnormal Combustion Induced by Combustion Chamber Deposits Derived from Engine Oil Additives in a Spark-Ignited Engine

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazushi Tamura ◽  
Toshimasa Utaka ◽  
Hideki Kamano ◽  
Norikuni Hayakawa ◽  
Tomomi Miyasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Oil Additives ◽  
Combustion Chamber Deposits

Demonstration of the Benefits of SAE 30 Stationary Gas Engine Oil in Full Scale Engine Tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijs Schasfoort ◽  
Zoe Fard ◽  
Torsten Gehrmann ◽  
Steffen Hollatz
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption Rate ◽  
Efficiency Performance ◽  
Endurance Testing ◽  
Efficiency Test

Abstract This paper evaluates the benefits of an SAE 30 monograde stationary gas engine oil (SGEO) in comparison with SAE 40 monograde SGEOs with the focus on two main areas. First, to demonstrate and quantify the positive impact of lower viscosity on the fuel consumption rate, and second to demonstrate the faster lubrication of hard to reach points in the engine during startup. The current industry recognized fuel efficiency test methods for passenger car and on-road diesel engine sectors are not suitable for evaluating the fuel efficiency performance of a gas engine oil because of the significant differences in fuel type, engine operating conditions, and oil formulations. This paper, therefore, describes comparative studies of three different gas engine oils in a modern MAN E3262 E302 gas engine that was carefully adapted and fully instrumented. The performance of each oil with respect to fuel efficiency was assessed in an extensive program comprising endurance testing, stationary tests on various load/speed points and dynamic tests running the engine fired as well as non-fired (motored). Another part of the test program explores the lubrication of hard to reach points in the engine, e.g. valve guide. The paper describes how the SAE 30 monograde oil results in faster lubrication of these parts during startup in comparison with the SAE 40 oils.

The Schumpeterian shock at General Motors in the 1920’s

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-335
Author(s):  
Seth W. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Information Economics ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
General Motors ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Schumpeterian Economics ◽  
Role Of Information ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the link between Joseph Schumpeter’s economics and the rise of General Motors (GM). Design/methodology/approach The paper uses regression analysis and time series analysis of market synchronization. Findings There is a strong link between GM rise to dominance of the domestic automobile industry and nuanced features of Schumpeterian economics. Research limitations/implications The paper furthers the examination of the role of information economics on marketing channel performance. Practical implications Information helps in production decisions by synchronizing production with consumer demand. Social implications Economic efficiency enhances the human welfare for better forecasting, lower inventories and greater profits. Originality/value This topic has been explored before but methodology used in this paper is innovative. The paper uses Granger causality.

scholarly journals Promising Biosurfactant Produced byCunninghamella echinulataUCP 1299 Using Renewable Resources and Its Application in Cotton Fabric Cleaning Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosileide F. S. Andrade ◽  
Thayse A. L. Silva ◽  
Daylin R. Ribeaux ◽  
Dayana M. Rodriguez ◽  
Adriana F. Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Nmr Spectrum ◽  
Hydrophobic Residues ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Steep Liquor

A biosurfactant was produced fromCunninghamella echinulatausing sustainable technology for cleaning and degreasing of cotton fabric impregnated with burned motor oil. The surface tension was 32.4 mN/m on a medium containing instant noodle waste (2%), corn steep liquor (2%), and postfrying oil (0.5%) with a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 30 : 1, yield of 6.0 g·L−1, emulsifier index of 81.4%, and dispersant property of 32.15 cm2. The biosurfactant produced is a glycolipid constituted by carbohydrate (47.7%) and lipids (50.0%). The structure was confirmed by GC-MS (stearic acid in predominance with mass of 298 m/z), FTIR spectroscopy (polysaccharides in bands between 1025 and 1152 cm−1and fatty acids in bands between 2057 and 3100 cm−1), 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectrum (carbohydrates in signal of 4.38 ppm and 77.0 ppm). The properties of cleaning and degreasing of burned engine oil in cotton fabric by biosurfactant ofC. echinulatawas evidenced by removal of 86% of oil. After use of the biosurfactant, the fibers were not damaged, which is important for structural integrity of cotton fabric after the wash. In addition, the biosurfactant did not show toxic effect. This study suggests that the biosurfactant fromC. echinulatacan be used in formulation of textile detergents, in particular for removal of hydrophobic residues from the automobile industry.

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