Simulation of Humidification Within a Breather

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Sun ◽  
A. M. Al-Jumaily ◽  
D. Makinson
Keyword(s):  
Power Input ◽  
Nasal Mask ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Delivery Tube ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Humidity Level ◽  
Ambient Relative Humidity ◽  
Heated Air ◽  
Delivery Unit ◽  
Series Of Experiments

A typical breather consists of an air delivery unit (ADU), a humidifying chamber, a connecting tube and a heated delivery tube. For an effective treatment of several respiratory syndromes such as sleep apnea, the chamber is recommended to generate the required moisture content and temperature of the air delivered by the breather. In this paper a mathematical model is developed for a complete breather with a focus on the humidification process. The model is simulated using Simulink™ in a Matlab™ environment. A series of experiments are conducted on various components of the breather for validation as well as to facilitate the necessary empirical relationships for the simulation process. The main outcomes of this work are: the ADU settings significantly alter the delivered air humidity level; the humidifier settings indirectly control the reservoir evaporation rate by controlling the chamber vapor pressure difference; the heated air delivering tube power input effectively controls the nasal mask airflow temperature; the ambient relative humidity level has a linear relationship with the nasal mask humidity level; and the ambient temperature variation can effectively influence the delivered air conditions.

553. Moisture losses in Cheddar cheese undergoing curing

1954 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Moisture Diffusion ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Moisture Movement ◽  
Free Moisture ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Position

The loss of moisture per pound of free moisture in a cheese is shown to depend on the moisture movement in the cheese and hence on a function of the group (diffusion rate × time/(height)2). The results of a series of experiments were correlated by means of the above expression. The variables correlated were time of storage, moisture content, fat content, air humidity, air temperature, size and shape of the cheese. Total moisture affects the free moisture value, and air humidity affects the free moisture via the equilibrium moisture. The main effect of temperature is on the rate of moisture diffusion, and the fat content also affects the rate of moisture diffusion. All experimental results for close-bodied cylindrical cheeses were approximately correlated by the expression.

scholarly journals BEACH PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO THE INCLINED WAVES

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Tai-Wen Hsu ◽  
Shan-Hwei Ou
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Wave Steepness ◽  
Beach Profile ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Profile Changes ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Wave Angle ◽  
Profile Characteristics ◽  
Movable Bed

The result of a theoretical approach shows that the beach profile characteristics is governed by a modified Iribarren number which includes the effects among the factors of initial beach slope, wave angle and wave steepness. A series of experiments are conducted in a three-dimensional movable bed model on the conditions of two different initial beach slopes, two incident wave angles as well as several erosive wave steepnesses. The relative importance of each factor involved in the parameter is discussed. It is shown that the modified Iribarren number is effective in the analysis, of beach profile characteristics under the action of inclined waves. The empirical relationships between beach profile changes and the modified Iribarren number are proposed on the basis of experimental results.

scholarly journals Two types of fog shapes above a cold evaporating liquid

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
A. Feasson ◽  
A. Taihi ◽  
B. Correge
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Nitrogen Flux ◽  
Ice Clouds ◽  
Humidity Level ◽  
Cold Liquid

When liquid nitrogen is poured into a mug, a mist forms above. This article explores the influence of air humidity on the cloud and the formation of these boundaries in a controlled environment. We have identified that both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleations occur during their formation. We highlight two types of ice clouds that differ only in the level of air humidity. Indeed, there is a critical humidity level at which one goes from a banded cloud to another without lower limit, extending to the cold liquid. We argue that this critical humidity level is related to the nitrogen flux.

X-ray microanalysis of thin specimens in the transmission electron microscope at voltages up to 1000 Kv.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. Cliff ◽  
M.J. Nasir ◽  
G.W. Lorimer ◽  
N. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Constant Independent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Position ◽  
X Ray Absorption

In a specimen which is transmission thin to 100 kV electrons - a sample in which X-ray absorption is so insignificant that it can be neglected and where fluorescence effects can generally be ignored (1,2) - a ratio of characteristic X-ray intensities, I1/I2 can be converted into a weight fraction ratio, C1/C2, using the equationwhere k12 is, at a given voltage, a constant independent of composition or thickness, k12 values can be determined experimentally from thin standards (3) or calculated (4,6). Both experimental and calculated k12 values have been obtained for K(11<Z>19),kα(Z>19) and some Lα radiation (3,6) at 100 kV. The object of the present series of experiments was to experimentally determine k12 values at voltages between 200 and 1000 kV and to compare these with calculated values.The experiments were carried out on an AEI-EM7 HVEM fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.

Slip traces caused by plastic deformation during recrystallization of thin metal sheets

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 620-621
Author(s):  
H. Lin ◽  
D. P. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
List Type ◽  
Metal Sheets ◽  
Second Phases ◽  
Slip Traces ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Individual Grains

During a study of mechanical properties of recrystallized B-free Ni3Al single crystals, regularly spaced parallel traces within individual grains were discovered on the surfaces of thin recrystallized sheets, see Fig. 1. They appeared to be slip traces, but since we could not find similar observations in the literature, a series of experiments was performed to identify them. We will refer to them “traces”, because they contain some, if not all, of the properties of slip traces. A variety of techniques, including the Electron Backscattering Pattern (EBSP) method, was used to ascertain the composition, geometry, and crystallography of these traces. The effect of sample thickness on their formation was also investigated.In summary, these traces on the surface of recrystallized Ni3Al have the following properties:1.The chemistry and crystallographic orientation of the traces are the same as the bulk. No oxides or other second phases were observed.2.The traces are not grooves caused by thermal etching at previous locations of grain boundaries.3.The traces form after recrystallization (because the starting Ni3Al is a single crystal).4.For thicknesses between 50 μm and 720 μm, the density of the traces increases as the sample thickness decreases. Only one set of “protrusion-like” traces is visible in a given grain on the thicker samples, but multiple sets of “cliff-like” traces are visible on the thinner ones (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).5.They are linear and parallel to the traces of {111} planes on the surface, see Fig. 3.6.Some of the traces terminate within the interior of the grains, and the rest of them either terminate at or are continuous across grain boundaries. The portion of latter increases with decreasing thickness.7.The grain size decreases with decreasing thickness, the decrease is more pronounced when the grain size is comparable with the thickness, Fig. 4.8.Traces also formed during the recrystallization of cold-rolled polycrystalline Cu thin sheets, Fig. 5.

Dissection of the molecular mechanisms of protein targeting to the peroxisome using immunofluorescence and immunocryoelectron microscopies

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
G-A. Keller ◽  
S. J. Gould ◽  
S. Subramani ◽  
S. Krisans
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Targeting ◽  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Peroxisomal Enzyme ◽  
Transfected Cells ◽  
Peroxisomal Targeting ◽  
Targeting Signal ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Peroxisomal Targeting Signal

Subcellular compartments within eukaryotic cells must each be supplied with unique sets of proteins that must be directed to, and translocated across one or more membranes of the target organelles. This transport is mediated by cis- acting targeting signals present within the imported proteins. The following is a chronological account of a series of experiments designed and carried out in an effort to understand how proteins are targeted to the peroxisomal compartment.-We demonstrated by immunocryoelectron microscopy that the enzyme luciferase is a peroxisomal enzyme in the firefly lantern. -We expressed the cDNA encoding firefly luciferase in mammalian cells and demonstrated by immunofluorescence that the enzyme was transported into the peroxisomes of the transfected cells. -Using deletions, linker insertions, and gene fusion to identify regions of luciferase involved in its transport to the peroxisomes, we demonstrated that luciferase contains a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) within its COOH-terminal twelve amino acid.

Effect of furnace atmosphere and silica content on the consolidation behaviour of magnesia partially stabilised zirconia

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1056-1057
Author(s):  
J. Drennan ◽  
R.H.J. Hannink ◽  
D.R. Clarke ◽  
T.M. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Furnace Atmosphere ◽  
Boundary Phase ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscope ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Compositional Gradients ◽  
Mobile Liquid

Magnesia partially stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ceramics are renowned for their excellent nechanical properties. These are effected by processing conditions and purity of starting materials. It has been previously shown that small additions of strontia (SrO) have the effect of removing the major contaminant, silica (SiO2).The mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood but the strontia appears to form a very mobile liquid phase at the grain boundaries. As the sintering reaches the final stages the liquid phase is expelled to the surface of the ceramic. A series of experiments, to examine the behaviour of the liquid grain boundary phase, were designed to produce compositional gradients across the ceramic bodies. To achieve this, changes in both silica content and furnace atmosphere were implemented. Analytical electron microscope techniques were used to monitor the form and composition of the phases developed. This paper describes the results of our investigation and the presentation will discuss the work with reference to liquid phase sintering of ceramics in general.

Visco-elastic changes of vocal fold mucosa related to high and low relative air humidity

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-330
Author(s):  
R.J.B. Hemler ◽  
G.H. Wieneke ◽  
P.H. Dejonckere
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Relative Air Humidity

Nonconscious Activation of Achievement Goals

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Engeser
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Achievement Goal ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Achievement Motive ◽  
Goal Priming ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Research Questions

In a series of experiments, Bargh, Gollwitzer, Lee-Chai, Barndollar, and Trötschel (2001) documented that achievement goals can be activated outside of awareness and can then operate nonconsciously in order to guide self-regulated behavior effectively. In three experiments (N = 69, N = 71, N = 56), two potential moderators of the achievement goal priming effect were explored. All three experiments showed small but consistent effects of the nonconscious activation of the achievement goal, though word class did not moderate the priming effect. There was no support for the hypothesis that the explicit achievement motive moderates the priming effect. Implications are addressed in the light of other recent studies in this domain and further research questions are outlined.

Do Event-Related Brain Potentials Reflect Mental (Cognitive) Operations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Abstract Most cognitive psychophysiological studies assume (1) that there is a chain of (partially overlapping) cognitive processes (processing stages, mechanisms, operators) leading from stimulus to response, and (2) that components of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) may be regarded as manifestations of these processing stages. What is usually discussed is which particular processing mechanisms are related to some particular component, but not whether such a relationship exists at all. Alternatively, from the point of view of noncognitive (e. g., “naturalistic”) theories of perception ERP components might be conceived of as correlates of extraction of the information from the experimental environment. In a series of experiments, the author attempted to separate these two accounts, i. e., internal variables like mental operations or cognitive parameters versus external variables like information content of stimulation. Whenever this separation could be performed, the latter factor proved to significantly affect ERP amplitudes, whereas the former did not. These data indicate that ERPs cannot be unequivocally linked to processing mechanisms postulated by cognitive models of perception. Therefore, they cannot be regarded as support for these models.

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