Validation of an In-Line Inspection Metal Loss Tool

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Morrison ◽  
Naurang Mangat ◽  
Guy Desjardins ◽  
Arti Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
Products Pipeline

Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (“Enbridge”), together with U.S. affiliate Lakehead Pipe Line, operates the world’s longest crude oil and petroleum products pipeline system. These companies transport liquid hydrocarbons from their point of supply to refining markets in the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada.

Hydrostatic Pressure Testing Program for a Liquid Petroleum Products Pipeline

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert V. Hadden ◽  
Kevin J. De Leenheer
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Products Pipeline

As part of its Integrity Management Program, Trans Mountain Pipe Line hydrostatically tests sections of its pipeline system with water transported to test sites through the pipeline. After completion of the testing, the water continues through the pipeline to a water treatment facility where it is treated and discharged to the municipal sewer system. Hydrostatic testing of an operating pipeline, although simple in concept, is a major undertaking. This paper will outline the technical aspects of Trans Mountain’s hydrostatic testing program including: test water transportation, environmental constraints, coordination of test activities and water treatment.

Tank Volume Measurement Systems: Volume Measurement Uncertainty Analysis

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Oracheski ◽  
Neil Rausch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Products Pipeline

Enbridge Inc. operates the world’s longest crude oil and products pipeline system. The company owns and operates Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (the Canadian portion of the Enbridge crude oil mainline) and a variety of affiliated pipelines in Canada and the United States, including Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. that operates the Lakehead Pipeline System in the United States. Much of the main pipeline system has been in operation for over 55 years. The mainline system has been in operation for over 55 years. The mainline system is comprised of approximately 15,000 kilometers (9000 miles) of pipeline, 3 million barrels of cavern storage and 3.7 million barrels of tankage (352 tanks) which collectively are integral to transporting more than 2.2 million barrels per day of crude oil and refined products. Enbridge’s measurement needs and practices have continuously evolved, with radar gauging on tanks becoming the standard over the past few years. This paper discusses a number of issues associated with the accuracy of volume measurements in upright, cylindrical petroleum product storage tanks with floating roofs. It includes the analysis and discussion of the process of determining tank volumes and the overall accuracy of a tank volume measurement system. It also includes a discussion of the influence and relevance of each measurement variable on the overall accuracy of tank volume measurements, in order to provide pipeline operators with some insight into determining which variables are most important to the process of tank volume measurement. Finally, it discusses issues regarding tank volume measurement system accuracy, as opposed to overall tank volume measurement accuracy. The focus of this paper is not on the uncertainty analysis process itself, but rather on understanding the results of the uncertainty analysis performed for tank volume measurement systems.

Conversion of Old Crude Oil Pipeline to Product Service

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Chandra Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Western India ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Products Pipeline ◽  
Oil Company ◽  
System Methodology

Due to capacity expansion of one of our refineries located in Western India, there was a need to evacuate additional products. Pipeline, being the most economical, reliable and environment friendly mode of transportation was the obvious choice. Laying a new pipeline would have required making substantial initial capital investment. However, a crude oil pipeline, owned by another oil company, was terminating at the refinery and was not in regular use. It was decided to convert this pipeline to product service. The pipeline was taken on lease, extensively cleaned, tested and successfully converted to product service with necessary hook-up/modifications at both the ends and in-between. The paper covers the experience gathered during the process of conversion of the crude oil pipeline to product service, including modifications carried out in the pipeline system, methodology adopted for cleaning, hydro-testing and commissioning of the system, and the lessons learnt.

The Advantages of Integrating Major Hazard Safety and Impact Assessments for Pipeline Projects

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Pettitt ◽  
Shana Westfall
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Project Design ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Major Accident

During many years of working on oil and gas pipeline projects, the authors have experienced many occasions where safety and environmental professionals on the same project have conducted assessments without using an integrated approach, often to the detriment of the project. This ‘siloed’ behaviour is evident in the way that safety and environmental teams are often assembled at different times and have little to no interaction. An Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment (ESHIA) is used as a key mechanism to identify potential adverse consequences from a pipeline project in terms of unwanted impacts to fauna and flora and local communities. Simultaneously, major hazard studies are carried out for a pipeline project to identify major accident hazards risks to adjacent communities or at above ground installations (AGIs), usually from flammable events due to the transport of natural gas, crude oil or petroleum products. Both the ESHIA and the major accident hazards processes will identify appropriate prevention, control and mitigation measures to reduce the risk from the pipeline system and to manage the potential adverse consequences in the unlikely event of a major accident. Within the scope of many ESHIAs prepared now, there is an assessment of environmental and social impacts from ‘unplanned events’, which essentially are those major hazard events with the potential to cause multiple injuries or fatalities to people in the local community or at AGIs. As such events are likely to have a major consequence to the environment, particularly in the case of crude oil and petroleum products releases, it makes sense for such events to be studied by both safety and environmental professionals using an integrated approach. Such an integrated approach requires collaboration between various professionals from an early point within a project, as there are several different aspects with a pipeline project that will require the assessment of key personnel. For a pipeline project in the design stages, the main points for consideration are as follows: • Construction of the pipeline system, with major disruptions to the local environment from the construction itself (line pipe and AGIs) and due to the logistical requirements (traffic movements, movements of personnel and construction camps, moving major equipment across the world). • Operation of the pipeline system, with potential adverse impacts due to a loss of containment, as has been shown by many accidents in the past (e.g. Ref 1, 2). The key issue here is that the initiating events often remain the same, certainly with regard to operations where the initiating event will be a loss of containment. There may be adverse consequences to people, the biological environment and the physical environment, depending on the location and nature of the incident. For this reason joint participation in the hazard identification (HAZID) process by key safety, social and environmental professionals is considered beneficial to a pipeline project to ensure all potential initiators are included. In this case, the HAZID process would also include an environmental impact identification (ENVID), rather than conducting both processes separately. A major advantage of conducting an integrated approach is the potential cost-savings. By bringing together technical safety and environmental professionals at an early stage of pipeline project design, there is the potential to avoid ‘doubling-up’ on potential issues, as well as conducting two parallel processes that have many similarities. Perhaps more significantly, many potential adverse consequences (environmental, social and safety) can be prevented, controlled or mitigated through their early consideration during project design. Hence, by bringing together these different technical view-points at an early stage of pipeline system design, potential risk reduction options that would be beneficial to people and the environment may be identified. If ESHIA considerations and major accident hazard studies are evaluated in parallel during the early stages of a project (e.g. Appraise or Select), a pipeline project will have more available options to prevent potential impacts. As prevention of hazards is generally more cost-effective than designing in control and mitigation measures (for recovery of an incident), this will have a critical financial benefit. Furthermore, early changes to project design are generally far less costly than changes in the latter stages of a pipeline project; hence, early identification of prevention and risk reduction may be hugely beneficial.

Control of Internal Corrosion of Petroleum Products Pipelines With Oil Soluble Inhibitors★

CORROSION ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
M. R. BARUSCH ◽  
L G. HASKELL ◽  
R. L PIEHL
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Initial Operation ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Water Cloud ◽  
Products Pipeline

Abstract This article summarizes the corrosion inhibitor program of a products pipeline system since its initial operation eight years ago. Initially alkaline sodium nitrite solutions were utilized for corrosion protection. This material was an effective corrosion inhibitor, but its use resulted in the production of large quantities of rust and scale, and in addition contributed to water cloud problems. Use of an oil soluble corrosion inhibitor minimized these problems and resulted in improved protection of the pipeline. During the past three years an average internal corrosion rate of only 0.025 mil per year was observed, in spite of the fact that prolonged periods occurred when no inhibited product contacted sections of the pipe. A mechanism explaining the behavior of oil soluble corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline is presented. This theory accounts for the outstanding effectiveness of such materials and explains why they protect the metal during the prolonged periods when uninhibited stocks are present. The use of more than one oil soluble corrosion inhibitor in products transported through a pipeline causes mixtures of inhibitor molecules to be adsorbed on the surface of the pipe. One inhibitor in contact with the pipe tends to displace another inhibitor previously adsorbed on the surface. This results in some interchange of the corrosion inhibitors in the products transported. The degree of protection realized from the use of several corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline system is discussed. 5.8.2

Natural Hazard Database Application: A Tool for Pipeline Decision Makers

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Leir ◽  
Michael Reed
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Information Management ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Database Application ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
Products Pipeline ◽  
The Right ◽  
Future Work

Trans Mountain Pipe Line Company Ltd. (TMPL) owns and operates an 1146 km NPS 24 low vapor pressure petroleum products pipeline between Edmonton, Alberta and Burnaby, British Columbia. In 1998 TMPL retained BGC Engineering Inc. (BGC) to start a three-phase geotechnical and hydrotechnical hazard assessment of the right of way (ROW) from Hinton, Alberta to Kamloops, British Columbia. As part of this work GroundControl was asked to develop an electronic database with which to capture the information generated by BGC during the hazard assessment work. This paper describes the development and evolution of the database application that accompanied the study to quantitatively assess and prioritize the geotechnical and hydrotechnical hazard potential along the pipeline. This paper describes how the database provides TMPL employees across British Columbia and Alberta access to the current results of the hazard assessment plus supporting information such as multi-temporal images and internal and 3rd party reports about the pipeline. The purpose of the database and the unique architecture and functionality that accommodates ongoing monitoring and inspections of slopes and stream crossings is provided. Database security, access, and information sharing unique to TMPL are also described. Benefits and costs of the application plus technical and business challenges overcome by TMPL, BGC, and GroundControl are discussed. Recommendations from TMPL and GroundControl for similar information management initiatives are provided and future work is described. This paper is targeted to pipeline managers who are looking for economical, practical, and innovative information management solutions for managing their natural hazards.

Innovative PLC Design Concepts for Petroleum Pipeline and Terminal System

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold L. Rivera ◽  
Darren C. Day
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Niagara Falls ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
The U.S

Enbridge Inc. operates the world’s longest crude oil and refined liquids pipeline system. The company owns and operates Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (the Canadian portion of the Enbridge crude oil mainline) and a variety of affiliated pipelines in Canada and the United States. It also has approximately, a 12% interest in Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. which owns the Lakehead Pipeline System in the United States. These pipeline systems have operated for over 50 years and now comprise approximately 15,000 kilometers (9,000 miles) of pipeline, delivering more than 2.2 million barrels per day of crude oil and refined liquids. The combination of the Enbridge System in Canada and the Lakehead System in the United States brings together the primary transporter of crude oil from Canada into the United States. It is also the only pipeline that transports crude oil from Western Canada to Eastern North America, serving all of the major refining centres in the province of Ontario as well as the Great Lakes region of the United States. The system consists of approximately 9000 kilometers (5,600 miles) of mainline pipe in Canada, and 5300 kilometers (3,300 miles) of mainline pipe in the United States. The Canadian portion of the pipeline system extends from Edmonton, Alberta as the primary initiating facility, across the Canadian prairies to the U.S. border near Gretna, Manitoba. It continues again from the U.S. border near Sarnia, Ontario, to Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec, with lateral lines to Nanticoke, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, Ontario. The total length of the pipeline right-of-way is nearly 2300 kilometers (1,400 miles).

International Pipelines: Canada-United States

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
John Bishop Ballem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
International Boundary

For more than a quarter century, large-diameter pipeline systems have been crossing and recrossing the international boundary between Canada and the United States as though that political demarcation line did not exist. Over the years these pipelines have carried large volumes of Canadian oil and gas to American markets and two of them, Interprovincial Pipe Line Limited in the case of oil, and TransCanada PipeLines Limited in the case of natural gas, have also moved Canadian source oil and gas through the United States to reach markets in eastern Canada.

scholarly journals Logistics aspects of pipeline transport in the supply of petroleum products

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-122
Author(s):  
Wessel Pienaar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Pipeline Transport ◽  
Bulk Mode ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Products Pipeline

The commercial transportation of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline is receiving increased attention in South Africa. Transnet Pipeline Transport has recently obtained permission from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to construct and operate a new petroleum products pipeline of 60 cm diameter from Durban to Gauteng. At an operating speed of 10 km/h the proposed 60 cm Transnet pipeline would be able to deliver 3,54 million litres of petroleum product per hour. This is equivalent to 89 deliveries per hour using road tank vehicles with an average carrying capacity of 40 000 litres of fuel per vehicle. This pipeline throughput is also equivalent to two trains departing per hour, each consisting of 42 petroleum tank wagons with an average carrying capacity of 42 500 litres of fuel per wagon. Considering that such road trucks and rail wagons return empty to the upstream refineries in Durban, it is clear that there is no tenable long-term alternative to pipeline transport:pipeline transport is substantially cheaper than road and rail transport;pipeline transport is much safer than rail and especially road transport; andpipeline transport frees up alternative road and rail transport capacity.Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport for the carriage of suitable liquids (for example, petroleum commodities, which include crude oil, refined fuel products and liquid petro-chemicals), gas, slurrified coal and certain water-suspended ores and minerals. InSouth Africa, petroleum products account for the majority of commercial pipeline traffic, followed by crude oil and natural gas. There are three basic types of petroleum pipeline transport systems:Gathering pipeline systemsCrude oil trunk pipeline systemsRefined products pipeline systems Collectively, these systems provide a continuous link between extraction, processing, distribution, and wholesalers’ depots in areas of consumption. The following activities are involved in the flow of goods between place of origin and place of consumption or application:Demand forecasting, Facility site selection, Procurement,Materials handling, Packaging, Warehouse management, Inventory management,Order processing, Logistics communications, Transport, Reverse logistics. Because cost is incurred without adding value each time goods are handled (activity 4) at a terminal or storage facility, a primary logistics objective is to eliminate handling wherever possible. With the carriage of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline this objective is fully met. Commodity intake, haulage, and discharge are combined in one process, usually a remote-controlled operation. Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport thereby obviating the need for packaging (activity 5) and returning empty containers. Pipelines provide a direct and long-term link between these origins and destinations. If necessary a continuous service can be provided with no need for a return trip or a reverse pumping process (activity 11).The elimination of handling, packaging and reverse logistics activities contribute substantially to the high measure of economies of scale that pipeline transport enjoys. The article provides adscription of each of the eleven logistics activities in the context of pipeline transport. Effective logistics service is a prerequisite to help ensure that customers receive the required products at the desired quality and quantity, where and when needed. The most pertinent determinants of logistics service performance aresuitability, accessibility, goods security, transit time, reliability and flexibility. The article offers a discussion of the extent to which pipeline transport conforms to each of these measures of effectiveness.

Introduction to this special section: India

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Soman Chacko ◽  
Satchidananda Rath ◽  
Pranab Sen ◽  
Subrata Kumar Das
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Special Section ◽  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

India is currently the third-largest global consumer of petroleum products after the United States and China. The country produces approximately 720,000 barrels of crude oil and 3.16 billion ft3 of gas per day and imports more than 80% of its oil and 50% of its gas needs. This large discrepancy between domestic supply and consumption has been rising rapidly of late. With an economy growing at 6%–8% per year, India's energy demand growth over the next couple of decades is forecast to be among the highest in the world. To mitigate the heavy dependence on imported energy, India has stepped up efforts in recent years to increase domestic production of oil and gas.

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