Tank Volume Measurement Systems: Volume Measurement Uncertainty Analysis

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Oracheski ◽  
Neil Rausch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Products Pipeline

Enbridge Inc. operates the world’s longest crude oil and products pipeline system. The company owns and operates Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (the Canadian portion of the Enbridge crude oil mainline) and a variety of affiliated pipelines in Canada and the United States, including Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. that operates the Lakehead Pipeline System in the United States. Much of the main pipeline system has been in operation for over 55 years. The mainline system has been in operation for over 55 years. The mainline system is comprised of approximately 15,000 kilometers (9000 miles) of pipeline, 3 million barrels of cavern storage and 3.7 million barrels of tankage (352 tanks) which collectively are integral to transporting more than 2.2 million barrels per day of crude oil and refined products. Enbridge’s measurement needs and practices have continuously evolved, with radar gauging on tanks becoming the standard over the past few years. This paper discusses a number of issues associated with the accuracy of volume measurements in upright, cylindrical petroleum product storage tanks with floating roofs. It includes the analysis and discussion of the process of determining tank volumes and the overall accuracy of a tank volume measurement system. It also includes a discussion of the influence and relevance of each measurement variable on the overall accuracy of tank volume measurements, in order to provide pipeline operators with some insight into determining which variables are most important to the process of tank volume measurement. Finally, it discusses issues regarding tank volume measurement system accuracy, as opposed to overall tank volume measurement accuracy. The focus of this paper is not on the uncertainty analysis process itself, but rather on understanding the results of the uncertainty analysis performed for tank volume measurement systems.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Differential Pressure Spirometry for Emergency Ventilator Tidal Volume Sensing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Edmunds ◽  
Mauricio J Bustamante ◽  
Samuel J Raymond ◽  
David B Camarillo ◽  
David K Piech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Cost Differential ◽  
Volume Measurements

COVID-19 has become a significant burden on the healthcare systems in the United States and around the world, with many patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) to survive. Close monitoring of patients is critical, with total volume per breath (tidal volume) being one of the most important data points. However, ventilators are complex and expensive devices, typically in the range of tens of thousands of US dollars, and are challenging to manufacture, typically requiring months. Solutions which could augment the ventilator supply rapidly and at low cost in the United States and elsewhere would be valuable. In this paper, we present a standalone tidal volume measurement system consisting of a D-Lite spirometer, pressure sensor, microcontroller, and tubing with a cost of parts less than $50 USD. We also provide a model to predict the error in tidal volume measurements based on the pressure sensor used and the flow during ventilation. We validate this system and show that the tidal volume accuracy for flows above 10L/min was within 10%. We envision this system being used to increase the ventilator supply in resource-constrained settings.

Innovative PLC Design Concepts for Petroleum Pipeline and Terminal System

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold L. Rivera ◽  
Darren C. Day
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Niagara Falls ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
The U.S

Enbridge Inc. operates the world’s longest crude oil and refined liquids pipeline system. The company owns and operates Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (the Canadian portion of the Enbridge crude oil mainline) and a variety of affiliated pipelines in Canada and the United States. It also has approximately, a 12% interest in Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. which owns the Lakehead Pipeline System in the United States. These pipeline systems have operated for over 50 years and now comprise approximately 15,000 kilometers (9,000 miles) of pipeline, delivering more than 2.2 million barrels per day of crude oil and refined liquids. The combination of the Enbridge System in Canada and the Lakehead System in the United States brings together the primary transporter of crude oil from Canada into the United States. It is also the only pipeline that transports crude oil from Western Canada to Eastern North America, serving all of the major refining centres in the province of Ontario as well as the Great Lakes region of the United States. The system consists of approximately 9000 kilometers (5,600 miles) of mainline pipe in Canada, and 5300 kilometers (3,300 miles) of mainline pipe in the United States. The Canadian portion of the pipeline system extends from Edmonton, Alberta as the primary initiating facility, across the Canadian prairies to the U.S. border near Gretna, Manitoba. It continues again from the U.S. border near Sarnia, Ontario, to Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec, with lateral lines to Nanticoke, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, Ontario. The total length of the pipeline right-of-way is nearly 2300 kilometers (1,400 miles).

Validation of an In-Line Inspection Metal Loss Tool

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Morrison ◽  
Naurang Mangat ◽  
Guy Desjardins ◽  
Arti Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
Products Pipeline

Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (“Enbridge”), together with U.S. affiliate Lakehead Pipe Line, operates the world’s longest crude oil and petroleum products pipeline system. These companies transport liquid hydrocarbons from their point of supply to refining markets in the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada.

The Impact of Energy on the Adoption of Conservation Tillage in the United States

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-568
Author(s):  
Noel D. Uri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Instability ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Price ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The impact of energy on the adoption of conservation tillage is of special importance in addressing concerns about the effect of agricultural production on the environment in the United States. It is the subject of this paper. After establishing that a relationship exists between the price of energy and the adoption of conservation tillage via cointegration techniques, the relationship is quantified. It is shown that while the real price of crude oil, the proxy used for the price of energy, does not affect the rate of adoption of conservation tillage, it does impact the extent to which it is used. Finally, there is no structural instability in the relationship between the relative use of conservation tillage and the real price of crude oil over the period 1963 to 1997.

scholarly journals “Shale Revolution” in the United States as the Main Driver of the World Oil Market Transformation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 71-93
Author(s):  
S. A. Zolina ◽  
I. A. Kopytin ◽  
O. B. Reznikova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
The U.S

In 2018 the United States surpassed Saudi Arabia and Russia to become the largest world oil producer. The article focuses on the mechanisms through which the American shale revolution increasingly impacts functioning of the world oil market. The authors show that this impact is translated to the world oil market mainly through the trade and price channels. Lifting the ban on crude oil exports in December 2015 allowed the United States to increase rapidly supply of crude oil to the world oil market, the country’s share in the world crude oil exports reached 4,4% in 2018 and continues to rise. The U.S. share in the world petroleum products exports, on which the American oil sector places the main stake, reached 18%. In parallel with increasing oil production the U.S. considerably shrank crude oil import that forced many oil exporters to reorient to other markets. Due to high elasticity of tight oil production to the oil price increases oil from the U.S. has started to constrain the world oil price from above. According to the majority of authoritative forecasts, oil production in the U.S. will continue to increase at least until 2025. Since 2017 the tendency to the increasing expansion of supermajors into American unconventional oil sector has become noticeable, what will contribute to further strengthening of the U.S. position in the world oil market and accelerate its restructuring.  

Conversion of Old Crude Oil Pipeline to Product Service

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Chandra Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Western India ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Products Pipeline ◽  
Oil Company ◽  
System Methodology

Due to capacity expansion of one of our refineries located in Western India, there was a need to evacuate additional products. Pipeline, being the most economical, reliable and environment friendly mode of transportation was the obvious choice. Laying a new pipeline would have required making substantial initial capital investment. However, a crude oil pipeline, owned by another oil company, was terminating at the refinery and was not in regular use. It was decided to convert this pipeline to product service. The pipeline was taken on lease, extensively cleaned, tested and successfully converted to product service with necessary hook-up/modifications at both the ends and in-between. The paper covers the experience gathered during the process of conversion of the crude oil pipeline to product service, including modifications carried out in the pipeline system, methodology adopted for cleaning, hydro-testing and commissioning of the system, and the lessons learnt.

The Economics of Old Field Oil Supply

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Richard D. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Crude Oil Price ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Price Controls ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Production Losses

Most additions to proved reserves of crude oil in the United States are associated with reserve revisions and reservoir extensions, which derive exclusively from the continuing development of known oil fields. This paper reviews the major activities pursued by oil field operators that determine the level of production from those fields. Reported reserve additions reflect the consequencies of these activities for the productive capability of old fields and, thus, should be expected to be related to the costs and benefits of investing in such activities. A simple econometric, analysis is presented that demonstrates the influence of oil prices, lifting costs, taxes, and crude oil price controls on reported reserve revisions and extensions for the United States for the period 1970–1986. The strength of the relationship evaluated is particularly striking in light of the year-to-year variability of revisions data noted in other studies. Based on the economic perspective of reserve additions outlined here, U.S. reserves data for 1986 are used to provide a look at the activities that may thus be presumed to have led to the production losses recorded in that watershed year.

WHAT RECENT HHFT DERAILMENT FIRES TELL US

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2078-2095
Author(s):  
Wade A. Narin van Court ◽  
Michael S. Hildebrand ◽  
Gregory G. Noll
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation Safety ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Management Agency ◽  
News Reports ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT ID: 2017-145. In July 2016, TRC Environmental Corporation (TRC) and Hildebrand and Noll Associates, Inc. (HNA) were requested to develop planning guidance on train derailments involving large volumes/high concentrations of denatured ethanol for the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this project, as well as similar projects conducted by HNA for other clients, TRC and HNA assessed current firefighting strategies for the release of ethanol and/or crude oil from High Hazard Flammable Trains (HHFT) and developed the planning assumptions necessary to prepare for these types of incidents. For these projects, studies and in-depth analyses of 27 HHFT derailments resulting in tank cars breaches that occurred in the United States and Canada involving denatured ethanol1 (ethanol) and/or crude oil2 from 2006 through 2015 were performed. The analyses were primarily based on the information from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), and/or Transport Canada (TC) databases, with supplemental information from news reports in some cases. The objective of these analyses was to identify key planning assumptions that would be used in developing appropriate firefighting strategies by focusing on the number and types of cars derailed, approximate train speeds at the time of the derailment, number of cars breached, amount of product released, and whether or not the released product caught fire. Additionally, the studies included obtaining and reviewing information on the properties and characteristics of ethanol, crude oils, and other Class 3 flammable materials, as well as information for railroad tank cars. Insights and understandings gained from these studies were used to further develop the firefighting strategies for HHFT derailment fires.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document