Application of the Combinatorial Inspection Method on the Buried Steel Pipelines in China

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Liu ◽  
Renyang He ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Jian Shuai
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Application ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Know How ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
External Corrosion ◽  
Engineering Practices ◽  
Inspection Techniques ◽  
Selection Of

In general, the pipeline external corrosion direct assessment should be synchronously done by two or more inspection tools. Hence, it is very important to know how to develop the high-efficient and accurate combinatorial inspection techniques for engineering application. In this paper, the advantages, disadvantages and adaptabilities of the existing techniques and instruments are reviewed. Considering the technical difficulties in Chinese engineering practices, five different combinatorial inspection techniques were then brought forward. The proper selection of the combinational inspection technique can be determined by the inspection aim, servicing environment and type of the pipeline, soil, and so on. However, it should be noted that each combinatorial inspection technique can be used most of the time with some demerits. Engineering application showed that the proposed techniques can be directly and efficiently used to assess the pipeline external corrosion.

Meriel Talbot and the Society for the Overseas Settlement of British Women, 1919–1937

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Bonnie White
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Service ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
British Government ◽  
Early Failure ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Domestic Servants ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Post War ◽  
Selection Of

In 1917 the British government began making plans for post-war adjustments to the economy, which included the migration of surplus women to the dominions. The Society for the Overseas Settlement of British Women was established in 1920 to facilitate the migration of female workers to the dominions. Earlier studies have argued that overseas emigration efforts purposefully directed women into domestic service as surplus commodities, thus alleviating the female ‘surplus’ and easing economic hardships of the post-war period. This article argues that as Publicity Officer for the SOSBW, Meriel Talbot targeted women she believed would be ideal candidates for emigration, including former members of the Women's Land Army and affiliated groups. With the proper selection of female migrants, Talbot sought to expand work opportunities for women in the dominions beyond domestic service, while reducing the female surplus at home and servicing the connection between state and empire. Dominion authorities, whose demands for migrant labour vacillated between agricultural workers during the war years and domestic servants after 1920, disapproved of Talbot's efforts to migrate women for work in agriculture. Divergent policies led to the early failure of the SOSBW in 1923.

scholarly journals Design Concepts for NiTiNOL Wires to Function as a Sensor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Josephine Selvarani Ruth
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Mechanical Element ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Inverse Hysteresis

AbstractNickel Titanium Naval Ordinance Laboratory (NiTiNOL) is widely called as a shape memory alloy (SMA), a class of nonlinear smart material inherited with the functionally programmed property of varying electrical resistance during the transformation enabling to be positioned as a sensing element. The major challenge to instrument the SMA wires is to suppress the wires’ nonlinearity by proper selection of two important factors. The first factor is influenced by the mechanical biasing element and the other is to identify the sensing current for the sensing device (SMA wires + biasing). This paper focuses on developing SMA wires for sensing in different orientation types and configurations by removing the non-linearity in the system’s output by introducing inverse hysteresis to the wires through the passive mechanical element.

Integrity Assessment of Non-Piggable Pipeline Through Direct Assessment

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Prakash Sah ◽  
Mohammad Tanweer Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
External Corrosion

Managing the integrity of pipeline system is the primary goal of every pipeline operator. To ensure the integrity of pipeline system, its health assessment is very important and critical for ensuring safety of environment, human resources and its assets. In long term, managing pipeline integrity is an investment to asset protection which ultimately results in cost saving. Typically, the health assessment to managing the integrity of pipeline system is a function of operational experience and corporate philosophy. There is no single approach that can provide the best solution for all pipeline system. Only a comprehensive, systematic and integrated integrity management program provides the means to improve the safety of pipeline systems. Such programme provides the information for an operator to effectively allocate resources for appropriate prevention, detection and mitigation activities that will result in improved safety and a reduction in the number of incidents. Presently GAIL (INDIA) LTD. is operating & maintaining approximately 10,000Kms of natural gas/RLNG/LPG pipeline and HVJ Pipeline is the largest pipeline network of India which transports more than 50% of total gas being consumed in this country. HVJ pipeline system consists of more than 4500 Kms of pipeline having diameter range from 04” to 48”, which consist of piggable as well as non-piggable pipeline. Though, lengthwise non-piggable pipeline is very less but their importance cannot be ignored in to the totality because of their critical nature. Typically, pipeline with small length & connected to dispatch terminal are non-piggable and these pipelines are used to feed the gas to the consumer. Today pipeline industries are having three different types of inspection techniques available for inspection of the pipeline. 1. Inline inspection 2. Hydrostatic pressure testing 3. Direct assessment (DA) Inline inspection is possible only for piggable pipeline i.e. pipeline with facilities of pig launching & receiving and hydrostatic pressure testing is not possible for the pipeline under continuous operation. Thus we are left with direct assessment method to assess health of the non-piggable pipelines. Basically, direct assessment is a structured multi-step evaluation method to examine and identify the potential problem areas relating to internal corrosion, external corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking using ICDA (Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment), ECDA (External Corrosion Direct Assessment) and SCCDA (Stress Corrosion Direct Assessment). All the above DA is four steps iterative method & consist of following steps; a. Pre assessment b. Indirect assessment c. Direct assessment d. Post assessment Considering the importance of non-piggable pipeline, integrity assessment of following non piggable pipeline has done through direct assessment method. 1. 30 inch dia pipeline of length 0.6 km and handling 18.4 MMSCMD of natural gas 2. 18 inch dia pipeline of length 3.65 km and handling 4.0 MMSCMD of natural gas 3. 12 inch dia pipeline of length 2.08 km and handling 3.4 MMSCMD of natural gas In addition to ICDA, ECDA & SCCDA, Long Range Ultrasonic Thickness (LRUT-a guided wave technology) has also been carried out to detect the metal loss at excavated locations observed by ICDA & ECDA. Direct assessment survey for above pipelines has been conducted and based on the survey; high consequence areas have been identified. All the high consequence area has been excavated and inspected. No appreciable corrosion and thickness loss have observed at any area. However, pipeline segments have been identified which are most vulnerable and may have corrosion in future.

A Non-Normality Measure of the Condition Number for Monitoring and Control

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunsoo Huh ◽  
Jeffrey L. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Condition Number ◽  
Minimization Problem ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Modal Structure ◽  
L2 Norm ◽  
And Control ◽  
Normality Measure ◽  
Selection Of

Because the behavior of the condition number can have highly steep and multi-modal structure, optimal control and monitoring problems based on the condition number cannot be easily solved. In this paper, a minimization problem is formulated for κ2(P), the condition number of an eigensystem (P) of a matrix in terms of the L2 norm. A new non-normality measure is shown to exist that guarantees small values for the condition number. In addition, this measure can be minimized by proper selection of controller and observer gains. Application to the design of well-conditioned controller and observer-based monitors is illustrated.

scholarly journals Influence of the Chemical Composition on Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of the Hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg Alloys

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Dybowski ◽  
J. Szymszal ◽  
Ł. Poloczek ◽  
A. Kiełbus
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Ti Addition ◽  
Selection Of

Due to low density and good mechanical properties, aluminium alloys are widely applied in transportation industry. Moreover, they are characterized by the specific physical properties, such as high electrical conductivity. This led to application of the hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg alloys in the power generation industry. Proper selection of the alloys chemical composition is an important stage in achievement of the demanded properties. The following paper presents results of the research on the influence of alloys chemical composition on their properties. It has been revealed that Si and Ti addition decreases electrical conductivity of the Al-Si-Mg alloys, while Na addition increases it. The mechanical properties of the investigated alloys are decreased by both silicon and iron presence. Sodium addition increases ductility of the Al-Si-Mg alloys.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Gas Sensors Fabricated on Atomically Flat 4H-SiC Webbed Cantilevers

2008 ◽  
Vol 600-603 ◽  
pp. 1199-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Neudeck ◽  
David J. Spry ◽  
Andrew J. Trunek ◽  
Laura J. Evans ◽  
Liang Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Current Gain ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Hydrogen Gas Sensors ◽  
Sensor Current ◽  
Atomically Flat ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reports on initial results from the first device tested of a “second generation” Pt-SiC Schottky diode hydrogen gas sensor that: 1) resides on the top of atomically flat 4H-SiC webbed cantilevers, 2) has integrated heater resistor, and 3) is bonded and packaged. With proper selection of heater resistor and sensor diode biases, rapid detection of H2 down to concentrations of 20 ppm was achieved. A stable sensor current gain of 125 ± 11 standard deviation was demonstrated during 250 hours of cyclic test exposures to 0.5% H2 and N2/air.

Available Energy: I. Gibbs Revisited; II. Gibbs Extended

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Gaggioli ◽  
David H. Richardson ◽  
Anthony J. Bowman ◽  
David M. Paulus
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Nonequilibrium Condition ◽  
Balance Equations ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Additive Property ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Dead State ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The concept of available energy, as defined by Gibbs (1873b) is revisited. He gave representations of available energy for two circumstances. The first was the available energy of a “body,” for the case when a body, alone, is in a nonequilibrium condition and therefore has energy available. In turn, he presented the available energy of “the body and medium,” for the energy which is available because a body is not in equilibrium with some arbitrarily specified medium. Gibbs’ representations were graphical. Since Gibbs, representations with formulas have been developed and are common, for the “available energy of body and medium.” Gaggioli (1998a, b) has developed formulas which are more general, to represent “the available energy of the body (alone)” and to assign an exergy to subsystems of the body as a measure of each sub-system’s contribution to the available energy. In contrast to the available energy, exergy is an additive property, so that balance equations can be written. And the formulas are independent from any “medium,” which is important both theoretically and practically — because of its relevance to proper selection of “the dead state.” These issues are discussed and extended, after reviewing Gibbs development of available energy and additional concepts which he introduced, such as “available vacuum” and “capacity for entropy.” It is argued that these “availabililty” and “capacity” concepts are all equivalent to one another. In turn, because of interconvertability, it is seen that available energy is something more fundamental than “maximum useful work.” Furthermore, it is illustrated that available energy, equilibrium and stability, and thermostatic property relations are relative, to “constraints.”

From Coarse to Fine: An Augmented Reality Based Dynamic Inspection Method for Visualized Railway Routing of Freight Cars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Yi ◽  
Renkai Sun ◽  
Long Liu ◽  
Yongfeng Song ◽  
Yinggui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Envelope Model ◽  
Freight Car ◽  
Cargo Transportation ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract It is a challenge for the dynamic inspection of railway route for freight car transporting cargo that out-of-gauge. One possible way is using the inspection frame installed in the inspection train to simulate the whole procedure for cargo transportation, which costs a lot of manpower and material resources as well as time. To overcome the above problem, this paper proposes an augmented reality (AR) based dynamic inspection method for visualized railway routing of freight car with out-of-gauge. First, the envelope model of the dynamic moving train with out-of-gauge cargo is generated by using the orbital spectrum of the railway, and the envelope model is matched with a piece of homemade calibration equipment located on the position of the railway that needs to be inspected. Then, the structure from motion (SFM) algorithm is used to reconstruct the environment where the virtual envelope model occludes the buildings or equipment along the railway. Finally, the distance function is adopted to calculate the distance between the obstacle and the envelope of the freight car with out-of-gauge, determining whether the freight car can pass a certain line. The experimental results show that the proposed method performs well for the route selection of out-of-gauge cargo transportation with low cost, high precision, and high efficiency. Moreover, the digital data of the environments along the railway and the envelope of the freight car can be reused, which will increase the digitalization and intelligence for route selection of out-of-gauge cargo transportation.

Selection of Blood (Packed RBCs) for Transfusion in Newborn Baby up to the Age of 4 Months

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Ghulam Mostafa Khan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Newborn Baby ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cross Matching ◽  
Packed Rbcs ◽  
Selection Of

Proper selection of donor’s blood group is essential to prevent transfusion hazards. It is known that ABO antigen is fully developed at birth but the newborn baby does not produce ABO antibodies until 3 to 6 months of age. The ABO antibodies present in the serum of newborn babies are derived from mother’s blood due to placental transfer. So the blood group of the newborn baby is done by ABO antigen grouping (forward grouping) only, antibody grouping (reverse grouping) is not required. In case of transfusion of blood in newborn under 4 months of age, cross-matching of donor’s blood is done with the mother’s blood if it is available. We know, recipient’s same group of blood is always preferable in case of transfusion in adults or older children. But selection of blood for transfusion in the infants under 4 months of age depends on the mother’s blood group as well. If the mother’s blood group differs from the infant’s blood group, the infant’s same group of blood may not be selected for transfusion. For example, if the mother’s blood group is “O” and the newborn blood group is “A” or “B”, infant’s same group “A” or “B” group blood could not be transfused, because the anti-A & anti-B antibodies can be derived in the infant’s serum from mother’s blood which may react with the “A” or “B” antigen of the donor’s blood. In this case “O” group packed RBCs should be selected for transfusion. “O” group whole blood may contain IgG anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma which can react with the “A” or “B” antigen of the infant’s blood. So to avoid anti-A & anti-B antibodies in “O” group, plasma should be discarded and the packed RBCs should be transfused. In case of Rh-negative mother with Rh positive baby, Rh antibody may develop in mother’s blood and Rh antibody may enter into baby’s circulation, in this case the infant should be transfused with Rh-negative blood to avoid Rh antigen & antibody reaction. So for the selection of blood for transfusion in newborn baby up to the age of 4 months mother’s blood group is important to select the appropriate blood. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v1i1.11138J Enam Med Col 2011; 1(1): 36-40

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