Investigation of Smear Formation Mechanism From DLC Film by Heating

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Tani ◽  
Renguo Lu ◽  
Shinji Koganezawa ◽  
Norio Tagawa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Atomic Mass ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Magnetic Disks ◽  
Dlc Film ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas ◽  
Gas Chamber

Abstract The formation of head smear from DLC films on magnetic disks was confirmed by a simulated heating experiment. DLC films of 100-nm thickness were prepared and heated on a hot plate in an environmental gas chamber. Smear on a silicon wafer placed 3 mm above the DLC surface was observed after heating of the DLC film. The smear amount was quantified using the carbon intensity of the smear measured by XPS. In air, the carbon concentration decreased with the heating temperature; however, the carbon concentration increased with temperature in nitrogen. The carbon concentration of the smear in the air environment was smaller than that of nitrogen. As the result of comparison of smears on DLCs with various hydrogen concentrations, more decomposed gas is generated from the DLC film as the amount of hydrogen contained in the DLC increases, and this value increases at lower temperatures. This result suggests that DLC films with low hydrogen concentrations generate a smaller amount of decomposition gas than those with high hydrogen concentrations during heating. In addition, Raman spectra suggest that the DLC degraded by heating and the hydrocarbon gas-like materials were generated from the DLC film because the DLC films include carbon and hydrogen. Because fragments of 250–500 atomic mass units were observed in the TOF-SIMS spectra of smears, the smear is estimated to consist of a hydrocarbon of relatively high molecular weight.

Resistance Welding Process Development and Optimization for Recycled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Baumann ◽  
Lucas Sendrowski
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
High Density ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Initial Testing ◽  
Hot Plate Welding

Large recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) structural members, difficult to manufacture by extrusion processes, have been created by the hot plate welding of simple plastic lumber sections. Hot plate welding generates better joint strength than any other welding method currently employed in plastic manufacturing. However, to achieve the desired temperature of the thick plate to melt the polymer uniformly, the process needs a high amount of heat energy requiring furnace (or resistance) heating of a considerable mass. A new method which could combine the heating element and a thin plate into one source could be more efficient in terms of heat loss and thus energy used. The premise of this investigation is to replace the hot plate with a very thin piece of high resistance nickel-chromium alloy ribbon to localize the application of heat within a plastic weld joint in order to reduce energy loss and its associated costs. This resistance ribbon method uses electrical current to reach an adequate temperature to allow for the welding of the HDPE plastic. The ribbon is only slightly larger than the welding surface and very thin to reduce the loss of excess heat through unused surface area and thick sides. The purpose of this project was to weld recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using resistance welding and to match the tensile strength results considered acceptable in industry for hot plate welding, that is, equal to or greater than 80% of the base material strength. Information obtained through literature review and previous investigations in our laboratories established welding (heating) temperature and time as testing factors. Designed experimentation considered these factors in optimizing the process to maximize the weld tensile strength. A wide-ranging full-factorial experimental design using many levels was created for the initial testing plan. Tensile strengths obtained after welding under the various condition combinations of weld temperature and time revealed a region of higher strength values in the response surface. After the wide-range initial testing, the two control parameters, heating temperature and heating time, were ultimately set up in a focused Face Centered Cubic (FCC) Response Surface Method (RSM) testing design and the tensile strength response was then analyzed using statistical software. The results obtained indicated a strong correlation between heating time and heating temperature with strength. All welded samples in the final testing set exhibited tensile strength of over 90% base material, meeting the goal requirements. A full quadratic equation relationship for tensile strength as a function of welding time and temperature was developed and the maximum tensile strength was achieved when using 280°C for 60 seconds.

Wear Properties of DLC and Plasma Sprayed WC Structure Coating

2007 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuyasu Yatsuzuka ◽  
Yoshihiro Oka ◽  
Akifumi Tomita ◽  
Noritaka Murata ◽  
Mitsuaki Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Dlc Film ◽  
Coated Metal ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas ◽  
Plasma Sprayed

Diamond-like carbon film (DLC) with an interlayer of plasma sprayed tungsten-carbide (WC) was prepared on an aluminum alloy substrate (A5052) by a hybrid process of plasma-based ion implantation and deposition using hydrocarbon gas. Typical thicknesses of DLC and WC films were 1 μm and 100 μm, respectively. The hardness and friction coefficient of DLC were typically 15 GPa and 0.15, respectively. The durability of DLC/WC/A5052 system was evaluated from the measurement of the friction coefficient by a ball-on-disk friction tester in which the loaded ball was drawn repeatedly across a sample and the load was increased with each traverse. For the DLC/A5052 system, which has no WC interlayer, the DLC film was broken quickly because of distortion of the substrate. For the DLC/WC/A5052 system, on the other hand, the DLC film was excellent in durability for long running. The wear rate of rubber rotor to the metal rotor was measured by a roller-pitching-type wear testing machine, showing large reduction in wear rate using DLC-coated metal rotor.

scholarly journals Surface Structuring of Diamond-Like Carbon Films by Chemical Etching of Zinc Inclusions

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruriko Hatada ◽  
Stefan Flege ◽  
Berthold Rimmler ◽  
Christian Dietz ◽  
Wolfgang Ensinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Plasma Source ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Diamond Like Carbon ◽  
Dlc Film ◽  
Plasma Source Ion Implantation ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas ◽  
Deposition Techniques

A diamond-like carbon (DLC) film with a nanostructured surface can be produced in a two-step process. At first, a metal-containing DLC film is deposited. Here, the combination of plasma source ion implantation using a hydrocarbon gas and magnetron sputtering of a zinc target was used. Next, the metal particles within the surface are dissolved by an etchant (HNO3:H2O solution in this case). Since Zn particles in the surface of Zn-DLC films have a diameter of 100–200 nm, the resulting surface structures possess the same dimensions, thus covering a range that is accessible neither by mask deposition techniques nor by etching of other metal-containing DLC films, such as Cu-DLC. The surface morphology of the etched Zn-DLC films depends on the initial metal content of the film. With a low zinc concentration of about 10 at.%, separate holes are produced within the surface. Higher zinc concentrations (40 at.% or above) lead to a surface with an intrinsic roughness.

Development of DLC Coated Tool for Cutting of Aluminum Alloy －Influence of Deposition Condition on Cutting Characteristic－

2008 ◽  
Vol 389-390 ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
Kazushi Minaki ◽  
Koichi Kitajima ◽  
Yu Nakahira ◽  
Masami Ohnishi ◽  
Takashi Sugimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Internal Stress ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Deposition Condition ◽  
Dlc Film ◽  
Ductile Materials ◽  
Dlc Coating ◽  
Work Material ◽  
Tool Surface ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas

Conventional coating tools have a high affinity for ductile materials, like aluminum alloy, so cutting chips tend to adhere to cutting edge and work material surface. Therefore, chipping is caused, and surface texture is degraded. In order to solve these problems, recently, DLC (Diamond-Like-Carbon) has been applied to coating material. In this research, it is curried out cutting of Aluminum alloy by the use of DLC coating tool, and examined influence of DLC coating conditions on cutting characteristics. So far we have been concerned with the effect of type of hydrocarbon gas (acethylene:C2H2, methane:CH4) on cutting. As a result, it is revealed that cohesion of chips decreases, and surface roughness of work material improves in the case of acethylene-DLC. On the other hand, internal stress is produced by deference in hardness between tool surface and DLC film, and which is considered cause of film peeling [1]. Therefore, we examined interlayer between DLC film and tool surface in order to relax of internal stress. As a result, it was cleared that Titanium interlayer excels in adhesion.

Microstructural Observation of Diamond Like Carbon Film Prepared from C2H2 / C5H6CH3 Plasma Beam Source

2005 ◽  
Vol 475-479 ◽  
pp. 2905-2908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Atsushi Yamamoto ◽  
Yoshihiro Oka ◽  
Mitsuyasu Yatsuzuka ◽  
Harushige Tsubakino
Keyword(s):  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Diamond Like Carbon ◽  
Beam Source ◽  
Microstructural Observation ◽  
Dlc Film ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas

In this study, the microstructure of two kinds of diamond-like carbon films was studied. These films were produced during the deposition of two kinds of hydrocarbon gas plasma by a newly developed technique called plasma based ion implantation (PBII). Microstructural analysis was performed by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). An amorphous DLC film was obtained by using C2H2 plasma. The crystal structure of carbon ( (C 168H ) was generated inside the DLC film when C5H6CH3 plasma was used. The effect of the precursor gases used in the present experiment on the microstructure of the DLC film was also studied.

The Study on Hydrous Pyrolysis Experiments of Coal-Measure Source Rocks in Ordos Basin

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Pei Xue ◽  
Yan Bin Wang ◽  
Jun Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Ordos Basin ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Coal Measure ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Hydrous Pyrolysis ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas ◽  
Hydrocarbon Productivity

Through the hydrous pyrolysis experiments of coal-measure source rocks in Taiyuan formation in Ordos Basin with different mediums from 250 °C to 550 °C, with a stepwise heating stage of 50 °C, the characteristics of gas and liquid products are discussed systematically in this paper. The results show that the change rule of hydrocarbon productivity of coal with temperature is similar to mudstone. Total hydrocarbon productivity and gas hydrocarbon productivity increase with temperature rise. Liquid hydrocarbon productivity increases with temperature rise first and then decreases. The peak yield of oil of coal appears at the heating temperature 350 °C, mudstone at 375 °C. The peak yield of mudstone lags behind. The non-hydrocarbon gas productivity increases with temperature rise. The non-hydrocarbon gases are carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and oxygen mainly. The productivity of carbon dioxide is significantly higher than other non-hydrocarbon gas productivities. The main hydrocarbon gas is methane. The productivity of methane increases when temperature rises. And the productivity increases obviously after 400 °C.

Effects of Ion Beam Milling on Surface Topography

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
P.G. Pawar ◽  
P. Duhamel ◽  
G.W. Monk
Keyword(s):  
Surface Topography ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Atomic Mass ◽  
Micro Milling ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Controlled Atmospheres ◽  
Milling Operations ◽  
Sufficient Energy

A beam of ions of mass greater than a few atomic mass units and with sufficient energy can remove atoms from the surface of a solid material at a useful rate. A system used to achieve this purpose under controlled atmospheres is called an ion miliing machine. An ion milling apparatus presently available as IMMI-III with a IMMIAC was used in this investigation. Unless otherwise stated, all the micro milling operations were done with Ar+ at 6kv using a beam current of 100 μA for each of the two guns, with a specimen tilt of 15° from the horizontal plane.It is fairly well established that ion bombardment of the surface of homogeneous materials can produce surface topography which resembles geological erosional features.

New replica method with plasma polymerized film by glow discharge

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 414-415
Author(s):  
A. Tanaka ◽  
M. Yamaguchi ◽  
T. Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Plasma Polymerization ◽  
Vacuum Chamber ◽  
Complex Surface ◽  
Replica Method ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
High Voltage Power Supply ◽  
Negative Glow ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas ◽  
Hydrocarbon Molecules

The plasma polymerization replica method and its apparatus have been devised by Tanaka (1-3). We have published several reports on its application: surface replicas of biological and inorganic specimens, replicas of freeze-fractured tissues and metal-extraction replicas with immunocytochemical markers.The apparatus for plasma polymerization consists of a high voltage power supply, a vacuum chamber containing a hydrocarbon gas (naphthalene, methane, ethylene), and electrodes of an anode disk and a cathode of the specimen base. The surface replication by plasma polymerization in negative glow phase on the cathode was carried out by gassing at 0.05-0.1 Torr and glow discharging at 1.5-3 kV D.C. Ionized hydrocarbon molecules diffused into complex surface configurations and deposited as a three-dimensionally polymerized film of 1050 nm in thickness.The resulting film on the complex surface had uniform thickness and showed no granular texture. Since the film was chemically inert, resistant to heat and mecanically strong, it could be treated with almost any organic or inorganic solvents.

Erythrophagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica.- Ultrastructural Study

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 156-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norberto Treviño ◽  
Alfredo Feria-Velasco ◽  
I. Ruiz de Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Axenic Conditions

Although erythrophagocytosis by various species of Entamoeba is a well known phenomenon this has not yet been studied in detail at the ultrastructural level. The present work deals with the description of the incorporation process of erythrocytes by trophozoites of E. histolytica. For this study, trophozoites of E. histolytica, HK-9:NIH strain cultured in axenic conditions and washed human erythrocytes were placed on a hot plate at 37°C in physiological saline solution. After 5 minutes, 2.5% glutarldehyde was added and the samples were processed according to conventional techniques for electron microscopy.Based upon light microscopy studies on living trophozoites in contact with erythrocytes, it seems that erythrophagocytosis only takes place in one pole of the parasite.

Interlayer mixing in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures as a result of Se+ ion implantation

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 908-909
Author(s):  
E.G. Bithell ◽  
W.M. Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Atomic Mass ◽  
Composition Profile ◽  
Semiconductor Heterostructures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Damage Process ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

It is well known that the microstructural consequences of the ion implantation of semiconductor heterostructures can be severe: amorphisation of the damaged region is possible, and layer intermixing can result both from the original damage process and from the enhancement of the diffusion coefficients for the constituents of the original composition profile. A very large number of variables are involved (the atomic mass of the target, the mass and energy of the implant species, the flux and the total dose, the substrate temperature etc.) so that experimental data are needed despite the existence of relatively well developed models for the implantation process. A major difficulty is that conventional techniques (e.g. electron energy loss spectroscopy) have inadequate resolution for the quantification of any changes in the composition profile of fine scale multilayers. However we have demonstrated that the measurement of 002 dark field intensities in transmission electron microscope images of GaAs / AlxGa1_xAs heterostructures can allow the measurement of the local Al / Ga ratio.

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