New Process for Achieving Very Low NOx

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark White ◽  
Steve Goff ◽  
Steve Deduck ◽  
Oliver Gohlke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Secondary Air ◽  
Nox Control ◽  
The Impact

Over the last two and a half years, Covanta Energy, working with their technology partner, Martin GmbH of Germany, has developed and commercialized a new technology for reducing NOx emissions from Energy from Waste (EfW) facilities. NOx levels below 60 ppm (7% O2) have been reliably achieved, which is a reduction of 70% below the current EPA standard and typical levels of today’s EfW facilities in the United States. This technology represents a significant step forward in NOx control for the EfW industry. The technology, known as VLN™, employs a unique combustion system design, which in addition to the conventional primary and secondary air streams, also features a new internal stream of “VLN™-gas,” which is drawn from the combustor and re-injected into the furnace. The gas flow distribution between the primary and secondary air, as well as the VLN™-gas, is controlled to yield the optimal flue gas composition and furnace temperature profile to minimize NOx formation and optimize combustion. The VLN™ process is combined with conventional, aqueous ammonia SNCR technology to achieve the superior NOx performance. The SNCR control system is also integrated with the VLN™ combustion controls to maximize NOx reduction and minimize ammonia slip. A simplified version of the process, known as LN™, was also developed and demonstrated for retrofit applications. In the LN™ process, air is used instead of the internal VLN™ gas. The total air flow requirement is higher than in the VLN™ process, but unchanged compared to conventional systems, minimizing the impact on the existing boiler performance and making it ideal for retrofit applications. Covanta first demonstrated the new VLN™ and LN™ processes at their Bristol, Connecticut facility. One of Bristol’s 325 TPD units was retrofitted in April of 2006 to enable commercial scale testing of both the VLN™ and LN™ processes. Since installing and starting up the new system, Bristol has operated in both VLN™ and LN™ modes for extended periods, totaling more than one year of operation at NOx levels at or below 60 ppm (7% O2). The system is still in place today and being evaluated for permanent operation. Based on the success of the Bristol program, Covanta installed LN™ NOx control systems in a number of other existing units in 2007 and 2008 (total MSW capacity of over 5000 TPD), and is planning more installations in 2009. All of these retrofits utilize the Covanta LN™ system to minimize any impacts on existing boiler performance by maintaining existing excess air levels. Going forward, Covanta is making the LN™ technology available to its existing client base and is working with interested facilities to complete the necessary engineering and design modifications for retrofit of this innovative technology. For new grassroots facilities, Covanta is offering the VLN™ system with SNCR as its standard design for NOx control. An additional feature, particular to VLN™, is the reduced total combustion air requirement, which results in improved boiler efficiency. This translates into increased energy recovery per ton of waste processed. In addition to introducing the VLN™ and LN™ processes, this paper will provide an overview of the Bristol development and demonstration project. NOx and NH3 slip data from Bristol will be presented, illustrating the extended operating experience that has been established on the system. Other operating advantages of the new technology will also be discussed, along with lessons learned during the start-up and initial operating periods. The VLN™ technology has been demonsrated to decrease NOx emissions to levels well below any yet seen to date with SNCR alone and is comparable to SCR-catalytic systems. The result is a significant improvement in NOx control for much less upfront capital cost and lower overall operating and maintenance costs. VLN™ also also goes hand in hand with higher energy efficiency, whereas SCR systems lower energy efficiency due to an increased pressure drop and the need for flue gas reheat. The commercialization of the VLN™ and LN™ processes represents a significant step forward in the reduction of NOx emissions from EfW facilities.

Illinois High-Speed Rail Four-Quadrant Gate Reliability Assessment

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Hellman ◽  
Tashi Ngamdung
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicle Detection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
United States Department ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Grade Crossings ◽  
Four Quadrant ◽  
The Impact

The United States Department of Transportation’s (USDOT) Research and Innovative Technology Administration’s John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), under the direction of the USDOT Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research and Development (ORD), conducted a reliability analysis of the four-quadrant gate/vehicle detection equipment installed on the potential high-speed rail (HSR) corridor between Chicago and St Louis. A total of 69 highway-rail grade crossings on a 121-mile (195 km) segment of the 280-mile corridor were equipped with four-quadrant gates and inductive loop vehicle detection technology. This segment, between Mazonia and Springfield Illinois, may eventually carry passenger trains at speeds up to 110 mph (177 km/h), including at many of the highway-rail grade crossings. The analysis was based on maintenance records obtained from the Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR), the owner and operator of the rail line. The results were used to assess the impact of the equipment reliability on the proposed HSR timetable. The Volpe Center study showed that the total average delay to the five scheduled daily high-speed passenger roundtrips was an estimated 10.5 minutes, or approximately one minute per train. Overall, extensive analysis of the trouble ticket data showed that the four-quadrant gate and vehicle detection equipment had a minimal direct impact on the frequency and duration of grade crossing malfunctions.

Raymond Aron and nuclear war

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-224
Author(s):  
Barry Cooper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
Raymond Aron ◽  
The Impact

Raymond Aron began his studies of postwar politics by taking into consideration the impact of the atomic bombing of Japan by the United States. As was true of many strategic thinkers after 1945, he was concerned that the new technology would alter the significance of warfare and thus of politics — because, as a student of Clausewitz, Aron was of the view that war and politics were intimately connected. This paper explores the evolution of Aron’s thinking from 1945 until the 1980s and the development and changes in nuclear strategy. Alone in France, and almost alone in Europe, Aron kept abreast of changes in American nuclear strategy and made some insightful, if commonsensical, analyses of the then secret strategic thinking of the Soviets as well as of the European NATO allies of the United States.

Survey analysis for the adoption of 3D printing technology: consumers’ perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mavri ◽  
Evgenia Fronimaki ◽  
Athanasia Kadrefi
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Printing Technology ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Although the adoption of 3D printing technology in many sectors such as medicine, aerospace, jewelry and the food industry is remarkable, the adoption of 3D printing technology by hobbyists remains unknown. The purpose of this paper is to map the attitude of individuals toward this new technology, define critical factors that have an impact on hobbyists’ behavior and, finally, explore the impact of 3D printing on social, economic and environmental changes, as 3D printing technology redesigns manufacturing, thereby impacting many sectors of day-to-day life. Design/methodology/approach A survey has been carried out on Greek hobbyists, and valuable conclusions have been drawn. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire survey performed on a sample of 344 Greek consumers in this sector. A questionnaire of 30 questions was distributed electronically. Findings This paper contributes to the determination of the percentage of individuals that know about 3D printing, the factors that have a significant contribution to adoption of the technology and, finally, identifies the profile of those that use 3D printing technology either in their work or for their hobby. Using a factor analysis, the authors classified users into five categories based on their attitudes towards 3D printing adoption: “innovators,” “informed,” “ecologists,” “engineers” and “re-users.” Research limitations/implications The authors believe that understanding the predictors of 3D printing technology adoption for personal use and its benefits will overcome a pertained research gap and establish an empirical nucleus for further studies in relevant contexts. This type of research is necessary to expand the survey to other European countries. Practical implications 3D printing is not new, but rather is an emerging technology. Individuals are willing to adopt this innovative technology. Based on the results of our survey, a desktop 3D printer will be necessary for every home and office in the near future. Social implications The impact of 3D printing technology on rural life and its social implications are open questions. In this paper, by identifying the groups of hobbyists, the authors determine their particular characteristics and their perspectives on this new technology. All of what is discussed above is valuable for mapping the characteristics of those who adopt this technology. Originality/value This study is attempting to determine the behavior of individuals towards 3D printing technology, their awareness and how familiar they are with this new technological innovation.

Optimization of Secondary Air Distribution in Biomass Boiler by CFD Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 832 ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Lisý ◽  
Jiří Pospíšil ◽  
Otakar Štelcl ◽  
Michal Špilaček
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Biomass Boiler ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Secondary Air ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with a use of CFD modelling for optimization of supply of secondary combustion air in the two-chamber biomass boiler combusting very wet biomass (capacity ca. 200 kW). Objective of the analyse is to observe the impact of diameter of a secondary air supply pipe and air flow velocity on mixing of the secondary air with flue gas in the combustion chamber. The numerical model of the experimental boiler was build up for subsequent utilizing of CFD computation based on finite element method. The commercial code STAR-CD was used for carried out parametrical studies. Series of calculations were carried out for four different diameters of air distribution pipes and for 3 different air velocities in distribution orifice. Quality of air dispersion in flue gas flow was assessed in the vertical cross section lead in the end of the combustion chamber. The results of calculation were verified on the experimental installation of the boiler. Influence of secondary air mixing on emission production was measured and analysed. Emissions of pollutants for recommended air distribution comply with emission limits stipulated in the most stringent class 5 according to ČSN-EN 303-5 as well as with emission limits under Regulation No. 405/2012 Sb.

scholarly journals Social Media and Political Contributions: The Impact of New Technology on Political Competition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Petrova ◽  
Ananya Sen ◽  
Pinar Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Political Contributions ◽  
Twitter Account ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact

Political campaigns are among the most sophisticated marketing exercises in the United States. As part of their marketing communication strategy, an increasing number of politicians adopt social media to inform their constituencies. This study documents the returns from adopting a new technology, namely Twitter, for politicians running for Congress by focusing on the change in campaign contributions received. We compare weekly donations received just before and just after a politician opens a Twitter account in regions with high and low levels of Twitter penetration, controlling for politician-month fixed effects. Specifically, over the course of a political campaign, we estimate that the differential effect of opening a Twitter account in regions with high versus low levels of Twitter penetration amounts to an increase of 0.7%–2% in donations for all politicians and 1%–3.1% for new politicians who were never elected to Congress before. In contrast, the effect of joining Twitter for experienced politicians remains negligibly small. We find some evidence consistent with the explanation that the effect is driven by new information about the candidates; for example, the effect is primarily driven by new donors rather than past donors, by candidates without Facebook accounts, and by tweeting more informatively. Overall, our findings imply that social media can intensify political competition by lowering the costs of disseminating information for new entrants to their constituents and thus may reduce the barriers to enter politics. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.

The Impact of the Implementation of The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) on Aeronautical Navigation in the United States

1993 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Reference System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geodetic Reference System ◽  
The North ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

On October 15, 1992, the horizontal geodetic reference system used for all aeronautical charts and chart-related products published by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Ocean Service (NOS) changed from the North American Datum of 1927 (NAO 27) to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAO 83). The Global Positioning System (GPS) now allows satellites to define much more accurately geographic locations in terms of latitude and longitude, utilizing an earth centered reference system; the NAO 83 is based on this new technology. As a result, the latitude and longitude of almost all points in the National Airspace System (NAS) were revised. The greatest coordinate s hifts were in Hawaii and Alaska where latitude moved by as much as 1200 feet and longitude by up to 950 feet. In the conterminous U.S., the largest changes were approximately 165 feet in latitude and 345 feet in longitude. The impact to aeronautical navigation in the C.S. of the datum shift from NAO 27 to NAO 83 was not limited to aeronautical charts and related publications. All Flight Management Systems (FMSs) and Air Traffic Control Systems (ATCs) had to be modified to accept and utilize the NAO 83 coordinates. The impact of the implementation of NAO 83 on aeronautical navigation in the United States was s gnificant.

Communication of Critical Laboratory Values: Optimization of the Process through Secure Messaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. e6-e11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Clavijo ◽  
David Fallaw ◽  
Philip Coule ◽  
Gurmukh Singh
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Rapid Response Teams ◽  
Secure Messaging ◽  
Laboratory Values ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Physician Order Entry ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Timely communication of critical laboratory results is important yet cumbersome. Objective To assess the impact of a new technology on the process of reporting critical laboratory results at our 480-bed, adult/children, tertiary-care, medical school–affiliated health center in the southeastern region of the United States. Methods We changed the process of reporting critical values by telephone only to reporting via telephone and a secure messaging app. Physician order entry, an online on-call roster for availability, and support from the C-suite (executive branch of the organization) were instrumental in implementation. Results Consistently, before our process changes, more than 95% of the critical laboratory results were reported in less than 30 minutes. Use of the app reduced the time taken for reporting results. The need to involve pathology residents and attending physicians in reporting has been eliminated by this process. Discussion Secure messaging has facilitated the reporting of critical laboratory values, making it more efficient and providing a reliable record of the process. This process meets or exceeds the standards of the accrediting agencies. The method is suitable for activating rapid-response teams in case of hypercritical values.

scholarly journals The impact of satellite-adjusted NO<sub>x</sub> emissions on simulated NO<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> discrepancies in the urban and outflow areas of the Pacific and Lower Middle US

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Surface O3

Abstract. We analyze the simulation results from a CMAQ model and GOME-2 NO2 retrievals over the United States for August 2009 to estimate the model-simulated biases of NOx concentrations over six geological regions (Pacific Coast = PC, Rocky Mountains = RM, Lower Middle = LM, Upper Middle = UM, Southeast = SE, Northeast = NE). By comparing GOME-2 NO2 columns to corresponding CMAQ NO2 columns, we produced satellite-adjusted NOx emission ("GOME2009") and compared baseline emission ("BASE2009") CMAQ simulations with GOME2009 CMAQ runs. We found that the latter exhibited decreases of −5.6%, −12.3%, −21.3%, and −15.9 % over the PC, RM, LM, and SE regions, respectively, and increases of +2.3% and +10.0% over the UM and NE regions. In addition, we found that changes in NOx emissions generally mitigate discrepancies between the surface NOx concentrations of baseline CMAQ and those of AQS at EPA AQS stations (mean bias of +19.8% to −13.7% over PC, −13.8% to −36.7% over RM, +149.7% to −1.8% over LM, +22.5% to −7.8% over UM, +31.3% to −7.9% over SE, and +11.6% to +0.7% over NE). The relatively high simulated NOx biases from baseline CMAQ over LM (+149.7%) are likely the results of over-predictions of simulated NOx emissions, which could shed light on those from global/regional Chemical Transport Models. We also perform more detailed investigations on surface NOx and O3 concentrations in two urban and outflow areas, PC (e.g., Los Angeles, South Pasadena, Anaheim, La Habra and Riverside) and LM (e.g., Houston, Beaumont and Sulphur). From two case studies, we found that the GOME2009 emissions decreased surface NOx concentrations significantly in the urban areas of PC (up to 30 ppbv) and in those of LM (up to 10 ppbv) during the daytime and that simulated NOx concentrations from CMAQ with GOME2009 compare well to those of in-situ AQS observations. A significant reduction in NOx concentrations resulted in a comparable increase in surface O3 concentrations in the urban areas of PC (up to 30 ppbv) and the resulting simulated O3 concentrations compare well with in-situ surface O3 observations over South Pasadena, Anaheim, and Riverside. Over Houston, Beaumont, and Sulphur, large reductions in NOx emissions from CMAQ with GOME2009 coincides with large reduced concentrations of simulated NOx. These concentrations are similar to those of the EPA AQS NOx observations. However, the resulting simulated increase in surface O3 at the urban stations in Houston and Sulphur exacerbated preexisting high O3 over-predictions of the baseline CMAQ. This study implies that simulated low O3 biases in the urban areas of PC are likely caused by simulated high NOx biases, but high O3 biases in the urban areas of LM cannot be explained by simulated high NOx biases over the region. This study also suggests that both in-situ surface NOx and O3 observations should be used simultaneously to resolve issues pertaining to simulated high/low O3 bias and that remote-sensing data could be used as a constraint for bottom-up emissions. In addition, we also found that daytime O3 reductions over the outflow regions of LM following large reductions in NOx emissions in the urban areas are significantly larger than they are over outflow regions of PC. These findings provide policymakers in the two regions with information critical to establishing strategies for mitigating air pollution.

scholarly journals Methods and Proposals for Meeting Energy Needs

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
Wes Grebski ◽  
Stefan Czerwiński ◽  
Jan Kania
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
World Population ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe article includes a comparative analysis of different methods of solving energy problems especially meeting the demand for electricity. Energy problems became a global concern due to the rapid increase in the world population. Energy consumption reflects the habits of the society and the nature of the economy. The focus of the article is the analysis of the United States (USA) energy economy in terms of meeting the needs of industry and society. It includes a comparison of costs of generating electricity obtained from various sources. It also includes an analysis of opportunities and threats related to the energy sector’s dependence on individual energy sources. Meeting the demand for electricity cannot be solved by increasing only the energy generation. The cost of increasing electricity production is always higher compared to increasing energy efficiency. The impact of energy efficiency of devices on energy management was also assessed. The publication also contains practical conclusions and recommendations regarding energy management on a global scale.

scholarly journals Blockchain technology in elections: past, present and future

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Roman Alekseev
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technical Failures

The purpose of the research is to use blockchain technology in the electoral process. The study was conducted on the example of blockchain technologies used in elections in the United States, Canada, Australia, Sierra Leone, Switzerland, Spain, Russia and other countries. The methodological basis of the research is based on the methods of comparative analysis and component analysis of definitions. Empirical methods of expert assessment and interviewing were used. The pros and cons of blockchain technologies and the possibility of using this innovative technology in elections of different levels are revealed. The advantages of inclusive blockchain technology include the mobility and accessibility of voting; minimizing the costs of organizing and conducting elections; de-bureaucratization by reducing the staff of election commissions; the possibility of excluding the impact on voters from participants in the electoral process; reducing the time for processing ballots and determining the results of voting; increasing the level of trust in electoral procedures on the part of citizens who usually do not participate in voting. Among the disadvantages of blockchain technologies, we can highlight: technical failures and hacker cyber-attacks; the possibility of hackers using data about voters, in case of hacking electronic databases; violation of the secrecy of voting.

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