Binaural Interaction of High‐Frequency Complex Stimuli

1959 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. David ◽  
Newman Guttman ◽  
W. A. van Bergeijk
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Binaural Interaction ◽  
Complex Stimuli

Sensitivity to interaural intensity differences of neurons in primary auditory cortex of the cat. I. types of sensitivity and effects of variations in sound pressure level

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Irvine ◽  
R. Rajan ◽  
L. M. Aitkin
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Sensitivity Function ◽  
Maximum Response ◽  
Binaural Interaction ◽  
Sensitivity Functions ◽  
Monaural Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Interaural intensity differences (IIDs) provide the major cue to the azimuthal location of high-frequency narrowband sounds. In recent studies of the azimuthal sensitivity of high-frequency neurons in the primary auditory cortex (field AI) of the cat, a number of different types of azimuthal sensitivity have been described and the azimuthal sensitivity of many neurons was found to vary as a function of changes in stimulus intensity. The extent to which the shape and the intensity dependence of the azimuthal sensitivity of AI neurons reflects features of their IID sensitivity was investigated by obtaining data on IID sensitivity from a large sample of neurons with a characteristic frequency (CF) > 5.5 kHz in AI of anesthetized cats. IID sensitivity functions were classified in a manner that facilitated comparison with previously obtained data on azimuthal sensitivity, and the effects of changes in the base intensity at which IIDs were introduced were examined. 2. IID sensitivity functions for CF tonal stimuli were obtained at one or more intensities for a total of 294 neurons, in most cases by a method of generating IIDs that kept the average binaural intensity (ABI) of the stimuli at the two ears constant. In the standard ABI range at which a function was obtained for each unit, five types of IID sensitivity were distinguished. Contra-max neurons (50% of the sample) had maximum response (a peak or a plateau) at IIDs corresponding to contralateral azimuths, whereas ipsi-max neurons (17%) had the mirror-image form of sensitivity. Near-zero-max neurons (18%) had a clearly defined maximum response (peak) in the range of +/- 10 dB IID, whereas a small group of tough neurons (2%) had a restricted range of minimal responsiveness with near-maximal responses at IIDs on either side. A final 18% of AI neurons were classified as insensitive to IIDs. The proportions of neurons exhibiting the various types of sensitivity corresponded closely to the proportions found to exhibit corresponding types of azimuthal sensitivity in a previous study. 3. There was a strong correlation between a neuron's binaural interaction characteristics and the form of its IID sensitivity function. Thus, neurons excited by monaural stimulation of only one ear but with either inhibitory, facilitatory, or mixed facilitatory-inhibitory effects of stimulation of the other ear had predominantly contra-max IID sensitivity (if contralateral monaural stimulation was excitatory) or ipsi-max sensitivity (if ipsilateral monaural stimulation was excitatory). Neurons driven weakly or not at all by monaural stimulation but facilitated binaurally almost all exhibited near-zero-max IID sensitivity. The exception to this tight association between binaural input and IID sensitivity was provided by neurons excited by monaural stimulation of either ear (EE neurons). Although EE neurons have frequently been considered to be insensitive to IIDs, our data were in agreement with two recent reports indicating that they can exhibit various forms of IID sensitivity: only 23 of 75 EE neurons were classified as insensitive and the remainder exhibited diverse types of sensitivity. 4. IID sensitivity was examined at two or more intensities (3-5 in most cases) for 84 neurons. The form of the IID sensitivity function (defined in terms of both shape and position along the IID axis) was invariant with changes in ABI for only a small proportion of IID-sensitive neurons (approximately 15% if a strict criterion of invariance was employed), and for many of these neurons the spike counts associated with a given IID varied with ABI, particularly at near-threshold levels. When the patterns of variation in the form of IID sensitivity produced by changes in ABI were classified in a manner equivalent to that used previously to classify the effects of intensity on azimuthal sensitivity, there was a close correspondence between the effects of intensity on corresponding types of azimuthal and IID sensitivity

scholarly journals Electroencephalographical correlates of cortex stage of sensory citric acid perception

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Alena M. Savaneuskaya
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Oral Stimulation ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Taste Sense ◽  
By Products

The article deals with the methodological problem faced while identifying the EEG-correlate of taste sense by perception of complex stimuli involving a wide spectrum of sensory systems. As an example we defined a brain cortex activity pattern by tasting citric acid. As a result most promising taste perception correlate was found in beta high frequency band of right frontal cortex area. Other loci of brain cortex activity observed by citric acid presentation reflect non-taste perception forms appearing as by-products of oral stimulation.

scholarly journals Dual sensitivity of inferior colliculus neurons to ITD in the envelopes of high-frequency sounds: experimental and modeling study

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Wang ◽  
Sasha Devore ◽  
Bertrand Delgutte ◽  
H. Steven Colburn
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Interaural Time Differences ◽  
Binaural Interaction ◽  
Unanesthetized Rabbit

Human listeners are sensitive to interaural time differences (ITDs) in the envelopes of sounds, which can serve as a cue for sound localization. Many high-frequency neurons in the mammalian inferior colliculus (IC) are sensitive to envelope-ITDs of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) sounds. Typically, envelope-ITD-sensitive IC neurons exhibit either peak-type sensitivity, discharging maximally at the same delay across frequencies, or trough-type sensitivity, discharging minimally at the same delay across frequencies, consistent with responses observed at the primary site of binaural interaction in the medial and lateral superior olives (MSO and LSO), respectively. However, some high-frequency IC neurons exhibit dual types of envelope-ITD sensitivity in their responses to SAM tones, that is, they exhibit peak-type sensitivity at some modulation frequencies and trough-type sensitivity at other frequencies. Here we show that high-frequency IC neurons in the unanesthetized rabbit can also exhibit dual types of envelope-ITD sensitivity in their responses to SAM noise. Such complex responses to SAM stimuli could be achieved by convergent inputs from MSO and LSO onto single IC neurons. We test this hypothesis by implementing a physiologically explicit, computational model of the binaural pathway. Specifically, we examined envelope-ITD sensitivity of a simple model IC neuron that receives convergent inputs from MSO and LSO model neurons. We show that dual envelope-ITD sensitivity emerges in the IC when convergent MSO and LSO inputs are differentially tuned for modulation frequency.

The Microstructure of Steatite (Protoenstatite)

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee ◽  
A. H. Heuer
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Glassy Matrix ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Argon Ions ◽  
High Temperature Polymorph

IntroductionTraditional steatite ceramics, made by firing (vitrifying) hydrous magnesium silicate, have long been used as insulators for high frequency applications due to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Early x-ray and optical analysis of steatites showed that they were composed largely of protoenstatite (MgSiO3) in a glassy matrix. Recent studies of enstatite-containing glass ceramics have revived interest in the polymorphism of enstatite. Three polymorphs exist, two with orthorhombic and one with monoclinic symmetry (ortho, proto and clino enstatite, respectively). Steatite ceramics are of particular interest a they contain the normally unstable high-temperature polymorph, protoenstatite.Experimental3mm diameter discs cut from steatite rods (∼10” long and 0.5” dia.) were ground, polished, dimpled, and ion-thinned to electron transparency using 6KV Argon ions at a beam current of 1 x 10-3 A and a 12° angle of incidence. The discs were coated with carbon prior to TEM examination to minimize charging effects.

Simulations of high-resolution images of amorphous silicon films

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
G. Y. Fan ◽  
J. M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Fourier Transformation ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Spatial Frequency Spectrum

It is well known that the structure information on the specimen is not always faithfully transferred through the electron microscope. Firstly, the spatial frequency spectrum is modulated by the transfer function (TF) at the focal plane. Secondly, the spectrum suffers high frequency cut-off by the aperture (or effectively damping terms such as chromatic aberration). While these do not have essential effect on imaging crystal periodicity as long as the low order Bragg spots are inside the aperture, although the contrast may be reversed, they may change the appearance of images of amorphous materials completely. Because the spectrum of amorphous materials is continuous, modulation of it emphasizes some components while weakening others. Especially the cut-off of high frequency components, which contribute to amorphous image just as strongly as low frequency components can have a fundamental effect. This can be illustrated through computer simulation. Imaging of a whitenoise object with an electron microscope without TF limitation gives Fig. 1a, which is obtained by Fourier transformation of a constant amplitude combined with random phases generated by computer.

SEM image sharpness analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
M. T. Postek ◽  
A. E. Vladar
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Image Sharpness ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Fully automated or semi-automated scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are now commonly used in semiconductor production and other forms of manufacturing. The industry requires that an automated instrument must be routinely capable of 5 nm resolution (or better) at 1.0 kV accelerating voltage for the measurement of nominal 0.25-0.35 micrometer semiconductor critical dimensions. Testing and proving that the instrument is performing at this level on a day-by-day basis is an industry need and concern which has been the object of a study at NIST and the fundamentals and results are discussed in this paper.In scanning electron microscopy, two of the most important instrument parameters are the size and shape of the primary electron beam and any image taken in a scanning electron microscope is the result of the sample and electron probe interaction. The low frequency changes in the video signal, collected from the sample, contains information about the larger features and the high frequency changes carry information of finer details. The sharper the image, the larger the number of high frequency components making up that image. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of an SEM image can be employed to provide qualitiative and ultimately quantitative information regarding the SEM image quality.

Real Ear Sound Pressure Levels Developed by Three Portable Stereo System Earphones

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test System ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.

Auditory Gating and Extended High-Frequency Thresholds in Normal-Hearing Adults With Minimal Tinnitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1S) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Campbell ◽  
Alison LaBrec ◽  
Connor Bean ◽  
Mashhood Nielsen ◽  
Won So
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Auditory Gating

Reliability of the Minimum Masking Level as Outcome Variable in Tinnitus Clinical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Mancini ◽  
Richard S. Tyler ◽  
Hyung Jin Jun ◽  
Tang-Chuan Wang ◽  
Helena Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Minimum Intensity

Purpose The minimum masking level (MML) is the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to just totally mask the tinnitus. Treatments aimed at reducing the tinnitus itself should attempt to measure the magnitude of the tinnitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the MML. Method Sample consisted of 59 tinnitus patients who reported stable tinnitus. We obtained MML measures on two visits, separated by about 2–3 weeks. We used two noise types: speech-shaped noise and high-frequency emphasis noise. We also investigated the relationship between the MML and tinnitus loudness estimates and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ). Results There were differences across the different noise types. The within-session standard deviation averaged across subjects varied between 1.3 and 1.8 dB. Across the two sessions, the Pearson correlation coefficients, range was r = .84. There was a weak relationship between the dB SL MML and loudness, and between the MML and the THQ. A moderate correlation ( r = .44) was found between the THQ and loudness estimates. Conclusions We conclude that the dB SL MML can be a reliable estimate of tinnitus magnitude, with expected standard deviations in trained subjects of about 1.5 dB. It appears that the dB SL MML and loudness estimates are not closely related.

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