scholarly journals One Hour Cycling Performance Is Not Affected by Ingested Fluid Volume

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karianne Backx ◽  
Ken A. van Someren ◽  
Garry S. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Stomach Fullness ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Familiarization Trial

This study investigated the effect of differing fluid volumes consumed during exercise, on cycle time-trial (TT) performance conducted under thermoneutral conditions (20 °C, 70% RH). Ten minutes after consuming a bolus of 6 ml · kg−1 body mass (BM) of a 6.4% CHO solution and immediately following a warm-up, 8 male cyclists undertook a 1-h self-paced TT on 4 separate occasions. During a “familiarization” trial, subjects were given three 5-min periods (15– 20 min, 30–35 min, and 45–50 min) to consume fluid ad libitum. Thereafter subjects undertook, in random order, trials consuming high (HF), moderate (MF), or low fluid (LF) volumes, where 300, 150, and 40 ml of fluid were consumed at 15, 30, and 45 min of each trial, respectively, and total CHO intake was maintained at 57.6 g. During exercise, power output and heart rate were monitored continuously, whilst stomach fullness was rated every 10 min. Additionally, BM loss and BM loss corrected for fluid intake was calculated during each trial. At 40, 50, and 60 min differences in ratings of stomach fullness were found between trials (LF vs. HF and MF vs. HF). There were however no differences in performance or physiological variables (heart rate or BM loss) between trials. These results indicate that when a pre-exercise CHO bolus is consumed, there is no effect of subsequent consumption of different fluid volumes when trained cyclists undertake a 1-h performance task in a thermoneutral environment.

Cycling Performance and Training Load: Effects of Intensity and Duration

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonis Kesisoglou ◽  
Andrea Nicolò ◽  
Louis Passfield
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Work Done

Purpose: To examine the effect of cycling exercise intensity and duration on subsequent performance and to compare the resulting acute performance decrement (APD) with total work done (TWD) and corresponding training-load (TL) metrics. Methods: A total of 14 male cyclists performed a 5-minute time trial (TT) as a baseline and after 4 initial exercise bouts of varying exercise intensity and duration. The initial exercise bouts were performed in a random order and consisted of a 5- and a 20-minute TT and a 20- and a 40-minute submaximal ride. The resulting APD was calculated as the percentage change in 5-minute TT from baseline, and this was compared with the TWD and TL metrics for the corresponding initial exercise bout. Results: Average power output was different for each of the 4 initial exercise bouts (; P < .001), and all bouts resulted in an APD. But APD was only different when comparing maximal with submaximal bouts (; P < .001). The APD contradicted TWD and TL metrics and was not different when comparing 5- and 20-minute maximal TTs or the 20- and 40-minute submaximal bouts. In contrast, TL metrics were different for all training sessions (; P < .001). Conclusion: An APD is found after initial exercise bouts consisting of 5- and 20-minute TTs and after 20- and 40-minute of submaximal exercise that is not consistent with the corresponding values for TWD or TL. This discrepancy highlights important shortcomings when using TWD and TL to compare exercise bouts of different intensity and duration.

Effects of Varying Post-Warm-Up Recovery Time on 200-m Time-Trial Swim Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zochowski ◽  
Elizabeth Johnson ◽  
Gordon G. Sleivert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

Context:Warm-up before athletic competition might enhance performance by affecting various physiological parameters. There are few quantitative data available on physiological responses to the warm-up, and the data that have been reported are inconclusive. Similarly, it has been suggested that varying the recovery period after a standardized warm-up might affect subsequent performance.Purpose:To determine the effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on a subsequent 200-m swimming time trial.Methods:Ten national-caliber swimmers (5 male, 5 female) each swam a 1500-m warm-up and performed a 200-m time trial of their specialty stroke after either 10 or 45 min of passive recovery. Subjects completed 1 time trial in each condition separated by 1 wk in a counterbalanced order. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured immediately after warm-up and 3 min before, immediately after, and 3 min after the time trial. Rating of perceived exertion was measured immediately after the warm-up and time trial.Results:Time-trial performance was significantly improved after 10 min as opposed to 45 min recovery (136.80 ± 20.38 s vs 138.69 ± 20.32 s, P < .05). There were no significant differences between conditions for heart rate and blood lactate after the warm-up. Pre-time-trial heart rate, however, was higher in the 10-min than in the 45-min rest condition (109 ± 14 beats/min vs 94 ± 21 beats/min, P < .05).Conclusions:A post-warm-up recovery time of 10 min rather than 45 min is more beneficial to 200-m swimming time-trial performance.

An Isocaloric Glucose-Fructose Beverage’s Effect on Simulated 100-km Cycling Performance Compared With a Glucose-Only Beverage

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Triplett ◽  
J. Andrew Doyle ◽  
Jeffrey C. Rupp ◽  
Dan Benardot
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Familiarization Trial ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Time Point

A number of recent research studies have demonstrated that providing glucose and fructose together in a beverage consumed during exercise results in significantly higher oxidation rates of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) than consuming glucose alone. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether the increased exogenous CHO oxidation improves endurance performance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether consuming a beverage containing glucose and fructose (GF) would result in improved cycling performance compared with an isocaloric glucose-only beverage (G). Nine male competitive cyclists (32.6 ± 5.8 years, peak oxygen uptake 61.5 ± 7.9 ml · kg-1 · min-1) completed a familiarization trial and then 2 simulated 100-km cycling time trials on an electronically braked Lode cycle ergometer separated by 5–7 d. During the randomly ordered experimental trials, participants received 36 g of CHO of either G or GF in 250 ml of water every 15 min. All 9 participants completed the 100-km time trial significantly faster when they received the GF beverage than with G (204.0 ± 23.7 vs. 220.6 ± 36.6 min; p = .023). There was no difference at any time point between trials for blood glucose or for blood lactate. Total CHO oxidation increased significantly from rest during exercise but was not statistically significant between the GF and G trials, although there was a trend for CHO oxidation to be higher with GF in the latter stages of the time trial. Consumption of a CHO beverage containing glucose and fructose results in improved 100-km cycling performance compared with an isocaloric glucose-only beverage.

Reliability of Physiological Attributes and Their Association With Stochastic Cycling Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Levin ◽  
Paul B. Laursen ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Physiological Attributes ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:To assess the reliability of a 5-min-stage graded exercise test (GXT) and determine the association between physiological attributes and performance over stochastic cycling trials of varying distance.Methods:Twenty-eight well-trained male cyclists performed 2 GXTs and either a 30-km (n = 17) or a 100-km stochastic cycling time trial (n = 9). Stochastic cycling trials included periods of high-intensity efforts for durations of 250 m, 1 km, or 4 km depending on the test being performing.Results:Maximal physiological attributes were found to be extremely reliable (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]: coefficient of variation [CV] 3.0%, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] .911; peak power output [PPO]: CV 3.0%, ICC .913), but a greater variability was found in ventilatory thresholds and economy. All physiological variables measured during the GXT, except economy at 200 W, were correlated with 30-km cycling performance. Power output during the 250-m and 1-km efforts of the 30-km trial were correlated with VO2max, PPO, and the power output at the second ventilatory threshold (r = .58–.82). PPO was the only physiological attributed measured during the GXT to be correlated with performance during the 100-km cycling trial (r = .64).Conclusions:Many physiological variables from a reliable GXT were associated with performance over shorter (30-km) but not longer (100-km) stochastic cycling trials.

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Chambault ◽  
Grégorine Grand ◽  
Bengt Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Endurance ◽  
Cycling Time

Objectives: We tested the hypotheses that respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) improves endurance cycling performance differently in women and men and more so in hypoxia than in normoxia.Design: A prospective pre–post cross-over study with two testing conditions.Methods: Healthy and active women (seven, 24 ± 4 years, mean ± standard deviation [SD]) and men (seven, 27 ± 5 years) performed incremental cycling to determine maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and power output (Wpeak) and on different days two 10-km cycling time trials (TTs) in normoxia and normobaric hypoxia (FiO2, 0.135, ~3,500 m equivalent), in a balanced randomized order. Next they performed supervised RMET in normoxia (4 weeks, 5 days/week, 30 min/day eucapnic hyperpnea at ~60% predicted maximum voluntary ventilation) followed by identical post-tests. During TTs, heart rate, ear oximetry reading, and Wpeak were recorded.Results: The VO2peak and Wpeak values were unchanged after RMET. The TT was improved by 7 ± 6% (p &lt; 0.001) in normoxia and 16 ± 6% (p &lt; 0.001) in hypoxia. The difference between normoxic and hypoxic TT was smaller after RMET as compared with that before RMET (14% vs. 21%, respectively, p &lt; 0.001). All effects were greater in women (p &lt; 0.001). The RMET did not change the heart rate or ear oximetry reading during TTs.Conclusion: We found a greater effect of RMET on cycling TT performance in women than in men, an effect more pronounced in hypoxia. These findings are congruent with the contention of a more pronounced performance-limiting role of the respiratory system during endurance exercise in hypoxia compared with normoxia and more so in women whose respiratory system is undersized compared with that of men.

Effects of Preferred and Nonpreferred Warm-Up Music on Exercise Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 912-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan C. Karow ◽  
Rebecca R. Rogers ◽  
Joseph A. Pederson ◽  
Tyler D. Williams ◽  
Mallory R. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Trial Time ◽  
Condition Versus

This study investigated the effects of preferred and non-preferred warm-up music listening conditions on subsequent exercise performance. A total of 12 physically active male and female participants engaged in a crossover, counterbalanced research design in which they completed exercise trials after 3 different warm-up experiences of (a) no music (NM), (b) preferred music (PREF), and (c) nonpreferred music (NON-PREF). Participants began warming up by rowing at 50% of of age-predicted heart rate maximum (HRmax) for 5 minutes while exposed to the three music conditions. Immediately following the warm-up and cessation of any music, participants completed a 2000-m rowing time trial as fast as possible. Relative power output, trial time, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and motivation were analyzed. Results indicated that, compared with NM, relative power output was significantly higher ( p  =   .018), trial time was significantly lower ( p  =   .044), and heart rate was significantly higher ( p  =   .032) during the PREF but not the NON-PREF condition. Rating of perceived exertion was not altered, regardless of music condition ( p > .05). Motivation to exercise was higher during the PREF condition versus the NM ( p  =   .001) and NON-PREF ( p <  .001) conditions. Listening to preferred warm-up music improved subsequent exercise performance compared with no music, while nonpreferred music did not impart ergogenic benefit.

scholarly journals Diurnal Variation in Swim Performance Remains, Irrespective of Training Once or Twice Daily

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Martin ◽  
Alan M. Nevill ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Oral Temperature ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Swim Performance

Purpose:Fast swim times in morning rounds are essential to ensure qualification in evening finals. A significant time-of-day effect in swimming performance has consistently been observed, although physical activity early in the day has been postulated to reduce this effect. The aim of this study was to compare intradaily variation in race-pace performance of swimmers routinely undertaking morning and evening training (MEG) with those routinely undertaking evening training only (EOG).Methods:Each group consisted of 8 swimmers (mean ± SD: age = 15.2 ± 1.0 and 15.4 ± 1.4 y, 200-m freestyle time 132.8 ± 8.4 and 136.3 ± 9.1 s) who completed morning and evening trials in a randomized order with 48 h in between on 2 separate occasions. Oral temperature, heart rate, and blood lactate were assessed at rest, after a warm-up, after a 150-m race-pace swim, and after a 100-m time trial. Stroke rate, stroke count, and time were recorded for each length of the 150-m and 100-m swims.Results:Both training groups recorded significantly slower morning 100-m performances (MEG = +1.7 s, EOG = +1.4 s; P < .05) along with persistently lower morning temperatures that on average were –0.47°C and –0.60°C, respectively (P < .05). No differences were found in blood-lactate, heart-rate, and stroke-count responses (P > .05). All results were found to be reproducible (P > .05).Conclusions:The long-term use of morning training does not appear to significantly reduce intradaily variation in race-pace swimming or body temperature.

scholarly journals High-Intensity Warm-Up Increases Anaerobic Energy Contribution during 100-m Sprint

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Seung-Bo Park ◽  
Da-Sol Park ◽  
Minjun Kim ◽  
Eunseok Lee ◽  
Doowon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
And Performance

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of warm-up intensity on energetic contribution and performance during a 100-m sprint. Ten young male sprinters performed 100-m sprints following both a high-intensity warm-up (HIW) and a low-intensity warm-up (LIW). Both the HIW and LIW were included in common baseline warm-ups and interventional warm-ups (eight 60-m runs, HIW; 60 to 95%, LIW; 40% alone). Blood lactate concentration [La−], time trial, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured. The different energy system contribution was calculated by using physiological variables. [La−1]Max following HIW was significantly higher than in LIW (11.86 ± 2.52 vs. 9.24 ± 1.61 mmol·L−1; p < 0.01, respectively). The 100-m sprint time trial was not significantly different between HIW and LIW (11.83 ± 0.57 vs. 12.10 ± 0.63 s; p > 0.05, respectively). The relative (%) phosphagen system contribution was higher in the HIW compared to the LIW (70 vs. 61%; p < 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that an HIW increases phosphagen and glycolytic system contributions as compared to an LIW for the 100-m sprint. Furthermore, an HIW prior to short-term intense exercise has no effect on a 100-m sprint time trial; however, it tends to improve times (decreased 100-m time trial; −0.27 s in HIW vs. LIW).

scholarly journals Warming Up Before a 20-Minute Endurance Effort: Is It Really Worth It?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 964-970
Author(s):  
David Barranco-Gil ◽  
Lidia B. Alejo ◽  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽  
Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Warm Up

Purpose: To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). Methods: Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a warm-up that was intended to induce potentiation postactivation (PAP warm-up; 5 min at 60% of VO2peak followed by three 10-s all-out sprints). Study outcomes were jumping ability and heart-rate variability (both assessed at baseline and before the TT), TT performance (mean power output), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart-rate variability, blood lactate, and thigh skin temperature) responses during and after the TT. Results: Both standard and PAP warm-up (9.7% [4.7%] and 12.9% [6.5%], respectively, P < .001), but not no warm-up (−0.9% [4.8%], P = .074), increased jumping ability and decreased heart-rate variability (−7.9% [14.2%], P = .027; −20.3% [24.7%], P = .006; and −1.7% [10.5%], P = .366). Participants started the TT (minutes 0–3) at a higher power output and oxygen uptake after PAP warm-up compared with the other 2 protocols (P < .05), but no between-conditions differences were found overall for the remainder of outcomes (P > .05). Conclusions: Compared with no warm-up, warming up enhanced jumping performance and sympathetic modulation before the TT, and the inclusion of brief sprints resulted in a higher initial power output during the TT. However, no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.

scholarly journals TIME TO EXHAUSTION AT 90 AND 100% VO2MAX AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF 3 KM PERFORMANCE IN ELITE CYCLISTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacharogiannis Elias ◽  
Pilianidis Theophilos ◽  
Dallas Giorgos ◽  
Mantzuranis Nikos ◽  
Argitaki Polixeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Wide Range

The minimal power that elicits VO2max and the time to exhaustion (tlimit) at this workload appear to determine cyclists’ endurance capabilities, analyze performance and help coaches to design training. Data in the literature are limited so as to elucidate this. The aim of this study was to investigate the tlimit at the power output, which corresponds to 90 (tlimit 90) and 100% VO2max (tlimit 100) in elite endurance cyclists. The contribution of tlimit in 3 km indoor individual time trial was also studied. Subjects were eleven elite male road cyclists (age 17.7  0.5 years, body mass 66.8  4.9 kg, body height 176.3  7.4 cm, VO2max 69.77  2.58 ml.kg-1.min-1). Power output at 90 and 100% VO2max was determined by continuous incremental testing. This protocol had steps of 2 min and increments of 30 W. The exhaustive trials tlimit 90 or tlimit 100 were performed in random order at least five days apart. Five days after the last exhaustive trial, cyclists performed an individual 3 km time trial on an indoor wooden track. Mean sd, tlimit 90 and tlimit 100 were 16:27.73  07:46.6 and 4:48.6  00:53.2 min:sec. Time to exhaustion at tlimit 90 and tlimit 100 ranged between 07:00-30:15 and 03:10-06:00 min:sec, respectively. Tlimit 100, tlimit 90 and VO2max (ml.min-1) did not correlate with 3 km cycling performance (r = 0.08, 0.16 and –0.59, p > 0.05). Tlimit 90 was inversely related (r = –0.49, p = 0.1) with VO2max (ml.min-1). Only power output which corresponded to ventilatory threshold and VO2max correlated significantly with 3 km performance (r = –0.83 and –0.80, p < 0.01). The results of this study indicate that: a) if cyclists’ training intensity is based on %VO2max, individual determination of the tlimit at the %VO2max has to be considered due to a wide range of tlimit to exhaustion; b) 3 km performance directly depends on the power that corresponds with ventilatory threshold and VO2max. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0723/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

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