Glycemic and Insulinemic Response to Selected Snack Bars in Trained Versus Sedentary Individuals

The purpose of this study was to determine whether glycemic index (GI) is influenced by training state. Participants were tested in a randomized order: twice with a reference solution containing 50 g glucose and once each with 2 commercially available snack bars (Griffin’s Fruitli bar and Peak Fuel’s Summit bar) containing 50 g available carbohydrate. Eleven of the participants (6 men and 5 women, M ± SD age 20.8 ± 2.0 yr) were endurance trained (ET; VO2max 57.5 ± 8.4 ml · kg−1 · min−1), and 9 participants (2 men and 7 women, M ± SD age 22.4 ± 1.8 yr) were sedentary (SE; VO2max 43.7 ± 9.1 ml · kg−1 · min−1). After an overnight fast, participants consumed either the glucose solution or snack bar, with blood samples taken before eating and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after eating began. The mean incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of the glucose reference was 31% lower (95% CI 3–52%, p = .03), and the Fruitli bar 38% lower (95% CI 0–61%, p = .05) in ET than in SE participants. There was a trend for the IAUC for the Summit bar to be 35% lower in ET than in SE participants (95% CI –7% to 61% p = .09). There was no significant interaction between training state and test food. The GIs of the Fruitli and Summit bars was not significantly different between ET and SE participants (p = .65 and .54, respectively). ET participants had a lower glycemic response than SE participants; however, training state did not influence GI.

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Assessment of Glycemic Response to Model Breakfasts Varying in Glycemic Index (GI) in 5–7-Year-Old School Children

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13124246 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 4246

Author(s):

Sandra I. Sünram-Lea ◽

Gertrude Gentile-Rapinett ◽

Katherine Macé ◽

Andreas Rytz

Keyword(s):

Energy Release ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

School Children ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Glycemic Response ◽

Open Label ◽

Skimmed Milk

Reduced Glycemic Index (GI) of breakfast has been linked to improved cognitive performance in both children and adult populations across the morning. However, few studies have profiled the post-prandial glycemic response (PPGR) in younger children. The aim of this study was to assess PPGR to breakfast interventions differing in GI in healthy children aged 5–7 years. Eleven subjects completed an open-label, randomized, cross-over trial, receiving three equicaloric test beverages (260 kcal) consisting of 125 mL semi-skimmed milk and 50 g sugar (either glucose, sucrose, or isomaltulose). On a fourth occasion, the sucrose beverage was delivered as intermittent supply. PPGR was measured over 180 min using Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). The incremental area under the curve (3h-iAUC) was highest for the glucose beverage, followed by intermittent sucrose (−21%, p = 0.288), sucrose (−27%, p = 0.139), and isomaltulose (−48%, p = 0.018). The isomaltulose beverage induced the smallest Cmax (7.8 mmol/L vs. >9.2 mmol/L for others) and the longest duration with moderate glucose level, between baseline value and 7.8 mmol/L (150 vs. <115 min for others). These results confirm that substituting mid-high GI sugars (e.g., sucrose and glucose) with low GI sugars (e.g., isomaltulose) during breakfast are a viable strategy for sustained energy release and glycemic response during the morning even in younger children.

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Determining the Glycemic Index of Nutritional Product for Diabetes Mellitus- Np through Measuring Glycemic Responses to Reference Food (Glucose) and Test Food (Nutritional product -Np)

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i47b33128 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 298-307

Author(s):

Nguyen Thi Diep Anh ◽

Nguyen Trong Hung ◽

Tran Thi Tra Phuong ◽

Le Thi Hang ◽

Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Clinical Trial ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Fasting State ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Test Food ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

The objective was to determine the glycemic index (GI) of Nutritional product for Diabetes Mellitus through measuring glycemic responses to reference food (Glucose) and test among nutritional product 13 participants. The study was a self-controlled clinical trial with 13 qualified participants (8 men and 5 women). They were required to go through the study protocol with reference food and test food. For each individual, seven blood samples were taken in the fasting state and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after ingestion. Our results show that at all measurement points, the blood glucose levels after consumption of test food were lower than after consumption of reference food. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and a GI value of Nutritional product (NP) were calculated for each meal. Mean ± SD of GI value was calculated for test food for the combined group of subjects. Mean iAUC and GI value of Nutritional product were 62,1 ± 12,5 mmol·min/L and 44,9 ± 7,2, significantly lower to those of reference food, which were 132,6 ± 14,8 mmol·min/L and 100, respectively. Finding from the study demonstrated that Nutritional product (GI = 44,9) would be classified as a low – GI food.

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Measuring glycaemic responses: duplicate fasting samples or duplicate measures of one fasting sample?

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/bjn20061914 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

pp. 799-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Thomas M. S. Wolever ◽

Blanche Ip ◽

Elham Moghaddam

Keyword(s):

G Protein ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

White Bread ◽

Glycaemic Response ◽

Blood Samples ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Glucose

The precision with which glycaemic responses, expressed as incremental area under the curve (AUC), can be measured may be improved by using the average of several measures of fasting blood glucose (FBG). To see if taking two fasting blood samples would increase the precision of AUC, the glycaemic responses elicited by four test meals (50 g glucose; 50 g glucose plus 10 g fat and 10 g protein; 100 g white bread; 100 g white bread plus 10 g fat and 10 g protein) were determined in thirteen overnight-fasted healthy subjects. Two fasting blood samples were taken 5 min apart (−5 min and 0 min before starting to eat) with glucose measured three times in each sample. AUC was calculated using different estimates of FBG derived from the three measures of glucose in the two fasting blood samples and each set of AUC values subjected to ANOVA. Unexpectedly, the results were more precise when AUC was calculated from mean glucose in the 0 min blood sample (FBG0) than from mean glucose in the two different fasting blood samples. The 95 % CI of the AUC calculated using FBG0 in thirteen subjects was ±29·8; to obtain the same CI using the mean of the two fasting blood samples would require fourteen subjects. These results suggest that taking two fasting blood samples does not necessarily improve, and may even reduce, the precision of AUC as a measure of glycaemic response. Further studies are needed before requiring that two fasting blood samples be taken for determining glycaemic index.

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Association of Retained Fetal Membranes with Haematological Profile in Crossbred Cows

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.v12i3.7101 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

Author(s):

K. Rokde ◽

S. Kumar ◽

A. Bhardwaz ◽

S. S. Mahour ◽

S. P. Nema ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eosinophil Count ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Fetal Membranes ◽

Monocyte Count ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Mean Values ◽

Crossbred Cows ◽

Haematological Profile ◽

The Mean

This study was carried out on clinical cases of retained fetal membranes in crossbred cows presented at College Clinics and College dairy farm and from Villages in and around Mhow. The blood samples were collected from jugular vein just before 12 hr. postpartum and on 7th day postpartum. Haematological profile revealed that the mean values of haemoglobin, neutrophil and monocyte count after 12 hrs and 7th day postpartum were significantly lower and lymphocyte count was significantly higher in RFM cows (n=18) than normally calved cows (n=6). The differences in mean TLC, eosinophil and basophil counts were non-significant at 12 hrs postpartum, however on 7th day postpartum the TLC and eosinophil count were significantly higher and basophil count was non-significantly different in RFM cows than the normally calved cows.

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ESR and CRP Diagnostic Thresholds for Prosthetic Joint Infection in Hip Hemiarthroplasty

The Journal of Hip Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1719115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (04) ◽

pp. 187-192

Author(s):

Jared A. Warren ◽

Oliver Scotting ◽

Hiba K. Anis ◽

James Bircher ◽

Alison K. Klika ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prosthetic Joint Infection ◽

Joint Infection ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Musculoskeletal Infection ◽

Hip Hemiarthroplasty ◽

Diagnostic Thresholds ◽

Diagnostic Threshold ◽

Prosthetic Joint ◽

The Mean

AbstractDiagnostic thresholds used to standardize the definition for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) have largely focused on total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Established PJI thresholds exist for serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in TJA; however, they do not exist for revision hip hemiarthroplasty (rHHA). The purpose of this study was to establish thresholds for (1) ESR and (2) CRP to diagnose PJI in rHHA. Data were collected on a prospective cohort of 69 rHHA patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery between 1/2017 and 2/2019 in a single health care system. Procedures were categorized as septic or aseptic revisions using Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria (2013). There were 44 ESRs (n = 28 aseptic, n = 16 septic) and 46 CRPs (n = 29 aseptic, n = 17 septic) available for analysis. Two tailed t-tests were performed to compare the mean ESR and CRP in aseptic and septic cases. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to obtain diagnostic cutoff thresholds using the Youden's Index (J) for ESR and CRP. The mean ESR was 50.3 ± 30.6 mm/h versus 15.4 ± 17.7 mm/h (p < 0.001), while the mean CRP was 29.9 ± 24.8 mg/L versus 4.1 ± 8.2 mg/L (p < 0.001) for septic and aseptic revisions, respectively. The diagnostic threshold for PJI determined by the ROC curve was 44 mm/h for ESR (sensitivity = 56.3%; specificity = 100.0%; J = 0.563; area under the curve (AUC) = 0.845), while it was 12.5 mg/L for CRP (sensitivity = 70.6%; specificity = 96.6%; J = 0.672; AUC = 0.896). For patients with HHA, an ESR of 44 mm/h was and a CRP of 12.5 mg/L was highly specific for PJI. The thresholds are similar to the MSIS thresholds currently published. Larger prospective trials are needed to establish more robust and conclusive diagnostic criteria for PJI in HHA, including investigations not only of ESR and CRP but synovial white blood cell count and synovial polymorphonuclear leukocytes % as well.

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Handling Associated with Drenching Does Not Impact Survival and General Health of Low Birth Weight Piglets

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020404 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 404

Author(s):

Kevin Van Tichelen ◽

Sara Prims ◽

Miriam Ayuso ◽

Céline Van Kerschaver ◽

Mario Vandaele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Additional Stress ◽

Bioactive Substances ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Panel Test ◽

Esterified Fatty Acids ◽

The Mean

The increase in litter sizes in recent years has resulted in more low birth weight (LBW) piglets, accompanied by a higher mortality. A potential intervention to overcome this is drenching bioactive substances. However, if the act of drenching provokes additional stress in LBW piglets, it might counteract the supplement’s effect and be detrimental for the piglet’s survival. To study the effect of the drenching act, piglets from 67 sows were weighed within 4 h after birth. The mean litter birth weight (MLBW) and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. LBW piglets (n = 76) were defined as weighing between (MLBW-1*SD) and (MLBW-2.5*SD). They were randomly allocated to two treatments: “sham” (conducting the act of drenching by inserting an empty 2.5 mL syringe in the mouth during 20 s, once a day, d1 till d7; n = 37) or “no treatment” (no handling; n = 39). On day 1, 3, 9, 24 and 38, piglets were weighed and scored for skin lesions. Blood samples were collected on day 9 and 38 and analyzed to determine glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea, immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and a standard blood panel test. There was no difference between sham drenched and untreated piglets regarding any of the parameters. In conclusion, this study showed that drenching does not impose a significant risk to LBW piglets and can be applied safely during the first 7 days after birth.

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LRF and TRF test during long-term danazol treatment: increase of the LH and FSH responses but decrease of the prolactin and TSH responses

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1040001 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Leppäluoto ◽

L. Rönnberg ◽

P. Ylöstalo

Keyword(s):

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Hormone Levels ◽

Coefficients Of Variation ◽

The Mean ◽

Thyroid Hormone Levels ◽

Low Serum

Abstract. Seven patients suffering from severe endometriosis were treated with danazol 200 mg × 3 daily for 6 months. Clinical symptoms were alleviated and menses disappeared in response to the treatment. After cessation of the treatment the menstrual bleedings returned in 1–3 months. Blood samples for determination of gonadotrophins, prolactin (Prl), oestradiol (E2), progesterone, thyroid hormones and thyrotrophin in radioimmunoassays were taken and a combined TRF and LRF test carried out in the follicular phase before treatment, at the 6th month of treatment and after reappearance of the first menses. There were no statistically significant changes in the basal levels of serum FSH, LH or TSH during the danazol treatment. Neither was there any change in episodic secretions of FSH, LH or Prl, as determined by the mean coefficients of variation of the hormone levels in seven consecutive samples taken at 20 min intervals. On the other hand, serum E2, Prl and thyroid hormone levels were significantly decreased in the 6th month of treatment. In the TRF-LRF test the responses of serum FSH and LH were significantly higher and those of serum Prl and TSH significantly lower during danazol treatment than before. Prl responses remained lowered after the treatment. It appears that low serum oestrogen levels, induced by the danazol treatment, sensitize the pituitary gonadotrophs to exogenous LRF, but make the sensitivity of thyrotrophs and lactotrophs lower to exogenous TRF. These results thus indicate that danazol does not make the pituitary gonadotrophs insensitive to LRF, but danazol may rather inhibit the secretion of hypothalamic LRF.

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Pattern of plasma progesterone, oestradiol-17β, luteinizing hormone and androgen in non-pregnant buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1000279 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 279-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

R. C. Arora ◽

R. S. Pandey

Keyword(s):

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Peak Level ◽

Systemic Circulation ◽

Bubalus Bubalis ◽

High Concentration ◽

Plasma Progesterone ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Androgen Level ◽

The Mean ◽

Low Levels

Abstract. Domestic buffaloes were used to characterize the pattern of progesterone, oestradiol-17β, LH and androgen in the systemic circulation following infertile insemination. Concentrations of hormones were measured by RIA in blood samples collected daily or at alternate days following insemination. The concentration of progesterone was lowest on the day of insemination, and increased significantly to a peak level of 4.00 ± 0.60 ng/ml by day 13 post insemination. After day 17, it declined significantly (P < 0.01) to reach low levels by day 21. The concentration of oestradiol-17β was high at the time of insemination and declined significantly (P < 0.01) by day 2 after insemination. It was maintained around the basal level till day 18 with minor peaks in between this period. It again rose significantly (P < 0.01) at subsequent oestrus. The mean level of LH was highest at the time of insemination, and declined significantly (P < 0.01) by day 1 post insemination. It did not vary appreciably till the animal returned to oestrus. The oestrous value of LH and progesterone were negatively correlated (r = −0.77). The androgen level was observed to be high at insemination in 3 out of 5 animals, but the overall pattern of this steroid was inconsistent during the period studied. A high concentration of androgen was recorded in all the animals from day 2–5 before the onset of oestrus.

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The effects of human leptin fragment(126-140) on pituitary functions in man

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1490407 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 407-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K Hanew

Keyword(s):

Dose Response ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Pituitary Hormones ◽

Pituitary Function ◽

Gh Secretion ◽

Combined Administration ◽

The Mean ◽

Spontaneous Secretion ◽

Control Study

OBJECTIVE: The effects of human leptin fragment(126-140) on pituitary function in eight healthy, non-obese men were studied. METHODS AND DESIGN: The effects of the fragment on spontaneous secretion of pituitary hormones and endogenous leptin, as well as on GHRH-induced GH secretion were examined. RESULTS: After the administration of the fragment (50 microg i.v. for 150 min), the mean nadir value and 45 min value were significantly lower than that of the control study. Endogenous leptin levels did not decrease significantly following the administration of the leptin fragment. Other pituitary hormones were not affected by the fragment. The area under the curve of the GH response to GHRH(1-44)NH(2) (10 microg, i.v. from 0 to 75 min) was also significantly inhibited by the combined administration of the leptin fragment (100 microg i.v. from -30 to 75 min) (P<0.001). Three subjects were re-examined with larger doses of the leptin fragment (200-400 microg), and even greater GH suppression was observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that human leptin fragment(126-140) has an inhibitory role in GH secretion, since when administered exogenously this fragment significantly suppressed spontaneous and, in a dose-response manner, GHRH-induced GH secretion. Clear effects of the fragment on other pituitary hormones and an inhibitory effect on endogenous leptin secretion were not observed in this study.

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