The Effect of Superoxygenated Water on Blood Gases, Lactate, and Aerobic Cycling Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars R. McNaughton ◽  
Steve Kenney ◽  
Jason Siegler ◽  
Adrian W. Midgley ◽  
Ric J. Lovell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Test ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Average Power Output

Context:Recently, superoxygenated-water beverages have emerged as a new purported ergogenic substance.Purpose:This study aimed to determine the effects of superoxygenated water on submaximal endurance performance.Methods:Eleven active male subjects, VO2max 52.6 ± 4.8 mL · kg−1 · min−1, height 180.0 ± 2.0 cm, weight 76.0 ± 7.0 kg, age 24 ± 1.0 y (mean ± SD), completed a 45-min cycle-ergometry exercise test at 70% of their previously predicted maximal power output with a 10-min rest period, followed by a 15-min time trial (TT). Thirty minutes before the exercise test subjects consumed 15 mL of either superoxygenated water (E) or placebo (P; water mixed with low-chlorine solution). Subjects then completed the test again a week later for the other condition (double-blind, randomized). The physiological variables measured during exercise were VO2, VCO2, respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), VE, PO2, PCO2, blood lactate (bLa–), and heart rate (HR). Mean distance covered and the average power output for the 15-min TT were also measured as performance indicators.Results:There were no significant differences in VO2, VCO2, RER, VE, bLa−, PO2, and HR (P > .05) during the exercise tests. Neither were there any significant improvements in the total distance covered (P 9.01 ± 0.74 km vs E 8.96 ± 0.68 km, P > .05) or the average power output (P 186.7 ± 35.8 W vs E 179.0 ± 25.9 W, P > .05) during the 15-min TT.Conclusion:Based on these results the authors conclude that consuming 15 mL of superoxygenated water does not enhance submaximal or maximal TT cycling performance.

Mood and Cycling Performance in Response to Three Weeks of High-Intensity, Short-Duration Overtraining, and a Two-Week Taper

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie G. Berger ◽  
Robert W. Motl ◽  
Brian D. Butki ◽  
David T. Martin ◽  
John G. Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Power Output ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Mood Disturbance ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
And Performance

This study examined changes in mood and performance in response to high-intensity, short-duration overtraining and a subsequent taper. Pursuit cyclists (N = 8) at the United States Olympic Training Center completed the POMS and simulated 4-km pursuit performance tests throughout a six-week period. The six-week period included a baseline week, three weeks of overtraining that consisted primarily of high-intensity interval training, and a two-week taper. Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) scores displayed a quadratic polynomial effect across the three weeks of overtraining (p < .01), with the highest TMD scores occurring in the second week. Average TMD scores were lower during the taper than at baseline (p < .02) and lower at taper than overtraining (p < .0005). Cycling performance (pursuit time and average power output) improved during the three weeks of overtraining; additional improvements were observed during the taper. There were no significant correlations between TMD and performance. However, pursuit time, average power output, and mood disturbance scores were at optimal levels throughout the taper period. These findings suggest that high-intensity, short-duration overtraining may not result in an overtraining syndrome in 4-km pursuit cyclists.

Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Feedings and 1h Time Trial Cycling Performance

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Desbrow ◽  
Sally Anderson ◽  
Jennifer Barrett ◽  
Elissa Rao ◽  
Mark Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
Glucose Availability

The effects of a commercial sports drink on performance in high-intensity cycling was investigated. Nine well-trained subjects were asked to complete a set amount of work as fast as possible (time trial) following 24 h of dietary (subjects were provided with food, energy 57.4 ± 2.4 kcal/kg and carbohydrate 9.1 ± 0.4 g/kg) and exercise control. During exercise, subjects were provided with 14 mL/kg of either 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution or carbohydrate-free placebo (P). Results showed that subjects’ performances did not greatly improve (time, 62:34 ± 6:44 min:sec (CHO-E) vs. 62:40 ± 5:35 min:sec (P); average power output, 283.0 ± 25.0 W (CHO-E) vs. 282.9 ± 29.3 W (P), P > 0.05) while consuming the sports drink. It was concluded that CHO-E consumption throughout a 1-h time trial, following a pre-exercise dietary regimen designed to optimize glucose availability, did not improve time or power output to a greater degree than P in well-trained cyclists.

scholarly journals The Effects of Hydrogen Supplement on Cycling Performance During Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise in Humans: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1288-1288
Author(s):  
Ahad Alharb ◽  
Naoyuki Ebine ◽  
Souya Ogawa ◽  
Satoshi Nakae ◽  
Tatsuya Hojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Resistive Load ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract Objectives In this study we investigated the effects of hydrogen (H2) supplement, in the form of calcium bound H2 powder capsules, on aerobic and anaerobic cycling exercise. Methods Trained male subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design trial and received H2-rich calcium powder (HCP) supplement (1500 mg/day, 2.544 μg/day of H2 gas) or H2-depleted placebo (PLA) (1500 mg/day) for 3 consecutive days. Aerobic experiment: Eighteen subjects carried out a cycling incremental exercise starting at 20 watts (W) work rate, and increasing by 20 W/2 minutes until exhaustion. Blood gases including pH, bicarbonate ion (HCO3−), partial pressures of CO2 (PCO2), metabolic profile including lactate (Lac), and electrolytes including chloride (Cl−) were measured at rest and at 120-, 200-, and 240-W work rates. Anaerobic experiment: Six subjects carried out a 30 second Wingate anaerobic exercise test (WAnT) bout with a resistive load of 7.5% of body mass. Lac was then measured at 1-, 3-, 5-, and 15-minutes following the WAnT exercise. Results Aerobic experiment: At rest, HCP had a significantly lower pH (P = 0.048), Cl− (P = 0.011), and a higher HCO3− (P = 0.041), PCO2 (P = 0.026) compared to the PLA group. During exercise, pH decrease (supplement effect: P = 0.043) and the HCO3− increase (supplement effect: P = 0.030) continued in the HCP group. Additionally, HCP did not affect peak work load and exercise duration. And no changes were noted in Lac at rest or during exercise. Anaerobic experiment: HCP did not affect peak power output or Lac recovery following WAnT. However the average power output during exercise was significantly higher in the HCP group (P = 0.019) compared to the PLA group. Conclusions HCP supplementation following 3 days of intake, slightly lowered pH during aerobic exercise, and increased average power output in the anaerobic WAnT exercise compared to the PLA group. HCP supplement might have an ergogenic effect in an anaerobic exercise setting. Funding Sources This study was supported by The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan. In addition, we received a research grant from the company ENAGEGATE Inc. and they provided the HCP supplement and placebo. However, no intercession, restrictions or agreements of any kind was imposed between parties regarding research design, results or publications.

scholarly journals Scientific approach to the 1-h cycling world record: a case study

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1522-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabino Padilla ◽  
Iñigo Mujika ◽  
Francisco Angulo ◽  
Juan Jose Goiriena
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
World Record ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Shape Coefficient ◽  
Principal Performance ◽  
Average Power Output

The purpose of this study was to describe the physiological and aerodynamic characteristics and the preparation for a successful attempt to break the 1-h cycling world record. An elite professional road cyclist (30 yr, 188 cm, 81 kg) performed an incremental laboratory test to assess maximal power output (W˙max) and power output (W˙OBLA), estimated speed ( V OBLA), and heart rate (HROBLA) at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). He also completed an incremental velodrome (cycling track) test (VT1), during which V OBLAVT1 and HROBLAVT1 were measured and W˙OBLAVT1 was estimated. W˙maxwas 572 W, W˙OBLA 505 W, V OBLA52.88 km/h, and HROBLA 183 beats/min. V OBLAVT1, HROBLAVT1, andW˙OBLAVT1 were 52.7 km/h, 180 beats/min, and 500.6 W, respectively. Drag coefficient and shape coefficient, measured in a wind tunnel, were 0.244 and 0.65 m2, respectively. The cyclist set a world record of 53,040 m, with an estimated average power output of 509.5 W. Based on direct laboratory data of the power vs. oxygen uptake relationship for this cyclist, this is slightly higher than the 497.25 W corresponding to his oxygen uptake at OBLA (5.65 l/min). In conclusion, 1) the 1-h cycling world record is the result of the interaction between physiological and aerodynamic characteristics; and 2) performance in this event can be predicted using mathematical models that integrate the principal performance-determining variables.

Power output and fatigue of human muscle in maximal cycling exercise

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. McCartney ◽  
G. J. Heigenhauser ◽  
N. L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Maximal Power ◽  
Maximal Power Output

We studied maximal torque-velocity relationships and fatigue during short-term maximal exercise on a constant velocity cycle ergometer in 13 healthy male subjects. Maximum torque showed an inverse linear relationship to crank velocity between 60 and 160 rpm, and a direct relationship to thigh muscle volume measured by computerized tomography. Peak torque per liter thigh muscle volume (PT, N X ml-1) was related to crank velocity (CV, rpm) in the following equation: PT = 61.7 - 0.234 CV (r = 0.99). Peak power output was a parabolic function of crank velocity in individual subjects, but maximal power output was achieved at varying crank velocities in different subjects. Fiber type distribution was measured in the two subjects showing the greatest differences and demonstrated that a high proportion of type II fibers may be one factor associated with a high crank velocity for maximal power output. The decline in average power during 30 s of maximal effort was least at 60 rpm (23.7 +/- 4.6% of initial maximal power) and greatest at 140 rpm (58.7 +/- 6.5%). At 60 rpm the decline in power over 30 s was inversely related to maximal oxygen uptake (ml X min-1 X kg-1) (r = 0.69). Total work performed and plasma lactate concentration 3 min after completion of 30-s maximum effort were similar for each crank velocity.

A constant-load ergometer for measuring peak power output and fatigue

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 2343-2348 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Williams ◽  
W. S. Barnes ◽  
J. F. Signorile
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Load Cycle ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Load Cell ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Power Curves

A constant-load cycle ergometer was constructed that allows maximal power output to be measured for each one-half pedal revolution during brief, high-intensity exercise. To determine frictional force, an electronic load cell was attached to the resistance strap and the ergometer frame. Dead weights were attached to the strap's free end. Flywheel velocity was recorded by means of a magnetic switch and two magnets placed on the pedal sprocket. Pedaling resulted in magnetically activated switch closures, which produced two electronic pulses per pedal revolution. Pulses and load cell output were recorded (512 Hz), digitized, and stored on disk via microcomputer. Power output was later computed for each pair of adjacent pulses, representing average power per one-half pedal revolution. Power curves generated for each subject were analyzed for peak power output (the highest one-half pedal revolution average), time to peak power, power fatigue rate and index, average power, and total work. Thirty-eight males performed two 15-s tests separated by 15 min (n = 16) or 48 h (n = 22). Peak power output ranged from 846.0 to 1,289.1 W. Intraclass correlation analysis revealed high test-retest reliability for all parameters recorded on the same or different days (R = 0.91-0.97). No significant differences (P greater than 0.05) were noted between parameter means of the first and second tests. These results indicate that the ergometer described provides a means for conveniently and reliably assessing short-term power output and fatigue.

Design and Evaluation of a Modified Underwater Cycle Ergometer

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
An A. Chen ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Chad E. Johnston ◽  
Gordon G. Giesbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Key Words Core Temperature

An underwater cycle ergometer was designed consisting of an aluminum cycle frame in water connected with a 1:1 gear ratio to a mechanically braked standard cycle ergometer supported above the water. Three progressive maximal exercise tests were performed (n = 10): (a) the underwater ergometer in water (UEW), (b) underwater ergometer in air (UEA), and (c) a standard cycle ergometer in air (SEA). At submaximal power outputs, oxygen consumption [Formula: see text] and heart rate (HR) were generally lower in the SEA condition (p <.05), indicating that exercise in the upright position was more efficient. Exercise in water (UEW) resulted in lower total exercise duration, maximal HR, and maximal Tes than in air conditions. The upright position (SEA) resulted in greater total exercise duration and maximal power output than the semirecumbent positions. Because of positional differences between the standard and underwater ergometers, air-water comparisons should be made by using the underwater ergometer in water and on land. Key words: core temperature, esophageal temperature, skin temperature, exercise, resistance, work, power output, heat balance, heat loss, heat production, thermoregulation

Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Acute Normobaric Hypoxia

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Mariacher ◽  
Hannes Gatterer ◽  
Joachim Greilberger ◽  
Radoslav Djukic ◽  
Michaela Greilberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Normobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation

Background/Objectives:To compare the effects of a 3-week supplementation between two different mixtures of antioxidants and placebo on aerobic exercise performance in acute normobaric hypoxia.Subjects/Methods:Seventeen subjects were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive a broad-based antioxidants supplement containing beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, d-alpha-tocopherol-succinate, N-acetylcysteine, riboflavin, zinc, and selenium (antioxidant capsule group [AO group]), or a combination of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF; CYL concentrate supplementation group [CS group]), or placebo (PL group). Before and after supplementation, subjects performed two incremental cycle-exercise tests until exhaustion. The first test was conducted under normoxic conditions (LA, FiO2 of 20.9%, ~547 m) and the second after the 3-week supplementation period under normobaric hypoxic conditions (AHA, FiO2 of 12.9%, ~4300m).Results:In CS peak cycling performance (peak power) declined from LA to AHA 7.3% (90% CI: 2.2–12.4) less compared with PL (p = .04) and 6.7% (90%CI: 3.2–10.2) less compared with AO (p = .03). Better maintenance of aerobic exercise capacity in CS was associated with an attenuated reduction in maximal heart rate in hypoxia.Conclusions:Aerobic exercise performance was less impaired in acute normobaric hypoxia after 3 weeks with supplementation of α-KG and 5-HMF compared with a broad-based antioxidants supplement or PL.

Stochastic Dynamics of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Subjected to Lévy Flight Excitations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subramanian Ramakrishnan ◽  
Collin Lambrecht ◽  
Connor Edlund
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Stochastic Dynamics ◽  
Duffing Oscillator ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Random Excitation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vibration Energy Harvesting ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Average Power Output

Vibration energy harvesting seeks to exploit the energy of ambient random vibration for power generation, particularly in small scale devices. Piezoelectric transduction is often used as a conversion mechanism in harvesting and the random excitation is typically modeled as a Brownian stochastic process. However, non-Brownian excitations are of potential interest, particularly in the nonequilibrium regime of harvester dynamics. In this work, we investigate the averaged power output of a generic piezoelectric harvester driven by Brownian as well as (non-Brownian) Lévy stable excitations both in the linear and the Duffing regimes. First, a coupled system of stochastic differential equations that model the electromechanical system are presented. Numerical simulation results (based on the Euler-Maruyama scheme) that show the average power output from the system under Brownian and Lévy excitations are presented for the cases where the mechanical degree of freedom behaves as a linear as well as a Duffing oscillator. The results demonstrate that Lévy excitations result in higher expectation values of harvested power. In particular, increasing the noise intensity leads to significant increase in power output in the Levy case when compared with Brownian excitations.

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